Index

Abbas, Abu-el, 264 Abbas, Mahmud, 275 Abdullah, Farooq, 436 Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad, 435–436 Abu Sayyaf Group, 583 Acción Democrática. See Democratic Action Party Acción Popular. See Popular Action Act of Union of 1800, 65 Action Directe, 136, 139 Active service units, 73 Acuerdo por las Libertades y contra el Terrorismo, 113 Acuerdos de la Castellana, 127 AD. See Democratic Action Party Adams, Gerry, 67, 91, 93 Affair of the Leaks, 162n Agar, Mehmet, 361 Agreement for Liberties and Against Terrorism, 113, 122 Agreement of Lizarra, 112, 114 Agreements of the Castellana, 127 AIADMK. See Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagham AIS. See Armée Islamique du Salut AISSF. See All Sikh Students Federation Ajuria Enea, 111–112, 115, 118, 122, 125 Akal Federation, 462 Akal Takht, 441 AKP. See Justice of Development Party al-Aqsa Intifada, 263, 273–275 al-Asad, Bashar, 314, 325 al-Asad, Hafez, 314, 324, 345, 351 Al-Ittihad al-Islami, 583 Al-Jazeera, 404 Al Qaeda affiliates of, 582–585 comparison with Red Brigades, 58–59 connection to Armed Islamic Group, 158–162 n following number indicates note

603

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 603603 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:349:22:34 AMAM 604 Index

connections to Chechen rebels, 402–404 counterterrorism challenge, 582–585 interest in obtaining chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons, 532 al-Rashid Trust, 404 al-Sadr, Imam, 308 al-Sadr, Musa, 307 Aleph, 545, 547–548, 554 Algerian Civil War, 141–145 Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana. See American Popular Revolutionary Alliance Alkhanov, Alu, 409, 410 All India Sikh Students Federation, 441, 443 All Parties Hurriyat Conference, 455 Almirante, Giorgio, 29 Amal, 307 Ambepitiya, Sarath, 514 American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, 196, 206, 210, 212 Anandpur Sahib Resolution, 456 Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, 75 Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagham, 521n Ansar al-Islam, 583 Anti-subversive Activity Prevention Law, 544, 545 Anti-Terrorism Branch (Britain), 76 Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act of 2001, 98 Anton, Charles, 490 AO. See Worker Autonomy (Italy) AP. See Popular Action APHC. See All Parties Hurriyat Conference APRA. See American Popular Revolutionary Alliance Apurimac Valley Coca Growers Federation, 211 Arad, Ron, 321 Arafat, Yassir, 264, 271, 273, 275 Armed Attack Situation Law, 550 Armed Forces Information Service (Italy), 45 Armed Islamic Group attacks in France, 144–145 connection to al Qaeda, 158–162 death toll, 16 formation of, 141–142 France’s response to, 145–148 government targeted, 7 member strength, 15

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 604604 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:349:22:34 AMAM Index 605

nature of democratic state attacked, 9 profile of, 12 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 Armed National Liberation Forces change in government strategy toward, 182 death toll, 16 formation of, 170 government targeted, 7 member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 profile of, 12 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 Venezuelan government’s response to, 171–182, 185–189 Armée Islamique du Salut, 157 Asahara, Shoko, 534–539, 541, 543–548, 554 Asbat al-Ansar, 583 ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations Asfur, Hassan, 217 , 439 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 457 ASUs. See Active service units Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 346 ATCSA. See Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act of 2001 Ates, Atilla, 362 Athulathmudalai, Lalith, 500, 509 Atta, Mohammed, 404 AUC. See Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia Audiencia Nacional. See National Court Aum Circle of Divine Hermits, 534 Aum Shinrikyo anthrax vaccine dispersal, 541 biological and chemical attacks, 540–543 death toll, 16 financing, 539 formation of Aleph, 545, 547–548, 554 government targeted, 7 Japanese government’s response to subway attack, 544–548 justification for murder, 534–538 member strength, 15 membership, 532, 534, 539–540 nature of democratic state attacked, 9

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 605605 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:349:22:34 AMAM 606 Index

profile of, 13 release of sarin in Matsumoto, 541–542 Russian membership, 539–540 tactics used, 9 threats against U.S., 555–556 Tokyo subway sarin attack, 1995, 531–532, 534–535, 543 type of group, 7 worldview, 534–536, 539–540 Aum Shinsen no Kai, 534 Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, 227–228, 231–232, 250 Autonomia Operaio. See Worker Autonomy (Italy) Ayacucho Defense Front, 211 Ayala, C. Turbay, 233–234, 238 Ayash, Yichye, 280

