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Issue Terrorism: an Analysis of Trends in North America ISSUE TERRORISM: AN ANALYSIS OF TRENDS IN NORTH AMERICA Jesse L. Cale B.A., Mount Royal College, 2001 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the School of Criminology O Jesse L. Cale 2003 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY November 2003 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Jesse L. Cale Degree: M.A. Title of Thesis: issue Terrorism: An Analysis of Trends in North America Examining Committee: Chair: Neil Madu, M.A. Raymon?! R. Corr o, m~ Senior Su~ervisorT William G. Glackman, Ph.D. Me&r Ronald Roesch, Ph.D. ~xternalExaminer Psychology Department Simon Fraser University Date Approved: \ q 7- Y\,?, -? ii PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay Issue Terrorism: An Analysis of Trends in North America Name ABSTRACT I Issue motivated terrorism can be understood as an extreme, illegitimate, and often violent response to a controversial issue within a given society. In North America, issue terrorism has accounted for the largest proportion of domestic terrorism incidents over the last twenty years. The actions of North American issue terrorists, such as the destruction of property and threatened violence, have been directed against a wide range of targets in both the public and private sectors. Overwhelmingly, these attacks have been motivated by contentious environmental, animal rights, abortion, and globalisation issues. Any theoretical explanation of issue terrorism requires an understanding of the conceptual distinctions between expressions of legitimate protest and violent protest. Furthermore, a wide range of activities that constitute issue terrorism must be identified. This thesis explores the phenomenon of issue terrorism in the context of Dr. Raymond R. Corrado's state and anti-state model of terrorism and provides a new typology with which to locate issue terrorism within the domain of political terrorism. This thesis will also provide an analysis of the modern trends in issue terrorism in order to understand the root causes, degree, and extent of issue terrorism in North America. iii This thesis is for my beloved mother, Patricia, from whom I receive my inspiration.. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisory committee for all of the support they have provided me throughout my thesis. I would like to specifically thank Dr. Raymond R. Corrado, my senior supervisor for his mentorship, and infinite patience. You have taught me lessons far and beyond the scope of academia, and I want to thank you for your timeless effort, and concern for me throughout the last two years. I am honoured to have the opportunity to continue to work with you throughout my Ph.D. I would also like to specifically thank Dr. Irwin M. Cohen. Over the last two years you have helped me grow professionally and personally. As well, you have demonstrated patience and support to infinite ends for which I am truly grateful. I am glad to consider you a very close friend, and look forward to the years to come. I would like to specially thank my family and friends, who have been extremely supportive and made enormous efforts to keep in touch with me and support me throughout this period of my life. Also, I would like to thank Dr. John Winterdyk for his support and encouragement, and guiding me onto this path six years ago. TABLE OF CONTENTS I Approval ......................................................................................................................................... ii ... Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................III Dedication ...................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................v Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................................vi ... List of Figures .............................................................................................................................VIII List of Tables .............................................................................................................................ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ...........................................................................................x Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Definitions and Typologies of Political Terrorism .................................................. 6 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 6 Definitions of Political Terrorism................................................................................................... 6 Typology of Anti-State Terrorism ............................................................................................... 15 Corrado's Anti-State Typology of Terrorism ..................................................................... 16 Characteristics of Issue Terrorism .............................................................................................19 Counterterrorism and Policy Responses to Issue Terrorism ..................................................... 22 Chapter Two: The Manifestation of lssue Terrorism in the Environmental. Animal Rights. and Pro-Life Movements in North America .................................................................. 28 The Suffragettes: An Historical Example of Issue Terrorism ..................................................... 36 The Environmental Movement ................................................................................................... 37 Environmental Issue Terrorism: Eco-terrorism .......................................................................... 39 Resource Production and Development ........................................................................... 42 Genetic Engineering.......................................................................................................... 45 The Animal Rights Movement .................................................................................................... 46 Animal Rights Issue Terrorism ................................................................................................... 47 The Pro-Life Movement .............................................................................................................. 48 Anti-Abortion Issue Terrorism .................................................................................................... 50 Chapter 3: Profiling lssue Terrorism Incidents in North America I: Methodology .................. 55 I Research Design........................................................................................................................ 55 Sources ...................................................................................................................................... 55 Coding Framework for Issue Terrorism Incidents ...................................................................... 58 Variable Recodes: lncident Types. lncident Sub.Types. Tactics. and Perpetrator Information 59 Incident Subtypes of Environmental and Animal Rights Types ........................................60 Tactics ............................................................................................................................... 60 Individual Terrorist Characteristics and Organizational Affiliation ....................................61 Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 61 Incident Trends by Geographic Region and MultiAnnual Time Categories .................... 61 Tactic and Target Trends by Geographic Region and Multi-Annual Time Categories ..... 63 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion................................................................................... 64 Tactics ........................................................................................................................................ 71 Issue Terrorism Tactics in Canada ............................................................................................ 74 Issue Terrorism Tactics in the United States ............................................................................. 76 The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and Earth Liberation Front (ELF) Domination of lssue Terrorist Incidents .....................................................................................................................
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