Democracy and Governance Strategic Assessment of Bangladesh

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Democracy and Governance Strategic Assessment of Bangladesh Report submitted to the United States Agency for International Development Democracy and Governance Strategic Assessment of Bangladesh Under the Analytical Indefinite Quantity Contract (IQC), Contract No. AEP-I-00-99-00041-00, Core Task Order September 2004 (Corrected October 2004) Submitted to: USAID/Bangladesh Submitted by: ARD, Inc. 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 Tel: (802) 658-3890 Fax: (802) 658-4247 Acknowledgements The ARD assessment team was composed of two US-based political scientists, Harry Blair (team leader) and Robert Charlick, Rezaul Haque (USAID/Bangladesh), and two Bangladeshi experts, Manzoor Hasan Nazmul Kalimullah. The broad in-country experience and expertise of the Bangladeshi team members has greatly enriched the report. In addition, Saiful Islam (Shameem), who served as the team’s interpreter, was of great assistance in making our task a smoother one. We also called upon the USAID Mission’s Democracy, Governance and Education Office, which was most generous in providing both substantive and procedural guidance throughout our work. Carol Horning, Director of the Office of Democracy, Governance and Education, Rezaul Haque, the DG team leader (who also served as a team member with us), Nishat Chowdhury, the Human Rights Advisor, and Nazrul Islam, Democracy Program Specialist, all deserve much thanks for getting us launched and through our tasks. While we were in Bangladesh, Tye Ferrell came on temporary assignment from USAID/Washington to provide support during the hiatus between her mid-June departure and the arrival of her successor at the end of the summer. His assistance is also much appreciated. Leaders of USAID’s three principal civil society implementing partners gave us all we could have asked for in assistance, insight and analysis of both their own program activities and the general civil society scene in Bangladesh. In particular, we are most appreciative of the support given us by ARD’s Local Government Initiative program, which allowed us to use their facilities, infrastructural support and deep expertise in our work. William Cartier, Zarina Rahman Khan, Indeok Oak, Jamil Ahmed, Kaiser Ahmed, and most especially Kaneez Fatema all went out of their way to assist us. None of these generous people bear any accountability for our interpretations, conclusions or recommendations. Nor does this report in any way represent any official viewpoint or policy of the United States Agency for International Development. All responsibility for the report and whatever errors or misinterpretations it may contain belongs with the assessment team. Democracy and Governance Strategic Assessment of Bangladesh i Table of Contents Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ i Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... v Introduction ...................................................................................................................................1 1.0 Defining the Democratic Governance Problems ..................................................................4 1.1 Consensus ..............................................................................................................................4 1.2 Rule of Law .............................................................................................................................5 1.3 Competition.............................................................................................................................6 1.4 Inclusion..................................................................................................................................8 1.5 Good Governance.................................................................................................................10 1.6 Summary...............................................................................................................................11 2.0 Key Actors..........................................................................................................................13 2.1 Ruling Party...........................................................................................................................13 2.2 The Military............................................................................................................................16 2.3 Bureaucracy..........................................................................................................................16 2.4 Caretaker Government..........................................................................................................17 2.5 NGOs and Civil Society.........................................................................................................17 2.6 Opposition Parties.................................................................................................................20 2.7 Higher Judiciary ....................................................................................................................20 2.8 Media ....................................................................................................................................21 2.9 Summary...............................................................................................................................22 3.0 Arenas and Institutions.......................................................................................................23 3.1 Governance...........................................................................................................................24 3.2 Legal .....................................................................................................................................24 3.3 Competition...........................................................................................................................25 3.4 Civil Society...........................................................................................................................25 3.5 Extralegal ..............................................................................................................................26 3.6 Summary...............................................................................................................................27 4.0 Recommendations .............................................................................................................29 4.1 The Electoral System (Priority 1)...........................................................................................29 4.2 NGO/Civil Society Strategic Assessment: A Modest New Initiative (Priority 2) 33 4.3 Local Governance (Priority 3) 34 4.4 Women's and Children's Human Rights (Priority 4) 35 4.5 Summary 36 Annex A: Works Consulted .........................................................................................................37 Annex B: Persons and Organizations Contacted........................................................................43 Annex C: Note on Political Violence and Corruption...................................................................50 Annex D: Media ..........................................................................................................................54 Annex E: Government/Civil Society Relations (note on the FBCCI case) ..................................55 Annex F: Capsule Biographies of the Assessment Team...........................................................56 Annex G: Statement of Work (with two annexes) .......................................................................57 Democracy and Governance Strategic Assessment of Bangladesh ii Acronyms ADAB Association of Development Agencies in Bangladesh ADB Asian Development Bank ADR alternative dispute resolution AED Academy for Educational Development AL Awami League ARD Associates in Rural Development BDB Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh BELA Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association BLAST Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust BNP Bangladesh Nationalist Party BNPS Bangladesh Nari Progati Shangha BNWLA Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee CAMPE Campaign for Popular Education CCHRB Coordinating Council for Human Rights in Bangladesh CDS Centre for Development Studies CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CPD Centre for Policy Dialogue CSO Civil society organization CWFD Concerned Women for Family Development DCHA Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Bureau, USAID DFID Department for International Development [UK] DG Democracy and Governance EU European Union FBCCI Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry FEMA Fair Election Monitoring Alliance GOB Government of Bangladesh GSS Gonohahajjo Sangstha HDI Human Development Index IRI International Republican Institute IVS International Voluntary Service JANIPOP Jatiya Nirbachan Parjabekkhon Parishad (National Election Observation Council) JP Jatiyo Party KAP Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice [survey by ARD] LGI Local Government Initiative LGRD&C [Ministry of] Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives MAB Municipal Association of Bangladesh MP Member of Parliament NDI National Democratic Institute NGO Non-governmental organization
Recommended publications
  • Bangladesh's Failed Election
    April 2014, Volume 25, Number 2 $13.00 Democratic Parliamentary Monarchies Alfred Stepan, Juan J. Linz, and Juli F. Minoves Ethnic Power-Sharing and Democracy Donald L. Horowitz Nelson Mandela’s Legacy Princeton N. Lyman The Freedom House Survey for 2013 Arch Puddington A New Twilight in Zimbabwe? Adrienne LeBas Charles Mangongera Shifting Tides in South Asia Sumit Ganguly Maya Tudor Ali Riaz Mahendra Lawoti Jason Stone S.D. Muni Fathima Musthaq Shifting Tides in South Asia BANGLADESH’S FAILED ELECTION Ali Riaz Ali Riaz is professor of politics and government at Illinois State Univer- sity. In 2013, he was a Public Policy Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson In- ternational Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. His books include Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh (2010). Is democracy in Bangladesh undergoing a reversal? This question must be asked in the wake of the country’s troubled tenth parliamentary elec- tion, which took place on 5 January 2014. Boycotted by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) and the rest of the opposition, the voting was marred by the lowest turnout and worst electoral violence in Bangla- desh’s 43-year history.1 The result is a Parliament in which the incum- bent Awami League (AL) and its allies control nearly all 300 elected seats.2 Owing to the boycott, more than half the races—or 154, to be exact—featured but a single candidate. Before the polls opened, BNP leader Khaleda Zia (who served as prime minister in 1991–96 and 2001–2006) had been placed under vir- tual house arrest while Jatiya Party (JP) head H.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright © and Moral Rights for This Phd Thesis Are Retained by the Author And/Or Other Copyright Owners
    Khan, Adeeba Aziz (2015) Electoral institutions in Bangladesh : a study of conflicts between the formal and the informal. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/id/eprint/23587 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this PhD Thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This PhD Thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this PhD Thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the PhD Thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full PhD Thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD PhD Thesis, pagination. Electoral Institutions in Bangladesh: A Study of Conflicts Between the Formal and the Informal Adeeba Aziz Khan Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Law 2015 Department of Law SOAS, University of London I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the SOAS, University of London concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh Country Report BTI 2018
    BTI 2018 Country Report Bangladesh This report is part of the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) 2018. It covers the period from February 1, 2015 to January 31, 2017. The BTI assesses the transformation toward democracy and a market economy as well as the quality of political management in 129 countries. More on the BTI at http://www.bti-project.org. Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2018 Country Report — Bangladesh. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2018. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Contact Bertelsmann Stiftung Carl-Bertelsmann-Strasse 256 33111 Gütersloh Germany Sabine Donner Phone +49 5241 81 81501 [email protected] Hauke Hartmann Phone +49 5241 81 81389 [email protected] Robert Schwarz Phone +49 5241 81 81402 [email protected] Sabine Steinkamp Phone +49 5241 81 81507 [email protected] BTI 2018 | Bangladesh 3 Key Indicators Population M 163.0 HDI 0.579 GDP p.c., PPP $ 3581 Pop. growth1 % p.a. 1.1 HDI rank of 188 139 Gini Index 32.1 Life expectancy years 72.2 UN Education Index 0.485 Poverty3 % 59.2 Urban population % 35.0 Gender inequality2 0.520 Aid per capita $ 15.9 Sources (as of October 2017): The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2017 | UNDP, Human Development Report 2016. Footnotes: (1) Average annual growth rate. (2) Gender Inequality Index (GII). (3) Percentage of population living on less than $3.20 a day at 2011 international prices. Executive Summary The period under review was plagued with political violence, extra judicial killings and violence perpetrated by the Islamists.