B Specials, 79 Babbar, Sukhdev Singh, 448 Babbar Khalsa, 429, 443, 448 Babitsky, Andrei, 401 Balasingham, Anton S., 492, 493–494 Baraev, Movsar, 397 Barak, Ehud, 273–274 Baranov, Valery, 409 Barco, Virgilio, 234, 239–241, 244 Barzani, Massoud, 366 Barzani, Molla Mustapha, 351 Basayev, Shamil, 390, 394, 403–406 Basque Autonomous Community, 107–108, 111, 113, 117 Basque Homeland and Freedom death toll, 16, 109–110 formation of, 107 goal of, 106 government targeted, 7 member strength, 15, 108 membership, 108–109 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 police counterterrorist operations, 125–127 political and coercive measures against, 105–106, 110–119 profile of, 12 results of conflict regulation, 119–123 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 Basque Nationalist Party, 107, 112–114

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 606606 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:349:22:34 AMAM Index 607

Bastista, Fulgencio, 175 Batasuna, 108, 112, 114, 123, 129 BBC, 459 Belaúnde Terry, Fernando, 196, 198, 201 Belfast Agreement. See Good Friday Agreement of 1998 Benevolence International Foundation, 404 Bensaid, Boualem, 144 Berlinguer, Enrico, 28, 35, 42, 43 Berri, Nabih, 308 Betancourt, Rómulo, 168, 170–176, 180, 183–184, 186, 188 Betancur, Belisario, 234, 239–241, 245–246, 248 Betzelem, 292 Bharatiya Janata Party, 433, 438, 461, 469 Bhindranwale, Sant Jarnail Singh, 430–431, 441–442 Bhindranwale Tiger Force, 443 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 435 Biagi, Marco, 25 bin-Abdallah al-Suwaylim, Samir bin-Salih, 403 Bin Laden, Osama, 158, 402–403, 532, 584, 590–591 BJP. See Bharatiya Janata Party Black Cat Commandos (India), 439, 444 Black Eagles (Italy), 30 Black , 508 , 508 Blair, Tony, 90 Blanco, Miguel Ángel, 112 Bloody Sunday, 69–70 (Israel), 277 (India), 439, 446, 451 Borghese, Prince Valerio, 29 Bravo, Douglas, 170, 182, 189 Bravo Melet, Federico, 189 Brigate Rosse. See Red Brigades British-Irish Council, 93 British Security Service, 76 Brogan and Others v. UK, 86 Brooke, Peter, 92 Bruguière, Jean-Louis, 147, 159 BSF. See Border Security Force (India) BTF. See Bhindranwale Tiger Force Budhsinghwala, Gurjant Singh, 448 Bush, George W., 249–250, 405, 513 Butt, Maqbool, 437

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 607607 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:359:22:35 AMAM 608 Index

Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office Situation Center, 552 Cabinet NBC Council, 550 Caldera, Rafael, 171, 172, 189 Callaghan, James, 75, 77 Cameron commission, 80 Camp David Summit, 274 (Italy), 44–47 Carlos the Jackal (Ramirez Sanchez, Illich), 41 Case studies criteria for selection, 3–5 Castaño, H. Carlos, 228 Castro, Fidel, 175, 183 Castro, Raul, 183 Caze, Christopher, 159 CBMs. See Confidence-building measures CBRN. See Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons CCOs. See Chief coordinating officers () Center for National Coordination of Antiterrorism, 130 Central Bureau for General Investigations and Special Operations, 48 Central , 586, 588–590 Central Reserve Police Force (India), 439, 446 Centro Nacional de Coordinación Antiterrorista, 130 CGIL. See General Confederation of Italian Workers Chalabi network, 143, 155 Chambre d’Accusation, 155 Channon, Paul, 91 Chávez Frías, Hugo Rafael, 189–190 Chechen rebels Beslan incident, 406 Budennovsk hostage crisis, 394 connections to al Qaeda, 402–404 death toll, 16 Dubrovka theater incident, 397–399 failure of terrorism strategy, 410–412 financing, 403, 404 first war, 1994–1996, 387–389, 392–395 government targeted, 7 internationalization of the conflict, 402–405 interwar period, 1996–1999, 389–390 member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 profile of, 13 second war, 1999–present, 390–391, 395–397

