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EURÍPIDES E a GUERRA DO PELOPONESO. Representações

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EURÍPIDES E a GUERRA DO PELOPONESO. Representações UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE CENTRO DE ESTUDOS GERAIS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E FILOSOFIA Programa de Pós-Graduação em História NEREIDA – Núcleo de Estudos de Representação e de Imagens da Antiguidade BRIAN GORDON LUTALO KIBUUKA EURÍPIDES E A GUERRA DO PELOPONESO Representações da guerra nas tragédias Hécuba, Suplicantes e Troianas Niterói 2012 1 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central do Gragoatá K46 Kibuuka, Brian Gordon Lutalo. Eurípides e a Guerra do Peloponeso: representações da guerra nas tragédias de Hécuba, Suplicantes e Troianas / Brian Gordon Lutalo Kibuuka. – 2012. 141f. ; il. Orientador: Alexandre Carneiro Cerqueira Lima. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia, Departamento de História, 2012. Bibliografia: f. 127-141. 1. Teatro grego (Tragédia). 2. Guerra do Peloponeso, 431-404 a.C. 3. Eurípides: crítica e interpretação. I. Lima, Alexandre Carneiro Cerqueira. II. Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. CDD 882 2 BRIAN GORDON LUTALO KIBUUKA EURÍPIDES E A GUERRA DO PELOPONESO Representações da guerra nas tragédias Hécuba, Suplicantes e Troianas Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito do programa de mestrado na Área de Concentração: História Social; Setor Temático de História Antiga e Medieval. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alexandre Carneiro Cerqueira Lima Niterói 2012 3 BRIAN GORDON LUTALO KIBUUKA EURÍPIDES E A GUERRA DO PELOPONESO Representações da guerra nas tragédias Hécuba, Suplicantes e Troianas Dissertação apresentada ao Curso de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense, como requisito do programa de mestrado na Área de Concentração: História Social; Setor Temático de História Antiga e Medieval. BANCA EXAMINADORA __________________________________________________________ Professor Doutor Alexandre Carneiro Cerqueira Lima Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF __________________________________________________________ Professor Doutor Fábio de Souza Lessa Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ __________________________________________________________ Professora Doutora Sonia Regina Rebel de Araújo Universidade Federal Fluminense -UFF NITERÓI 2012 4 DEDICATÓRIA À Sônia, mãe; à Gláucia e à Samaly, irmãs. À Edeny, meu paraíso. Ao Sérgio Glória, amigo, com saudades. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Professor Doutor Alexandre Carneiro Cerqueira Lima, exemplo, mestre, orientador e amigo. Ao responsável pelo meu gosto pela tragédia, Professor Doutor Ricardo de Souza Nogueira, mestre e amigo cuja caminhada mecomove e convida a prosseguir com simplicidade e excelência. À Professora Doutora Tania Martins Santos, cuja generosidade acadêmica e amizade deram-me serenidade em várias etapas desta pesquisa. Ao Doutor Fábio de Souza Lessa e à Doutora Sônia Rebel de Araújo, que acreditaram e estimularam muitos avanços nesta pesquisa dando sugestões fundamentais e pertinentes. Aos amigos do NEREIDA: Talita, Mariana, Camila, Márcio. Aos amigos do grupo de pesquisa Discurso na Antiguidade Grega (DAG): Wagner, Emerson, Marcelo, Luana, Pedro, Thais, Alexandre. Aos amigos do Centro de Estudos Clássicos e Humanísticos da Universidade de Coimbra: Francisca, Dalila, Sandra, João e Sofia. À Simone, minha primeira professora de grego, minha amiga e irmã. Aos amigos Cláudia e Marcelo, Elias e Ella. À Christiane Theodoro. A cada um dos meus professores, fomentadores do saber. Aos preciosos amigos do Instituto Superior de Estudos da Antiguidade Tardia do Rio de Janeiro, de Itabuna e de Manaus, que acreditaram em mim. À Igreja Batista do Jardim Joari, irmãos que me receberam com amor. À minha mãe, Sônia; às minhas irmãs, Gláucia e Samaly. À Edeny, cujo amor me inspira. A Deus, sempre, início e fim de tudo. 6 Multi homines nomine, non re. Epígrafe de Fábula de Fedro 3.18 7 SUMÁRIO RESUMO………………………………………………………………………………………8 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………9 INTRODUÇÃO......................................................................................................................XX CAPÍTULO PRIMEIRO: A PÓLIS, A GUERRA E O TEATRO GREGO – PRINCÍPIOS METODOLÓGICOS…………………………………………………………………………10 1.1 História, literatura e tragédia grega: questões preliminares………………………..…13 1.2 Representação, estrutura, cenário literário e mito…...………………………………XX 1.3 O espaço………………………………………………………………………………22 1.3.1 A pólis………………………………………………………………………………….24 1.3.2 Atenas e o Teatro de Dioniso…...……………………………………………28 1.4 O imperialismo ateniense e a pólis teatral……………..