    [Show full text]
  • Launch of International Guidelines on Community Road Safety Education
    Table of Contents Contents Page No. Important Considerations for the Future of Road Safety 01 Examining Road Safety Education - Seminar Highlights 03 A summary of the presentations given on road traffic accidents and road safety education initiatives 03 Address by the Honourable Minister for Communications and Other Special Guests 03 Seminar Discussion Session 05 Appendix 07 Table of Annexure Annexure Subject Page No. No. Annex 1 Annex- 1 Participants List of Seminar 08 Annex- 2 Pictures of the Seminar 11 Annex- 3 BRAC Report on the existing lessons on road 13 safety in primary textbooks GLOSSARY ARC Accident Research Centre ATN Asian Television Network BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee BRTA Bangladesh Road Transport Authority BTV Bangladesh Television BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology CD Compact Disk CRP Centre for the Rehabilitation of Paralysed CRSE Community Road Safety Education CRSG Community Road Safety Group DC Deputy Commissioner DFC Deputy Field Coordinator DFID Department for International Development DG Director General IEC Information, Education and Communication LGED Local Government Engineering Department MOC Ministry of Communication MP Member of Parliament NGO Non Government Organisation PTI Primary Training Institute RHD Roads and Highways Department RIIP Rural Infrastructure Improvement Project RRMP Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Project RSPAC Road Safety Public Awareness Campaign RTIP Rural Transportation Improvement Project TRL Transport Research Laboratory UK United Kingdom Launch of International Guidelines on Community Road Safety Education Important Considerations for the Future of Road Safety This report summarizes the content of the seminar held at BRAC Centre Auditorium on October 21st, 2004, which involved the launch of the International Guidelines on Community Road Safety Education, a manual for road safety practitioners describing good practises in developing road safety education programmes in developing countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Power, Corruption, Social Exclusion, and Climate Change in Bangladesh
    Governance Matters: Power, Corruption, Social Exclusion, and Climate Change in Bangladesh Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Rahman, Md Ashiqur Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 09:41:13 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581306 GOVERNANCE MATTERS: POWER, CORRUPTION, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN BANGLADESH by Md. Ashiqur Rahman CopyriGht © Md. Ashiqur Rahman 2015 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the DeGree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate ColleGe THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we haVe read the dissertation prepared by Md. Ashiqur Rahman, titled GOVERNANCE MATTERS: POWER, CORRUPTION, SOCIAL EXCLUSION, AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN BANGLADESH and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________________Date: 07/10/2015 Timothy J Finan ________________________________________Date: 07/10/2015 James B GreenberG ________________________________________Date: 07/10/2015 Mamadou A Baro ________________________________________Date: 07/10/2015 Saleemul Huq Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I haVe read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
    [Show full text]
  • Odhikar's Six-Month Human Rights Monitoring Report
    Six-Month Human Rights Monitoring Report January 1 – June 30, 2016 July 01, 2016 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................... 4 A. Violent Political Situation and Local Government Elections ............................................................ 6 Political violence ............................................................................................................................ 7 141 killed between the first and sixth phase of Union Parishad elections ....................................... 8 Elections held in 21municipalities between February 15 and May 25 ........................................... 11 B. State Terrorism and Culture of Impunity ...................................................................................... 13 Allegations of enforced disappearance ........................................................................................ 13 Extrajudicial killings ..................................................................................................................... 16 Type of death .............................................................................................................................. 17 Crossfire/encounter/gunfight .................................................................................................. 17 Tortured to death: ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh – Dhaka – Murders – Shamsul Haque – Russell Sheikh