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 608608 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:359:22:35 AMAM Index 609

tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 use of terrorism, 391, 405–408 Chechenization, 398 Chechnya. See also Chechen rebels assassination of Kadyrov, 409 displaced civilians, 408 first war, 1994–1996, 387–389, 392–395 history of, 386–391 interwar period, 1996–1999, 389–390 second war, 1999–present, 390–391, 395–397 Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons, 532 Chemical Weapons Convention, 551 Chertoff, Michael, 586 Chichester-Clark, James, 77 Chief coordinating officers (Sri Lanka), 506 China Cultural Revolution, 199 Chohan, Jagjit Singh, 461–462 Christian Democrat (Venezuela), 171–172, 174, 184, 189 Christian Democratic Party (Italy), 27, 35, 43, 51 Christian Muslims, 327, 334 Christopher, Warren, 320 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency CID. See Criminal Investigation Division (Sri Lanka) CILAT. See Comité Interministerial pour Liaison Anti-Terroriste Çiller, Tansu, 359–360, 361, 371 , 116 Civil liberties counterterrorism system affect on, 154–156 Civil Protection Law of 2004, 550 Clinton, Bill, 249, 314, 374, 438 Cloughley, Brian, 448 CNCA, Center for National Coordination of Antiterrorism CNCIS. See Commission Nationale de Contrôle des Interceptions de Sécurité CNIL. See Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés Coco, Francesco, 33, 34 COIN. See warfare Colombia. See also Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia government reaction to violence, 232–237 guerrilla forces, 229–232 history of violence, 221–225 paramilitary groups, 229–232

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 609609 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:359:22:35 AMAM 610 Index

strategies to end conflict, 237–252 structural features of society and politics, 225–228 Comité Interministerial pour Liaison Anti-Terroriste, 140 Commission Nationale de Contrôle des Interceptions de Sécurité, 165, 166n Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés, 165n–166n Communist Party (Italy) failure to influence Red Brigades activity, 42–44 parliamentary election victory, 35 polarization of parties, 27–28 role in defeating the Red Brigades, 41–44 Young Communist Federation, 31 Communist Party of Colombia, 229 Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path, 199, 200, 207. See also Shining Path Communist Party of the Philippines, 516 Communist Party of Sri Lanka, 486 Confidence-building measures, 459 Congress Party (India), 430, 431, 433–434, 468 Conservative Party (Colombia), 222 Continuity IRA, 67 Continuous Struggle (Italy), 28 Coordinadora Gesto por la Paz, 125 Coordinating officers (Sri Lanka), 506 COPEI. See Christian Democrat Cory, Peter, 88, 89–90 COs. See Coordinating officers (Sri Lanka) Cossiga Law, 52 Council Against NBC Terrorism, 549 Counterinsurgency warfare, 64 Countersubversive Manual, 204, 214 Counterterrorism coordination of security forces, 568–570 governments’ policy of decapitation, 573 importance of intelligence operations, 564, 565–568, 587–591 international cooperation, 578–580, 585–587 legislative and judicial measures, 17 political measures, 16, 591–596 security measures, 17 U.S. challenge, 580–582 use of force, 570–572, 587–591 use of social and economic reform policies, 574–578 CPM. See Political Metropolitan Collective CPP. See Communist Party of the Philippines CP(P). See Communist Party of Sri Lanka

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 610610 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:369:22:36 AMAM Index 611

Criminal Investigation Division of Sri Lanka, 489–490 Criminal Justice (Terrorism and Conspiracy) Act, 84 CRPF. See Central Reserve Police Force (India) Cuban Missile Crisis, 184 Curcio, Renato, 31, 47, 50 CWC. See Chemical Weapons Convention CWC Law, 551

