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Memory, and Identity “Look over here, look over there, lesbians are everywhere”: Locating Activist Lesbians in Queer Liberation History Kelly Phipps A Thesis In the Humanities Program Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Humanities – Arts and Science) Concordia University Montréal Québec Canada November 2019 © Kelly Phipps, 2019 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Kelly Phipps Entitled: “Look over here, look over there, lesbians are everywhere”: Locating Activist Lesbians in Queer Liberation History and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Of Philosophy (Humanities (Arts & Science)) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Chair Dr. Daniel Salee External Examiner Dr. Elspeth Brown External to Program Dr. Julie Podmore Examiner Dr. Marc Lafrance Examiner Dr. Krista G. Lynes Thesis Supervisor Dr. Rachel Berger Approved by Dr. Erin Manning, Graduate Program Director January 15, 2020 Dr. André Roy, Dean Faculty of Arts and Science Abstract “Look over here, look over there, lesbians are everywhere”: Locating Activist Lesbians in Queer Liberation History Kelly Phipps, PhD Concordia University, 2019 The Body Politic was a seminal lesbian and gay liberation journal that published monthly between 1971-1987. Produced in Toronto, it became a formative voice in the emergent lesbian and gay liberation movement in English Canada. It is a rich body of knowledge that has been thoroughly excavated to explore the lives and experiences of gay men and erotic masculinity during the period. There is a common misperception that queer women were absent from the journal and the movement more broadly. In this dissertation, I argue that they were far from absent, though certainly absented. The grand narrative of the liberation period posits two polarized groups: a gay movement seeking freedom from state regulation of sexuality versus a women’s movement seeking state protections to secure women’s freedom, with the two camps coming to a head over key issues, including intergenerational sex, SM, pornography, and sex work. This dissertation examines women’s contributions to the journal and the larger ArQuives, to reveal a group, whom I term activist lesbians (as opposed to gay liberationists or lesbian feminists), who navigated these seemingly oppositional movements. Throughout, they remained true to the radical liberatory roots of the gay liberation movement because they continued to incorporate and push for an intersectional feminist praxis. This dissertation identifies defining moments that are often overlooked in queer history. The analysis grapples with the legacy of The Body Politic, questioning the progress of queer liberation. iii Acknowledgments Thank you to the following people for your support: my supervisor Rachel Berger; my committee members Krista Lynes and Marc Lafrance, as well as my previous committee member Thomas Waugh; my internal examiner Julie Podmore and external examiner Elspeth Brown; Lucie Handley-Girard, Jade Pichette, and Alan Miller at The ArQuives; Matt Carrington, Marianne Pelton, Noah Moss Brender, JJ Levine, and Gillian Rodgerson; my family Alan and Pauline Phipps, Greg Phipps and Jessica Murphy, Don and Shelley Beer; my dog Everly, for keeping things in perspective; my partner Sarah Beer, I could not have done this without you; and finally, Chris Bearchell, and all the other activist lesbians, who risked everything for our collective liberation. This is for you. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction The Story of a Classified Ad ........................................................................................................1 Three Decades Later: Paper Trail ................................................................................................3 Overview of Project .....................................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: Literature Review The Emergence of a Movement .................................................................................................12 The Institutionalization of Gay and Lesbian Studies .................................................................16 Archiving Our Histories .............................................................................................................19 Chapter 3: Methodology The Politics of Archives .............................................................................................................24 What’s in an Archive? ................................................................................................................26 Locating the Researcher .............................................................................................................31 Research Steps The Body Politic as Archive ..............................................................................................35 Quantifying the Data ..........................................................................................................37 Archival Analysis...............................................................................................................38 Chapter 4: The Rise of Lesbian Identity Part I: The Rise of a Movement Political beginnings: pre-liberation era .............................................................................44 A defiant subculture: an ode to (butch) lesbians ...............................................................49 A new era: the emergent lesbian and gay liberation movement ........................................51 A new organization: The Body Politic ...............................................................................55 Part II: Lesbian Politics and Representation Lesbian politics: in the pages of The Body Politic .............................................................58 Analysis of contributions: the lesbian afterthought ...........................................................62 A movement rooted in anti-sexism: control of our bodies, control of our lives ................63 A journal that is male-centred: few token articles .............................................................67 At the intersection of gender and class: a woman with no time and no money .................68 Seeking a unified view of liberation: sexual expansiveness ..............................................71 A view that is male-centred: end of a political era ............................................................72 v Part III: Women of the Gay Liberation Movement ...................................................................68 A unique gendered and sexual politics: the lavender menace ...........................................73 Making space for lesbian content: building a movement ...................................................77 The feminist undercurrents of gay liberation: the feminist ‘issue’ ....................................81 Shifting feminist terrain and the rise of lesbian feminism: we are angry, not gay ............83 The response of activist lesbians: I’m angry and gay ........................................................85 Reclaiming butch lesbians: sexual courage .......................................................................86 The heterosexual privilege of lesbian feminism: feminist closetry ....................................88 Dubious male issues: no one gives up power willingly......................................................89 Divided and diversifying: stand back for the fireworks.....................................................92 Chapter 5: The Rise of the Autonomous Lesbian Movement Making history: The Brunswick Four ................................................................................97 Part I: Organizing The rise of lesbian autonomy: not-so-invisible woman .....................................................99 Conference organizing and lesbian autonomy .................................................................101 Lesbian visibility: Wages Due Lesbians ..........................................................................103 Lesbian conferences: I was being politicized...................................................................105 A ‘national’ organization: Lesbian Organization of Toronto ..........................................107 Part II: Theorizing Membership parameters: the purity yardstick..................................................................110 Notions of universal sisterhood: systems of oppression are interlocking ........................112 The lesbian sex wars: men loving boys, dividing women.................................................116 An ongoing debate: pornography ....................................................................................120 An ideological gap: doing our own work .........................................................................124 Defending unconventional sexual relationships: I was fifteen, she was forty-three ........125 Part III: Strategizing Changing dynamics: realigning with gay liberation .......................................................128 An inhospitable space for lesbians: I’m marching for you too ........................................131 In grave circumstances: I felt like I had arrived at a tea party ........................................132 Energy is wavering: so where is our
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