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: BGD33139 Country: Bangladesh Date: 3 April 2008 Keywords: Bangladesh – Dhaka – Murders – Shamsul Haque – Russell Sheikh This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Please advise if there are any reports of the deaths of Shamsul Haque and Sheikh Russell? RESPONSE 1. Please advise if there are any reports of the deaths of Shamsul Haque and Sheikh Russell? Numerous media reports of the March 2004 murders of Old Dhaka businessman Shamsul Haque (also rendered as Haq and Huq), his son Russell Sheikh (also rendered as Sheikh Russell and Russel Sheikh), and their driver, Moazzem Hossain, were found. In particular, extensive coverage of the murders, and the trial of the main suspect Rafiqul Islam Kajal (or Kajol), was located in Bangladesh news source The Daily Star (http://www.thedailystar.net/). A report published by The Daily Star on 27 March 2004 indicated that Shamsul Haq and his son Russell had gone missing on Friday, 26 March 2004, and that the body of their driver had been found in their car. The article indicated that the discovery of unidentified human body parts had prompted fears that Shamsul Haque and Russell Sheikh had been killed.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Voters
    List of Voters Life Members 203. Dr. M. A. Waheeduzzaman Associate Professor of History 8. Mr. Mustafa Hasan Eden Girls' College 17/26 Suklal Das Lane, Dhaka Azimpur Estate, Dhaka-1205 9. Mr. M. Hamid Ali 217. Dr. Bhuiyan Nurul Islam Tareq Manzil Professor (Retired) Plot# 52-A, Block# 2 House # 07, Road # 01, Sector # 07, PECH, Karachi, Pakistan Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230 14. Mr. A. Z. M. Shamsul Alam 224. Dr. Muhammad Ali Akbar Chairman Urban Harmony Al-Arafa Islami Bank Limited House # 362 (1/D), Road # 27 (Old), Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka-1209 16. Mr. Anwarul Haque C/O- Md. Nasir 230. Professor Rafiqul Islam House # 69, Road # 8/A House # 44, Road # 05, Sector # 10 Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230 17. Mr. Iqbal Rashid Siddiqi 231. Professor Dr. Manzoor Hasan Macneill & Kilburns Ltd. House # 41, Road # 9/A Motijheel, Dhaka-1000 Suvastu Ruchira Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka-1209 19. Dr. K. M. Karim PROSHANTI 233. Dr. A.M. Harun-ar-Rashid 177 West Monipur UGC Professor Mirpur, Dhaka-1216 House # 35/A, Road # 4, Flat # 1-B, Dhanmondi R/A, 109. Professor Harun-ur-Rashid Dhaka-1205 House # 26, Road # 10/A, Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka 234. Dr. Asim Roy University of Tasmania 114. Professor Mahjuza Khanam Hobart 7001, Tasmania, Australia House # 05, Road# 11, Sector # 4, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230 238. Mrs. L. Razzaq C/O-Mr. Razzaq Rahman 126. Mr. Mohammed Abdul Qadir 1 Outer Circular Road 57-Z, Uttar Maniknagar Malibagh, Dhaka-1212 P.O.-Wari, Dhaka-1203 239.
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    Cover and section photo credits Cover Photo: “Untitled” by Nurus Salam is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 (Shangu River, Bangladesh). https://www.flickr.com/photos/nurus_salam_aupi/5636388590 Country Overview Section Photo: “village boy rowing a boat” by Nasir Khan is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0. https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasir-khan/7905217802 Disaster Overview Section Photo: Bangladesh firefighters train on collaborative search and rescue operations with the Bangladesh Armed Forces Division at the 2013 Pacific Resilience Disaster Response Exercise & Exchange (DREE) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. https://www.flickr.com/photos/oregonmildep/11856561605 Organizational Structure for Disaster Management Section Photo: “IMG_1313” Oregon National Guard. State Partnership Program. Photo by CW3 Devin Wickenhagen is licensed under CC BY 2.0. https://www.flickr.com/photos/oregonmildep/14573679193 Infrastructure Section Photo: “River scene in Bangladesh, 2008 Photo: AusAID” Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) is licensed under CC BY 2.0. https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfataustralianaid/10717349593/ Health Section Photo: “Arsenic safe village-woman at handpump” by REACH: Improving water security for the poor is licensed under CC BY 2.0. https://www.flickr.com/photos/reachwater/18269723728 Women, Peace, and Security Section Photo: “Taroni’s wife, Baby Shikari” USAID Bangladesh photo by Morgana Wingard. https://www.flickr.com/photos/usaid_bangladesh/27833327015/ Conclusion Section Photo: “A fisherman and the crow” by Adnan Islam is licensed under CC BY 2.0. Dhaka, Bangladesh. https://www.flickr.com/photos/adnanbangladesh/543688968 Appendices Section Photo: “Water Works Road” in Dhaka, Bangladesh by David Stanley is licensed under CC BY 2.0.