Dal, Akali, 430–431, 433–434, 456, 461, 469 Dalla Chiesa, Carlo Alberto, 33–34, 47, 48–49, 54, 569 Damdami Taksal, 431 D’Antona, Massimo, 25 Dayan, Moshe, 266 DC. See Christian Democratic Party (Italy) de Gaulle, Charles, 135 De Lorenzo, Giovanni, 45 de Silva, Gerry, 510 Debray, Régis, 136 Declaration of Caracas, 175 Defense Information Service (Italy), 45–46, 47 DEHAP (Turkey), 364, 369 Demirel, Süleyman, 359, 366, 369 Democratic Action Party, 168, 171–176, 181–184, 186, 189 Democratic Center Union, 107 Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 262, 265 Democratic states types of, 3 types of terrorist groups attacking, 8–11 Democratic Unionist Party, 67 DEP (Turkey), 363–364 DFLP. See Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine DGSE. See Direction Général de la Sécurité Extérieure Dhami, Bhai Kanwar Singh, 462 Digepol, 176, 187 DIGOS. See Division for General Investigations and Special Operations Diplock Courts, 87 Dirani, Mustafa, 321, 322, 331 DIRCOTE, 567 Dirección de Servicios de Inteligencia y Prevención del Estado, 187 Dirección General de Policia. See Digepol Direction de la Surveillance Territoire, 137, 146, 149, 152 Direction Général de la Sécurité Extérieure, 137, 149 DISIP. See Dirección de Servicios de Inteligencia y Prevención del Estado

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 611611 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:369:22:36 AMAM 612 Index

Division for General Investigations and Special Operations, 48–49, 54–55 Division Nationale Anti-Terroriste of the Judicial Police, 145, 152 Dixit, J.N., 492 Djerejian Report, 593 DMK. See Dravida Munnetra Kazhagham DNAT. See Division Nationale Anti-Terroriste of the Judicial Police Dozier, James, 37, 49, 55 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagham, 521n Dreams after Darkness: A Search for a Life Ordinary under the Shadow of 1984, 462 DST. See Direction de la Surveillance Territoire Dudayev, Dzokhar, 388, 394 Duddy, Brendan, 92 Dumont, Lionel, 556 DUP. See Democratic Unionist Party Duriappah, Alfred, 488

Ecevit, Bülent, 354, 367 Eelam National Liberation Front, 493, 494, 503 Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front, 490 Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students, 487, 490 Ejercito de Liberación Nacional, 224, 226, 228–230, 250–251 Elekdag, Sükrü, 372 ELN. See Ejercito de Liberación Nacional Élysée Cell, 137 Emergency Defense Regulations (Israel), 293 Emniyet Teskilati. See National Security Organization (Turkey) Encyclopaedia of Police, 431 England. See United Kingdom ENLF. See Eelam National Liberation Front EPRLF. See Eelam People’s Revolutionary Liberation Front Erbakan, Necmettin, 371 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 368 Erignac, Claude, 145 EROS. See Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students Ertzaintza, 118, 125 ETA. See Basque Homeland and Freedom ETA Military, 113, 120–122, 125 ETA Politico-Military, 113, 120–122 Ethnonationalist groups, 5 EU. See European Union Eurojust, 154 European Arrest Warrant, 153

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 612612 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:369:22:36 AMAM Index 613

European Convention on Human Rights, 86, 98 European Court on Human Rights, 86, 89, 360 European Union counterterrorism cooperation, 153 Europol, 154 Euskadi ta Askatasuna. See Basque Homeland and Freedom Euskal Herritarrok, 113 Eusko Alkartasuna, 112 Evren, Kenan, 362

FALN. See Armed National Liberation Forces FARA. See Foreign Agents Registration Act Faranda, Adriana, 36 FARC. See Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia FATAH. See Palestine National Liberation Movement FBI, 588, 589 FDIH. See Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l’Homme Fedayeen period, 262 Federación de Cocaleros del Apurímac, 211 Federal Security Service (Russia), 390, 393 Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l’Homme, 155 Feltrinelli, Giangiacomo, 31 Fighting Communist Formations (Italy), 32 Finucane, Patrick, 89–90 FIS. See Islamic Salvation Front Fitzgerald, Garret, 75 FLN. See National Liberation Front Foreign Affairs Ministry (France), 147–148 Foreign Agents Registration Act, 101n Fox Campbell and Hartley v. UK, 86 France. See also Armed Islamic Group assessment of counterterrorism response, 156–158 balance between centralization and competition, 151–152 civil liberties issues, 154–156 counterterrorism response to terrorism of 1995–1996, 133–134, 148–156 counterterrorism response to terrorism of 1995-1996, 133–134, 148–156 evolution of counterterrorism system, 135–141 GIA attacks, 144–145 impact of Algerian Civil War, 141–145 international cooperation, 152–154 responding to the GIA, 145–148 surveillance and support network, 149–151 terrorist plots prevented by authorities, 160

