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Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Oryctopinae) from India, with Some Notes on Biology

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Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Oryctopinae) from India, with Some Notes on Biology European Journal of Taxonomy 748: 108–137 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.748.1349 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2021 · Hiremath S.R. & Prathapan K.D. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). Research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C55FEEC3-B229-4619-9EB9-330CA42D2253 Two new species of the genus Oryctopterus (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Oryctopinae) from India, with some notes on biology S.R. HIREMATH 1 & K.D. PRATHAPAN 2,* 1,2 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Kerala Agricultural University,Vellayani PO, Trivandrum-695 522, Kerala, India. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 Email: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:77A38404-8684-420A-892B-7FCD26A7094D 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:68E05D80-9F21-4632-8AEE-92F3994CBEE0 Abstract. The genus Oryctopterus Karny, 1937 (Orthoptera, Stenopelmatidae, Oryctopinae) is reported from India for the first time and two new species, Ot. varuna sp. nov. and Ot. yeshwanthi sp. nov. are described. Male and female external genitalia of Ot. varuna sp. nov. and female genitalia of Ot. yeshwanthi sp. nov. are figured and described. Notes on seasonality, food habits and behavior of Ot. varuna sp. nov. are provided. Keywords. Oriental Region, male genitalia, female genitalia, diet, behavior. Hiremath S.R. & Prathapan K.D. 2021. Two new species of the genus Oryctopterus (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Oryctopinae) from India, with some notes on biology. European Journal of Taxonomy 748: 108–137. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.748.1349 Introduction Stenopelmatidae Burmeister, 1838 (Jerusalem crickets and allies) are large, mostly wingless Orthoptera Latreille, 1793 occurring in all zoogeographic regions except Australia. The family, currently represented by 39 extant species, is divided into three subfamilies viz. Oryctopinae Kevan, 1986 (five species), Siinae Gorochov, 1988 (six species) and Stenopelmatinae Burmeister, 1838 (28 species) (Cigliano et al. 2019). Limited diversity and disjunct distribution of the family indicate its relic nature. The family is characterized by a broad and ovoid head, pronotum anteriorly wider than posteriorly, wings absent or developed, four segmented tarsi with pulvilli not widened, first tarsomeres with two pulvilli, absence of tympanal organs, unspined forecoxae, reduced or shortened ovipositor, and basal portion of cerci with bulb-like sensilla on inner side. In general, species of Stenopelmatidae are nocturnal, subterranean, rarely encountered and poorly known. Nearctic, Neotropical and Afrotropical species are better known (Weissman 2001a, 2001b; Weissman et al. 2008; Weissman & Bazelet 2013) compared to HIREMATH S.R. & PRATHAPAN K.D., Two new species of Oryctopinae those in the Oriental Region. In India, three species are known from only the original description. No information is available on the natural history of Indian Stenopelmatidae. The subfamily Oryctopinae, represented by five species, is divided into two genera, each placed in a monotypic tribe – Oryctopus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888 and Oryctopterus Karny, 1937. Oryctopus is represented by four species (Op. bolivari Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888, Op. bouvieri Karny, 1935 and Op. prodigiosus Bolívar, 1900, all from south India; and Op. sordellii Griffini, 1914 from Sri Lanka). Oryctopterus remains monotypic, with the single species Ot. lagenipes (Karny, 1935) described from Sri Lanka. These are fairly large, chestnut brown Jerusalem crickets. Life history of the subfamily Oryctopinae, endemic to the Ceylonese subregion of the Oriental Region, is unknown and they are rarely represented in collections. Two new species of Oryctopterus are described here, extending the distributional range of the subfamily (Fig. 70) to Kerala State in south India with the first report of the genus in India. Material and methods Eight females of Ot. varuna sp. nov. were observed on 10 July 2007, 8 June 2016, 3 and 8 September 2019, 10 January 2020, 3 and 21 March 2020, respectively, by the authors in the Vellayani campus of the Kerala Agricultural University, seven of which were collected while one was only photographed. Eight specimens, including a male, were gathered from the insect collections submitted by the undergraduate students of the College of Agriculture, Vellayani. However, the male specimen was lost in a fire accident after it was studied and illustrated. Three specimens, including two males, were collected by the farm workers of the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture Vellayani, following a social media campaign. A single specimen of a second new species was borrowed from the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Dissection The specimens were relaxed by immersion in a mixture of equal parts of isopropyl alcohol and water, for approx. 