Biogeografia Dos Sapos-Parteiros (Alytes Spp.)

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Biogeografia Dos Sapos-Parteiros (Alytes Spp.) Alytes obstetricans © Iñigo Martínez -Solano Biogeografia dos sapos -parteiros (Alytes spp.): análise multilocus das relações filogenéticas e da diversificação intraespecífica D Bruno Maia -Carvalho Doutoramento em Biodiversidade, Genética e Evolução InBIO 2016 Orientador Nuno Ferrand de Almeida, Professor Catedrático, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Coorientadores Helena Gonçalves, Investigadora de Pós -doutoramento, CIBIO-UP Iñigo Martínez -Solano, Científico Titular, MNCN-CSIC Biogeografia dos sapos -parteiros ( Alytes spp.): análise multilocus das relações filogenéticas e da diversificação intraespecífica Bruno Maia -Carvalho Orientadores: Nuno Ferrand de Almeida Maria Helena Aguiar Gonçalves Iñigo Martínez-Solano Porto – Portugal 2016 Nota prévia Na elaboração desta dissertação, e nos termos do número 2 do Artigo 4º do Regulamento Geral dos Terceiros Ciclos de Estudos da Universidade do Porto e do Artigo 31º do D.L. 74/2006, de 24 de Março, com a nova redação introduzida pelo D.L. 230/2009, de 14 de Setembro, foi efetuado o aproveitamento total de um conjunto coerente de trabalhos de investigação já publicados ou submetidos para publicação em revistas internacionais indexadas e com arbitragem científica, os quais integram alguns dos capítulos da presente tese. Tendo em conta que os referidos trabalhos foram realizados com a colaboração de outros autores, o candidato esclarece que, em todos eles, participou ativamente na conceção, obtenção, análise e discussão de resultados, bem como na elaboração da sua forma publicada. A presente investigação foi apoiada pelo Ministério da Ciência Tecnologia e Ensino Superior do Governo de Portugal e pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), através da atribuição de uma bolsa de doutoramento SFRH/BD/60305/2009. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em: Esta tese deve ser citada como: Maia-Carvalho, B (2016) Biogeografia dos sapos-parteiros ( Alytes spp.): análise multilocus das relações filogenéticas e da diversificação intraespecífica. Tese de Doutoramento, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. À minha amada família do Brasil e à minha família lusa de coração. FCUP IX Agradecimentos Ciclos encerrados e muitas emoções vividas ... agora, uma delas será registada: a gratidão. Independente do caminho percorrido, tenho a consciência de que o desenvolvimento e término deste estudo só foi possível graças ao suporte, ajuda e incentivo de muitas pessoas e instituições. Uma somatória de esforços e energias. Se calhar, não é por um acaso que os agradecimentos vêm na frente de qualquer outra secção, mesmo antes do objetivo principal (razão) desta tese. Sou grato pelas oportunidades, grato pelas trocas de conhecimento, por toda ajuda recebida, por todas as experiências vivenciadas. Para todas as pessoas envolvidas neste projeto profissional e de vida: muito obrigado! Neste sentido, agradeço ao Prof. Dr. Nuno Ferrand de Almeida por ter-me aceitado como aluno de doutoramento. O seu apoio e suporte, durante estes anos, foram fundamentais para a conclusão deste trabalho. Obrigado pela oportunidade. À Dra. Helena Gonçalves, meu muito obrigado. Agradeço a atenção e disponibilidade em ajudar-me, incluindo a composição do tema da tese, e a possibilidade de dar continuidade na investigação sobre os Alytes . Eu acredito que em todos os processos, sejam eles evolutivos ou não, a adaptação sempre é um fator desafiante, uma barreira a ser ultrapassada. Por isso agradeço a sua exigência, preocupação e a sua paciência. Chegamos ao final. E não sou o mesmo. Obrigado por ter contribuído para o meu crescimento pessoal e científico! Agradeço também ao Dr. Iñigo Martínez-Solano. Mesmo que o tempo de trabalho não tenha sido regular e contínuo, acredite, a sua participação foi fundamental para a minha formação. Obrigado, sempre, pela disponibilidade e vontade em ajudar-me. A estada no Museu Nacional de Ciências Naturales (MNCN), em Madrid, ficará para sempre na minha memória. X FCUP Agradeço também ao Dr. Fernando Sequeira e ao Dr. Marcelo Vallinoto. Certamente vocês foram pessoas fundamentais para que eu conseguisse chegar até aqui. Para além do conhecimento científico, agradeço as conversas, o incentivo e suporte pessoal. Aos muitos colegas que coletaram as amostras de Alytes , aos colaboradores dos artigos publicados e também aos investigadores que cederam tempo para discussões académicas, muito obrigado. O apoio de vocês foi determinante para o sucesso dessa investigação. Ao Centro de Testagem Molecular, foi uma grata surpresa trabalhar neste laboratório. Sou infinitamente agradecido por tudo, principalmente pelo acolhimento e o apoio nesta reta final. Foram muitas horas a trabalhar juntos, verificando a leitura dos micros