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 613613 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:379:22:37 AMAM 614 Index

Francoism, 107, 114 Freedom House, 371–372 Frente de Defensa de Ayacucho, 211 Frente de Liberación Nacional. See National Liberation Front Frente Nacional, 247 Front Line (Italy), 32, 34 FSB. See Federal Security Service (Russia) Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional. See Armed National Liberation Forces Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. See Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia Fujimori, Alberto, 207–211, 213–215

G8 Summit, 2000, 550 Gadhafi, Muammar, 74 GAL. See Liberation Antiterrorist Groups Gandhi, Indira assassination of, 427, 431, 443–444, 463, 501 leadership of, 453, 456, 468, 491 negotiations with Bhutto, 435 Gandhi, Mahatma, 434 Gandhi, Rajiv, 436, 456, 468, 501–502, 506, 508–509 GAP. See Southeastern Anatolia Project García Pérez, Alan, 201–202, 206, 214 Garzón, Baltasar, 114, 122–123 GAs. See Government agents (Sri Lanka) Gaviría, Cesar, 234, 239–241 GEIN. See Special Intelligence Group (Peru) Gelli, Licio, 51 General Confederation of Italian Workers, 35, 42, 43 General officer commanding Northern Ireland, 76 Genova, Salvatore, 49, 55, 569 Gesture for Peace, 125 Ghamdi, Abdul Aziz, 408 GIA. See Armed Islamic Group Gill, K.P.S., 440, 441, 443, 445, 447–448, 462 Gilon, Carmi, 279–280 Global Relief Foundation, 404 Global war on terrorism, 515, 517 Glover, General J.M., 78 GOC. See General officer commanding Northern Ireland complex, 431, 433, 440–444, 456, 464 González Katarain, Dolores, 121

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 614614 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:379:22:37 AMAM Index 615

Good Friday Agreement of 1998, 66, 81, 92–93, 128 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 387–388 Gordiji, Wahid, 147 Government agents (Sri Lanka), 506–507 Government of Ireland Act, 65 Green Book, 214 Grewal, Manraj, 462 Ground Self Defense Force, 543 Group Regulation Act, 545 Groupe Islamique Armé. See Armed Islamic Group Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat, 157, 161 Grupo Especial de Inteligencia. See Special Intelligence Group (Peru) Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación. See Liberation Antiterrorist Groups Grupos Especiales de Operaciones, 117 GSDF. See Ground Self Defense Force GSPC. See Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat Guardia Civil, 116 Guerrilla warfare defined, 8 groups using, 9 Guevara, Ernesto, 183 Gulf War, 358, 539 Güres, Dogan, 358, 359 Guru Aasra Trust, 461 Guru Granth Sahib, 430 Guzmán Reynoso, Abimael, 188, 198–199, 203, 207, 213–216 GWOT. See Global war on terrorism

Habash, George, 265, 488 HADEP (Turkey), 363–364 HAMAS. See Islamic Resistance Group Hamill, Robert, 81 Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyyah. See Islamic Resistance Group Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini. See Palestine National Liberation Movement Harb, Sheikh Ragheb, 321 Harkat-ul-Ansar, 437 Harmindar Sahib, 444 Hayashi, Ikuo, 535 Hayashi, Yasuo, 535 Herri Batasuna, 108, 112, 114, 123, 129 Higgins, William, 322 Hikmatyar, Gulbuddin, 583

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 615615 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:379:22:37 AMAM 616 Index

Hindus coalition with , 433 number killed by terrorists in , 1981–1991, 433 Hizb-I Islamic Gulbuddin, 583 Hizballah assassination and kidnapping of leaders, 321–322 death toll, 16 effectiveness of Israel’s response to, 327–336 evolution of, 307–316 expansion of, 267 global network, 311 government targeted, 7 Iran’s role in, 314–316 Israel’s response to, 305–306, 316–327 member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 profile of, 13 Shia movement, 305 Syria’s role in, 314–316 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 , 426, 437 Holmes, Paul, 72 House and Senate Intelligence Committees, 588 Hughes, Brendan, 92 Huk Rebellion, 516 Human intelligence operations importance of, 564, 565–568 international cooperation in counterterrorism efforts, 586–587 Hume, John, 67, 93 Hunt, Leamon, 37 Hurriyat Conference, 437 Hussein, Saddam, 351, 354, 362, 366