20–25 minutes. The abdomen was then separated from the body by inserting an insect pin between the abdomen and metasternum to tear off the tissues connecting them, followed by cutting with corneal scissors. Then, the connections between the tergites and sternites of the abdomen were cut off on one side with corneal scissors. The severed abdomen was boiled in 10% KOH solution for approx. 8 minutes. The cleared abdomen was washed in water and then treated with 1–2 ml of dilute acetic acid to neutralize excess alkali. Another round of washing in water was done to remove excess chemicals. Finally, components of the genitalia were separated completely from sternites, tergites, muscles and other miscellaneous tissues. The vagina was inflated following Yamasako (2015) with a slight modification: instead of petroleum jelly (Yamasako 2015), KY Gel® was used. Two specimens of Ot. varuna sp. nov. preserved in alcohol were dissected and the ovaries as well as internal contents of the alimentary canal were examined. Photographs Photographs were taken using a Canon 1300 D camera with an EFs 18–55 mm kit lens for the habitus and with an EFs 55–250 mm telephoto lens for the head and abdominal apex. Both the lenses were coupled with a Raynox DCR–150 macro close-up lens for higher magnification and mounted on a Wemacro rail to obtain several images at different focal planes. The genitalia and contents of the alimentary canal were photographed using a Canon 1300 D camera coupled with an inverted DCR–150 Raynox macro lens mounted on a Zeiss Axiostar plus compound microscope, after removing the head of the microscope. Images were stacked using Zerene stacker ver. 1.04 and edited using Photoshop CC 2019. 109 European Journal of Taxonomy 748: 108–137 (2021) Images of the type of Oryctopterus lagenipes, made available by the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle (https://science.mnhn.fr/taxon/species/Oryctopus/lagenipes), and its original description were studied to ascertain the identity of the species described here. Descriptive terminology follows O’Brien & Field (2001). Types are deposited in the ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bangalore, India (NBAIR) and the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India (UASB). Abbreviations BS = basal rod-shaped sclerites C = costa DV = dorsal valve LO = lateral oviduct MA1 = first branch of media anterior RA = radius anterior Rs + M1 = radius sector + first branch of media Sc = subcosta Sp = spermatheca Spd = spermathecal duct Spg = spermathecal gland St = sternite Vg = vagina Vp = vaginal plate VV = ventral valve Results Systematics Order Orthoptera Latreille, 1793 Family Stenopelmatidae Burmeister, 1838 Subfamily Oryctopinae Kevan, 1986 Genus Oryctopterus Karny, 1937 Oryctopterus Karny, 1937: 39–41. Oryctopterus – Gorochov 2001: 6, 20, 23–24, 26. Type species Oryctopus lagenipes Karny, 1935. Diagnosis Male alate, female apterous. Chestnut brown, smooth, shiny. Pronotal margins, legs and abdomen with bristle-like setae. Vertex broad, convex, merged with frons. Eyes small, acutely narrowed ventrally. A pair of lateral fenestra-like transparent portions present between eyes above level of antennal sockets, a similar median fenestra-like portion present a little below level of antennal sockets on vertex. Maxillary palps with four palpomeres: first small, nearly twice as long as broad; all others elongate, subequal, not distinctly thickened. Pronotum strongly convex; lateral and posterior margins narrowly bordered and explanate, anterior margin thickened, neither explanate nor narrowly bordered. Anterior margin distinctly emarginate, forming obtuse angle. Pronotum with deep anteapical transverse impression. Median 110 HIREMATH S.R. & PRATHAPAN K.D., Two new species of Oryctopinae longitudinal sulcus narrow, running between anterior and posterior margins, dividing pronotum into left and right halves. Oblique sulcus arises from anterolateral depression on either side, almost reaching near middle of posterior margin. Pronotum on either side with a weak, oblique sulcus originating from posterolateral corner, reaching oblique sulcus originating from anterolateral corner (hardly discernible in Ot. varuna sp. nov.). Prosternite broader than long, converging posteriorly, unspined. Mesothoracic basisternum longitudinally sulcate along middle, deeply emarginate posteriorly, convexly raised on either side of middle. Metathoracic basisternum wider than long. All legs with coxa, trochanter, femur unarmed. Foretibia thinner than forefemur, distinctly narrowed distally resembling a bottle, apex of tibia with two pairs of prominent spines on each side, with ventral one on either side longer than dorsal; all tarsomeres unarmed dorsally; first
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