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Tesis Doctoral 2014 Biología Y Conservación TESIS DOCTORAL 2014 BIOLOGÍA Y CONSERVACIÓN DEL FERRERET ALYTES MULETENSIS Samuel Piña Fernández 1 2 . Citación sugerida: Piña, S. (2014). Biologia y Conservación del Ferreret (Alytes muletensis). Tesis Doctoral. Universitat de les Illes Balears. Dirección actual: Universitat de les Illes Balears Departament de Biologia. Àrea d’Ecologia Carretera de Valldemossa km. 7.5 07122 Palma E-mail: [email protected] 3 iv TESI DOCTORAL 2014 Programa de Doctorat d’Ecologia Marina BIOLOGÍA Y CONSERVACIÓN DEL FERRERET, ALYTES MULETENSIS Samuel Piña Fernández Director: Valentín Pérez Mellado Ponent: Misericòrida Ramón Sampere Doctor por la Universitat de les Illes Balears v vi INDICE DE LOS CONTENIDOS AGRADECIMIENTOS ............................................................................................................ xi OBJETIVO DE LA TESIS ....................................................................................................... xiii ESTRUCTURA DE LA TESIS .................................................................................................. xv RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................ xvii SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... xix CAPÍTULO I. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................... 1 1.1. CUANDO LA CIENCIA DESCUBRE AL FERRERET ..................................................... 3 1.1.1. El descubrimiento de los payeses .............................................................. 3 1.1.2. El redescubrimiento por la ciencia ............................................................ 4 1.2. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL FERRERET ................................................................................ 5 1.3. DISTRIBUCIÓN ...................................................................................................... 8 1.3.1. Distribución histórica ................................................................................. 8 1.3.2. Distribución actual ..................................................................................... 8 1.4. RELACIONES FILOGENÉTICAS, BIOGEOGRAFIA Y VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA........ 11 1.4.1. Relaciones filogenéticas y biogeografía ................................................... 11 1.4.2. Variabilidad y flujo genético .................................................................... 12 1.5. BIOLOGIA TRÓFICA Y REPRODUCTIVA ................................................................ 13 1.5.1. Biología trófica ........................................................................................ 13 1.5.2. Biología de la reproducción ..................................................................... 14 1.6. DEPREDACIÓN, PARASITISMO Y ENFERMEDADES EMERGENTES ....................... 16 1.6.1. Depredación ............................................................................................ 16 1.6.2. Parasitismo .............................................................................................. 17 1.6.3. Enfermedades emergentes ..................................................................... 18 1.7. EVOLUCIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO ...................................................................... 19 1.7.1. El ferreret, una especie diana para la ciencia .......................................... 19 1.7.2. La internacinalización del conocimiento ................................................. 21 1.7.3. El Grupo Internacional de Trabajo ........................................................... 22 vii 1.8. GESTIÓN Y CONSERVACIÓN................................................................................ 23 1.8.1. Instrumentos de gestión .......................................................................... 23 1.8.2. La conservación ex·situ ............................................................................ 26 1.8.3. La conservación in·situ ............................................................................ 28 1.8.4. Estado de las poblaciones actuales ......................................................... 32 CAPÍTULO II. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS GENERALES …………..………………….………………………….35 2.1. LOCALIDADES DE ESTUDIO ................................................................................. 37 2.1.1. Localidad 1.A ........................................................................................... 38 2.1.2. Localidad I.A. ........................................................................................... 38 2.1.3. Localidad 1.B ........................................................................................... 38 2.1.4. Localidad I.B ............................................................................................ 39 2.1.5. Localidad I.D ............................................................................................ 40 2.1.6. Localidad 2.B ........................................................................................... 41 2.1.7. Localidad 4.A ........................................................................................... 42 2.1.8. Localidad 4.B ........................................................................................... 42 2.1.9. Localidad 4.C ........................................................................................... 43 2.1.10. Localidad 5 .............................................................................................. 43 2.1.11. Localidad 7.A ........................................................................................... 44 2.1.12. Localidad VII.B ......................................................................................... 45 2.1.13. Localidad VII.C ......................................................................................... 46 2.1.14. Localidad 8.B ........................................................................................... 47 2.1.15. Localidad VIII.B ........................................................................................ 48 2.1.16. Localidad 11.A ......................................................................................... 48 2.1.17. Localidad XI.A .......................................................................................... 49 2.1.18. Localidad 15.A ......................................................................................... 50 2.1.19. Localidad 15.B ......................................................................................... 50 2.1.20. Localidad XVI ........................................................................................... 51 2.1.21. Localidad XIX.B ........................................................................................ 52 viii RESULTADOS CAPÍTULO III. IDENTIFICACIÓN INDIVIDUAL Y SEXUAL ........................................................... 55 3.1. INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION AND SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN THE ENDANGERED BALEARIC MIDWIFE TOAD .................................................................................................. 67 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….……………………………….57 Material and methods …………………………………………………………….…………………………. 58 Results and discussion …………………………………………………………………….…………………. 59 References …………………………………………………………………………………….………………….. 63 CAPÍTULO IV. MORFOLOGÍA DE LOS ADULTOS: .................................................................... 65 4.1. OPTIMAL HÁBITAT OF THE MAJORCAN MIDWIFE TOAD .................................... 67 Introduction …………………………………………….………………………………………………………….67 Material and methods ………………………………………………….……………………………………. 69 Results ……………………...…………………………………………………….………………………………… 70 Discussion………………...……………………………………………………….………………………………. 72 References ……………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. 75 4.2. FIRST RECORDS OF LIMB MALFORMATIONS IN WILD POPULATIONS OF THE ENDAGERED BALEARIC MIDWIFE TOAD ............................................................................. 79 Introduction …………………………………….………………………………………………………………….79 Material and methods ………………………………….……………………………………………………. 80 Results and discussion .…………………………………….………………………………………………… 80 References ……………………………………………………………………….……………………………….. 83 CAPÍTULO V. PARÁMETROS DEMOGRÁFICOS DE LAS POBLACIONES DE FERRERET ................. 87 5.1. AGEING AND GROWTH OF THE ENDANGERD MIDWIFE TOAD ALYTES MULETENSIS ....................................................................................................................... 89 Introduction ……………………….……………………………………………………………………………….90 Material and methods ……………………….………………………………………………………………. 91 Results ……………………...……………………………….……………………………………………………… 92 Discussion………………...………………………………….……………………………………………………. 93 References ………………………………………………………….…………………………………………….. 96 5.2. CLUTCH SIZE IN WILD POPULATIONS OF ALYTES MULETENSIS......................... 101 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 101 ix Material and methods ………………………………….…………………………………………………. 103 Results and discussion ………………………………………………………………………….………… 104 References ………………...……………………………………………………………………….…………… 105 CAPÍTULO VI. CICLO VITAL .................................................................................................. 107 6. ADULT SURVIVAL AND MALE FITNESS OF AN INSULAR AMPHIBIAN WITH MALE PARENTAL CARE ............................................................................................................... 109 Introduction ………………………………………………………….………………………………………….
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