IAHRC. See Inter-American Human Rights Court IAN. See Instituto Agrario Nacional IDF. See Israeli Defense Forces Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, 63 Independent Survey of Arab Publics, 593 India. See also Kashmiri Jihadis; Sikhs counterterrorism strategies in Punjab and Kashmir, 439–463 Hindus and Sikhs killed by terrorists in Punjab, 1981–1991, 433 human rights issues, 439, 454–455, 462, 467

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 616616 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:379:22:37 AMAM Index 617

negotiations, 455–460, 467–468 overview of conflict with the Sikhs, 428–434 ’s role in insurgency, 425–426 People’s War Group, 425 special legislation, 452–454 terrorism in Jammu, 434–439 terrorism in Kashmir, 434–439 violence in Kashmir, January 2002–July 2005, 436 violence in Punjab, 1981–1994, 432 Indian High Commission, 492 Indian Peacekeeping Force, 505, 508, 516–517 Indo-Tibetan Border Police, 446 Indo-Tibetan Force, 492 Indo-Tibetan Rifles, 439 INLA. See Irish National Liberation Army Inoue, Yoshihiro, 535 Institute for Special Operations, 276 Instituto Agrario Nacional, 181 Intelligence operations importance of, 564, 565–568 international cooperation in counterterrorism efforts, 585–587 Inter-American Development Bank, 579 Inter-American Human Rights Court, 208 Inter-Services Intelligence, 437 Interior Ministry (Russia), 388, 393, 395–396 Intermediate Report of the Administrative Reform Council, 548, 552 International Sikh Youth Federation, 429 International Terrorism Response Team (Japan), 553 Intifada, 263, 268–269 IPKF. See Indian Peacekeeping Force IRA. See Irish Republican Army Iran pressure from Israel, 324–325 role in Hizballah, 314–316 support of PKK, 352, 374–375 Iran-Iraq War, 358 Iraq cross-border raids by Turkey, 358 support of PKK, 351, 362–363 Iraqi Kurds, 343–344, 351, 362, 370 Ireland, Northern. See also Irish Republican Army; United Kingdom overview of conflict in, 65–66 Ireland v. UK, 86

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 617617 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:389:22:38 AMAM 618 Index

IRGC. See Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Irish National Liberation Army, 67 Irish Northern Aid Committee. See Noraid Irish Republican Army Army Council, 73 campaign, 67–68 death toll, 16 end of Provisional IRA’s armed campaign, 63 financing, 74 formation of Provisional IRA, 67–68 General Army Convention, 73 government targeted, 7 growth of, 68–70 lessons for democracies, 94–97 meetings with British government, 91–94 member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 organization, 73–74 profile of, 12 tactics used, 9, 71–72 type of group, 7 Irish Republican Socialist Party, 67 Irlandais de Vincennes Affair, 163n IRSP. See Irish Republican Socialist Party ISA. See Israel Security Agency ISI. See Inter-Services Intelligence Islamic Army of Aden-Abyan, 583 Islamic Jihad, 263, 265, 309 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, 583 Islamic Resistance Group death toll, 16 deportation of members from Israel, 289–290 formation of, 263, 265 government targeted, 7 member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 profile of, 13 suicide attacks, 269–272 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, 315 Islamic Salvation Front, 141–142

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 618618 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:389:22:38 AMAM Index 619

Israel. See also Hizballah; Islamic Resistance Group; Palestine National Liberation Movement administrative detention of Palestinians, 291–293 al-Aqsa Intifada, 273–274 Barak’s government, 273–274 counter- and antiterrorism activity, 279–300 counterterrorism apparatuses, 276–278 counterterrorism policy, 1948–1994, 266–269, 295 creation of security zone, 326 democratic dilemma, 297–298 demolition and sealing of Palestinian houses, 293–294 deportations of Palestinians, 288–291 disengagement from the Gaza Strip, 274–276 effectiveness of response to Hizballah, 327–336 Intifada, end of 1987, 268–269 Netanyahu’s government, 273 number of suicide attacks from 9/00–12/03, 275 Oslo Accords, 269–272 Palestinian terrorist organizations, 264–265 phases of terrorism, 262–264 post-1967 War, 266–267 pressure on Syria and Iran, 324–325 response to Hizballah, 305–306, 316–327 role in intelligence gathering and security training in Sri Lanka, 498–499 Sharon’s government, 274–276 suicide attack phenomenon, 269–272 war in Lebanon, 1982, 267–268 Israel Defense Forces, 277, 309, 323 Israel Police Force, 277, 283–284 Israel Security Agency, 266–267, 269, 276–277 Israeli assassination and kidnapping of Hizballah leaders, 321–322 intelligence gathering, 323–324 psychological warfare, 323–324 Israeli Defense Forces, 267, 269 Israeli Special Interests Section, 498 Italian Social Movement, 29–30, 43, 45–46 Italy. See also Red Brigades bombing of the National Agricultural Bank, 30–31 changes in the law, 51–55 costs of defeating the Red Brigades, 56 forces of order, 44–51 phases of battle against the Red Brigades, 32–37 polarization of politics, 27–32