……………………………...40 CAPÍTULO SEGUNDO: A GUERRA DO PELOPONESO E O DRAMA EURIPIDIANO.........................................................................................................................47 2.1 Os antecedentes da guerra na tragédia: a guerra na poesia arcaica……………..…….47 2.2 Eurípides e a Guerra do Peloponeso…………………………………………………XX 2.3 O drama euripidiano………………………………..…………………………………50 2.4 Substratos míticos do drama euripidiano……………………………………………XX 2.4.1 O Ciclo Troiano na tragédia euripidiana – o exemplo de Hécuba……………57 2.4.2 O Ciclo Tebano na tragédia euripidiana – o exemplo das Suplicantes……….64 2.5 As tragédias euripidianas e a Guerra do Peloponeso……………………………...….66 CAPÍTULO TERCEIRO: RELAÇÕES ENTRE A GUERRA DO PELOPONESO E OS TEMAS BÉLICOS DAS TRAGÉDIAS HÉCUBA, SUPLICANTES E TROIANAS…………70 3.1 As imagens e representações da guerra na tragédia Hécuba………………………….72 3.2 As imagens e representações da guerra na tragédia Suplicantes…………………...…81 3.3 As imagens e representações da guerra na tragédia Troianas………………………...90 CONCLUSÃO………………………………………………………………………………..96 BIBLIOGRAFIA…………………………………………………………………………..…98 8 RESUMO Este trabalho, intitulado Eurípides e a Guerra do Peloponeso: representações da guerra nas tragédias Hécuba, Suplicantes, e Troianas, trata do conjunto de imagens e representações da guerra nas tragédias euripidianas. Tais tragédias encenam a guerra mítica e, ao mesmo tempo, conservam alguma relação com a guerra de facto: a Guerra do Peloponeso. Visto que as tragédiassãotextos escritos para serem encenados diante de cidadãos, elas são dotadas de uma natureza cívica e, no caso de Eurípides, Hécuba, Suplicantes e Troianas informam e instruem cada uma delas em um momento distinto da guerra a respeito dos impactos dos conflitos entre Atenas e Esparta, e a respeito dos valores socioculturais que, reafirmados nos enredos, convidam à reflexão os cidadãos de Atenas e das cidades gregas pertencentes à Simaquia Ateniense. Esta pesquisa está dividida três capítulos. Oprimeiro capítulo trata das questões mais abrangentes relacionadas ao drama grego. A começar das questões fundamentais sobre as relações entre a história e a literatura, procura-se destacá-las no gênero trágico. O segundo capítulo apropria-se das conclusões do capítulo anterior e retoma a discussão tratando inicialmente da teoria da guerra. Em seguida, faz-se uma breve revisão bibliográfica com o objetivo de identificar a documentação da Antiguidade que teoriza a guerra, bem como as abordagens históricas que procuraram estabelecer a série de questões feitas à documentação e que culminam na teoria em vigor. Em seguida, esta pesquisa avança para a descrição das tragédias e do tragediógrafoEurípides, apresentando o conjunto de peculiaridades do drama euripidiano. O terceiro capítulo apropria-se da teoria de representação, estrutura, mito, pólis, espaço de encenação e da análise das estratégias euripidianas de modificação dos mitos, aplicando os resultados parciais de cada capítulo na análise de três peças, Hécuba, Suplicantes e Troianas, que correspondem a ciclos épicos distintos e a períodos distintos da Guerra do Peloponeso. 9 ABSTRACT This work, entitled Euripides and the Peloponnesian War: Representations of War is the Tragedies Hecuba, Suppliants, and Trojan Women, investigates the set of images and representations of war in the tragedies of Euripides. Hecuba, Suppliants,and Trojan Women enact the mythical war and at the same time, retain some connection with the war in fact: the Peloponnesian War. The hypothesisthat guidesthis research is thatthe tragediestextsareendowed withacivicnatureand in the caseof the tragedies ofEuripides, inform andinstructabout the impactsof the warbetween Athensand Sparta. The tragediesalsoreaffirmsocio-cultural valuesand, therefore, in the case ofHecuba, Trojan WomenandSuppliants, they reflecton the demands ofAthenian citizensandcitizensofother cities thatbelonged to theDelian League. This dissertationis divided inthree chapters. Thefirstchapter discussesgeneral issuesconcerningto theGreek drama. Starting from fundamental questions about the relationship between history and literature, seeks to highlight them in the tragic genre. The second chapter discusses the theory of war, based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions presented in Chapter One. Then, it is a brief literature review to identify documentation of antiquity which theorizes the war, as well as historical approaches which sought to establish a series of questions asked of documentation and culminating in the theory into force. Then, this research advances to the description of the tragedies of Euripides, presenting a set of peculiarities of Euripidean drama. The third chapter discusses the tragedies of Euripides from the theory of representation, structure, myth, polis, space, staging and analysis of strategies formodificationof the mythsstaged, applying the partial results of each chapter in the analysis
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