    [Show full text]
  • COLDEST PYEONGCHANG GREETS WINTER ATHLETES with WARMTH CONTD from PAGE 1 Names
    VOL 12 ISSUE 05 ● NEW YORK ● FEBRUARY 09 - FEBRUARY 15, 2018 ● ENQUIRIES: 646-247-9458 www.theindianpanorama.news Miss World 2017, Manushi Chhillar to grace South Asian Women Coldest PyeongChang greets Empowerment In New York NEW YORK (TIP): Miss World 2017 Winter athletes with warmth Manushi Chillar from India has announced that she will be 3000 athletes from 95 nations will march in the presence of several gracing the South Asian Women heads of States at the Opening, February 9 Empowerment Gala 2018 BY PRABHJOT SINGHIN to be hosted by Bindu PYEONGCHANG Kohli in New York. This black tie gala PYEONGCHANG(TIP): Nearly 3000 event is title sponsored athletes from 95 nations will march in by Premal Badiani. unison in the presence of several heads of Today, women have States, including the US Vice President Mike excelled in all domains Pence, Canada's Governor General Julie and we have a lot to learn from Payette, Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, each other. We believe in our to give a warm and colorful to the uniqueness and are happy to be PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games part of this event showcasing on Friday, February 9. Because of the women who have made a big extremely cold weather, perhaps the coldest difference ", said Premal Badiani. of the past four editions, the organizers have Manushi Chillar won the coveted done everything at their command, contd on page 6 including providing blankets, to those who Manushi believes she has to want to be part of the colorful bash that work for empowerment of showcases South Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Report No. 84 State of the Bangladesh Economy and Budget Responses
    Report No. 84 State of the Bangladesh Economy And Budget Responses 2005 Publisher Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) House No 40/C, Road No 11 (new) Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka-1209 Bangladesh Tel: (880 2) 8124770, 9141703. 9141734 Fax: (880 2) 8130951 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cpd-bangladesh.org First Published May, 2006 Copyright © Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Price Tk. 40.0035.00 ISSN 1818-1538 The Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD), established in 1993, is a civil society initiative to promote an ongoing dialogue between the principal partners in the decision-making and implementing process. The dialogues are designed to address important policy issues and to seek constructive solutions to these problems. The Centre has already organised a series of such dialogues at local, regional and national levels. The CPD has also organised a number of South Asian bilateral and regional dialogues as well as some international dialogues. These dialogues have brought together ministers, opposition frontbenchers, MPs, business leaders, NGOs, donors, professionals and other functional group in civil society within a non-confrontational environment to promote focused discussions. The CPD seeks to create a national policy consciousness where members of civil society will be made aware of critical policy issues affecting their lives and will come together in support of particular policy agendas which they feel are conducive to the well being of the country. In support of the dialogue process the Centre is engaged in research programmes which are both serviced by and are intended to serve as inputs for particular dialogues organised by the Centre throughout the year.
    [Show full text]
  • BANGLADESH COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service
    BANGLADESH COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service Date 30 September 2012 BANGLADESH 30 SEPTEMBER 2012 Contents Go to End Preface REPORTS ON BANGLADESH PUBLISHED OR FIRST ACCESSED BETWEEN 31 AUGUST AND 30 SEPTEMBER 2012 Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 1.01 Public holidays ................................................................................................... 1.06 Maps of Bangladesh ............................................................................................. 1.07 Other maps of Bangladesh ................................................................................. 1.07 2. ECONOMY ....................................................................................................................... 2.01 3. HISTORY ......................................................................................................................... 3.01 Pre-independence: 1947- 1971 ............................................................................ 3.01 Post-independence: 1972 - April 2010 .............................................................. 3.02 Government of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, 1972-75 ............................................. 3.02 Government of Ziaur Rahman, 1975-81 ............................................................. 3.03 Government of Hussain Mohammed Ershad, 1982-90 ...................................... 3.04 Government of Khaleda Zia,
    [Show full text]