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 619619 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:389:22:38 AMAM 620 Index

ITBF. See Indo-Tibetan Force Itogi, 401

Jaijee, Inderjeet Singh, 448 Jaish-i-Muhammad, 437 Jama’at-i-Islami, 437 Jam’at al-Tawhid W’al-Jihad, 583 Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, 436–437 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna, 486, 496, 498, 505–508, 511, 516 Japan. See also Aum Shinrikyo government’s approach to terrorism after September 11, 548–549 government’s response to subway attack, 544–548 Japanese Defense Agency, 543 Japanese Democratic Party, 554 Japanese Red Army, 553 Jayewardene, Junius R., 500–501, 502, 504, 506 JDA. See Japanese Defense Agency Jemaah Islamiya, 583 Jibril, Ahmed, 264 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 434 JKLF. See Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front JOC. See Joint Operations Centre (Sri Lanka) Joint Inquiry, 588 Joint Operations Centre (Sri Lanka), 500, 507, 509 Joint Services Group, 89 Joyu, Fumihiro, 546, 547, 548 JRA. See Japanese Red Army JSG. See Joint Services Group Judicial Police, 145 Justice of Development Party, 345, 367–368 JVP. See Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna

KADEK. See Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress Kadirgamar, Lakshman, 514 Kadyrov, Akhmad, 398, 409, 410 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 409 Kasavyurt Accords, 389, 395 Kashmir National Liberation Front, 437 Kashmir Study Group, 458–459 Kashmiri Jihadis death toll, 16 government targeted, 7 India’s counterterrorism strategies, 439–463

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 620620 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:399:22:39 AMAM Index 621

member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 Pakistan support of, 438 profile of, 13 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 violence in Kashmir, January 2002–July 2005, 436 KCF. See Khalistan Commando Force KDP. See Kurdistan Democratic Party Kemal, Fateh, 159 Kemalism, 354 Kennedy, John F., 173, 176, 185 Khalistan. See Sikhs Khalistan Commando Force, 429, 443, 448, 461 Khalistan Liberation Force, 429, 443 Khamenei, Ali, 315–316 Khan, Amanullah, 437 Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 540 Khattab, Ibn, 402–403 Khelkal, Khalid, 133–134, 144, 156 Khrushchev, Nikita, 184 King, Tom, 92, 93 KLF. See Khalistan Liberation Force KMS Ltd., 498 Koizumi, Junichiro, 548–549, 554 KONGRA-GEL. See Kurdistan People’s Congress Kono, Yoshiyuki, 541 KSG. See Kashmir Study Group Kumaratunga, Chandrika Bandaranaike, 509, 512–513 Kurchatov Institute, 540 Kurdistan Democratic Party, 351, 366 Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress, 345 Kurdistan People’s Congress, 346 Kurdistan Workers’ Party death toll, 16 financing, 352 goals of, 347–348 government targeted, 7 insurgency, 344–345 international dimension of insurgency, 351–353 Iran’s support of, 352, 374–375 Iraq’s support of, 351, 362–363 member strength, 15

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 621621 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:399:22:39 AMAM 622 Index

nature of democratic state attacked, 9 origins of, 346–347 phases of counterinsurgency, 356–363 profile of, 13 Syria’s support of, 351–352, 362–363, 374–375 tactics used, 9, 348–351 Turkey’s response to insurgency, 353–356, 372–375 type of group, 7