então ... Vacas? Penas? Repetiria tudo novamente! Em nome de Susana Lopes, deixo um abraço carinhoso e saudoso para toda a equipa. Agradeço também as instituições que permitiram o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao CIBIO, minha instituição de acolhimento, pela oportunidade de trabalhar em um centro composto por pessoas de excelência. Particularmente agradeço à Sara Ferreira, Sandra Rodrigues e Sr. Bernardino pela ajuda, paciência, e, principalmente, nas resoluções de alguns imprevistos. Sarinha, não vou esquecer teu carinho durante a minha chegada em 2008. Obrigado por todo apoio. O que seria da razão sem a emoção? Ao meu ver, algo sem sentido. A minha razão cresce, à medida que vou vivenciando novas emoções. Fazer um doutoramento é desafiador. Desenvolver esta etapa fora de casa, foi um desafio à parte. Sim, eu senti muitas emoções: novas (e foram muitas ...), antigas, algumas meio escondidas ... E para entender, analisar e tirar um resultado disso tudo, contei com a ajuda de uma equipa muito especial: meus familiares e amigos, estes últimos com uma categoria muito nova: os amigos lusitanos. Agradecer nunca será suficiente. Obrigado por tudo! Aos amigos que estão no Brasil, a distância nunca foi uma barreira. Nossa convivência diminuiu, é um fato. Mas o carinho ultrapassa qualquer mar, qualquer temporalidade. Aos amigos de novo , percebi o quanto são caros e especiais. Luciana Castro, obrigado por ter estado tão perto, sempre presente. Mi casa es tu casa . Dividir contigo esta fase foi algo surreal. As lembranças são tão ativas, e tantas, que bloqueiam a ação da escrita. Simplesmente obrigado! Liane Finotelo, obrigado pela tua forma simples de ser, tua força interior. A tríade seria perfeita se um dia viesses visitar-nos. Vocês me ajudaram a plantar a semente do meu amanhã. Tuliana Brunes, obrigado pela oportunidade de conhecer-te! Aprendi muito contigo, não imaginas o quanto. Cláudia Almendra, Ricardo Lopes, Mafalda Barata, Sónia Ferreira, Ricardo Severino, Pedro Souza e Ana Torres, a vida em Vila do Conde fez mais sentido por ter vocês sempre por perto. Obrigado pelas conversas, os muitos momentos de FCUP XI descontração. Obrigado por terem mostrado um pouco de Portugal e fazer com que me sentisse em casa. Sara João, Pamela Puppo e Susana Lopes, o CTM foi só meio. Obrigado mesmo pela parceria e amizade destes anos. E que venham muitos outros. Sérgio Filipe e Olímpia Ribeiro, obrigado pela vossa atenção, paciência e todas as formas de ajuda. Os convívios, muitas vezes intensos, são memórias impressas para sempre. Às famílias Fernandes Ferreira e Vila Real Ribeiro, obrigado pelo acolhimento, pelo carinho. Serei eternamente grato. E por último e, sim, muito importante, a minha família de raiz: Márcia, Hamilton e Thaís. Nós constatamos que o amor ultrapassa barreiras, é imensurável. Não tem tempo, não tem território. A vida terminou por nos mostrar caminhos um pouco diferentes, onde a nossa noção de convívio foi ressignificada. Entretanto, estes caminhos nos ensinaram muito. Agradeço todo apoio, incentivo e empenho. Amo vocês! FCUP XIII Resumo Os sapos-parteiros ( Alytes spp.) englobam um conjunto de cinco espécies amplamente distribuídas por toda a Bacia Mediterrânica Ocidental. Três subgéneros são atualmente reconhecidos: Ammoryctys (Alytes cisternasii ), Baleaphryne (Alytes dickhilleni , Alytes maurus e Alytes muletensis ) e Alytes sensu stricto (Alytes obstetricans ). Nas duas últimas décadas, os estudos evolutivos do género Alytes, ao nível inter e intraespecífico, demonstraram: i) complexas relações filogenéticas entre as espécies, resultantes de retenção de polimorfismo ancestral e contato secundário, e ii ) significativa diferenciação genética ao nível intraespecífico para A. cisternasii e A. obstetricans . A observação de padrões genéticos estruturados associados a diferenciações morfológicas permitiu ainda o reconhecimento de quatro subespécies dentro de A. obstetricans : A. o. obstetricans , A. o. boscai , A. o. pertinax e A. o. almogavarii . Contudo, mesmo com a aplicação de diferentes abordagens metodológicas, a biogeografia do género Alytes ainda não se encontra completamente esclarecida. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo central elucidar os fatores históricos e ambientais utilizando dados moleculares, provenientes de diferentes marcadores genéticos, assim como dados ecológicos e variados métodos de análise, nomeadamente bayesianos e modelação de nicho ecológico. Um aspecto interessante na história evolutiva dos sapos-parteiros é ilustrado pela rápida radiação das três espécies incluídas no clado Baleaphryne e a possibilidade de fluxo génico interespecífico envolvendo A. o. almogavarii . Assim, o primeiro objetivo desta tese consistiu na reanálise das relações filogenéticas entre as espécies do género Alytes (incluindo todas as subespécies
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