Lakhanpal, Ranjan, 448 Lama, Luciano, 35, 43 Larrazábal, Wolfgang, 172 Lashkar e-Tayyiba, 437, 583 Lashkar I Hhangvi, 583 Law 48 (Colombia), 226 Law on the Prevention of Human Casualties Caused by Sarin and Other Toxic Substances, 551 Law on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the Regulation of Specified Chemicals, 551 LC. See Continuous Struggle (Italy) Le Vert, Laurence, 147 Lebanese Hizballah. See Hizballah Lebanese Resistance Detachments (Afwaj al-Muqwama al-Lubnaniya), 307 Lebanon. See also Hizballah establishment of terrorist organizations in, 263 government weaknesses, 329 Israeli attacks, 1993 and 1996, 317 war in, 1982, 267–268 Lebed, Aleksandr, 389 Leguía, Augusto, 196 Leoni, Raúl, 170, 172, 182, 184, 187 LeT. See Lashkar e-Tayyiba Liberal Party (Colombia), 222 Liberation Antiterrorist Groups, 88, 118–119, 125 Liberation I offensive (Sri Lanka), 504 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam death toll, 16 financing, 504 government targeted, 7 increased threat from, 506–509 leadership of, 494 member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 622622 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:399:22:39 AMAM Index 623

objectives of, 492–493 origin of Tamil-Sinhalese conflict, 485–490 pressure from New Delhi, 501–506 profile of, 13 Sri Lanka’s response to insurgency, 495–501, 509–519 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 use of terrorism as method of action, 484 Libro Verde, 214 Likud Party, 273 Livingston Proposal, 458 Lobov, Oleg, 540 Longo, Luigi, 28, 42 Longowal, Sant Harcharan Singh, 456 Lotta Continua. See Continuous Struggle (Italy) Lovera, Alberto, 187 LTTE. See Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Lynch, Jack, 77

M-19 (Colombia), 230–231, 233, 244 MACP. See Military aid to civil power Maheshwaran, Uma, 489 Majima, Teruyuki, 537 Mandela, Nelson, 468 Mantilla, Augustín, 206 Maronite Christians, 307, 308 Marsaud, Alain, 140 Marxist-Lenist ideology, 347–348 Maskhadov, Aslan, 389–391, 397–399, 405, 406, 410 Matsumoto, Chizuo, 534, 535. See also Asahara, Shoko McGuinness, Martin, 92 Med-TV, 352 Mentese, Nahit, 376n Meridor, Dan, 286 Merom, Hagai, 286 Metropolitan Indians (Italy), 35 Metropolitan Police Special Branch (Britain), 76 MI5. See British Security Service Military aid to civil power, 77 Military Intelligence (Israel), 276 Millenarian groups, 5 Ministry of Defense (Russia), 393, 396 MIR. See Movement of the Revolutionary Left

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 623623 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:409:22:40 AMAM 624 Index

Mitchell, George, 96 Mitra, Chandan, 449 Mitterrand, François, 136, 137, 147 Mofaz, Shaul, 271 Molina, Jesus Teodoro, 169 Montesinos, Vlademiro, 214 Mordecai, Yitzhak, 286 Moro, Aldo, 34, 36, 43, 48, 569 Morucci, Valerio, 36 Mossad, 276 Mountbatten, Lord, 83 Movement of the Revolutionary Left, 168–170, 180, 183 Movimento Sociale Italiano. See Italian Social Movement Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria. See Movement of the Revolutionary Left MRTA. See Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement MSI. See Italian Social Movement Mubarak, Hosni, 363 Mugnihieh, Imad, 315 Muraoka, Tatsuko, 547 Musawi, Abbas, 321, 322 Musharraf, Pervez, 438 Muslim Brothers, 265 Muslim League, 434 Mussolini Action Squads, 30 MVD. See Interior Ministry (Russia)

Naidu, Chandrababu, 425 Nallainathan, Kadirgamapillai, 489 Nanak, Guru, 430 Nasrallah, Sheikh Hassan, 310 National Conference (India), 436 National Counterterrorism Center, 588–589 National Court, 115–116, 123–124 National Front (Colombia), 223 National Front (Italy), 30 National Intelligence Bureau (India), 492 National Liberation Front, 170 National Police Agency (Japan), 535, 542, 552–553 National Police (Spain), 116, 117 National Research Institute of Police Science, 542, 551, 553 National Revolutionary Front (Italy), 30 National Security Act of 1980, 453

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 624624 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:409:22:40 AMAM Index 625

National Security Council (Israel), 278 National Security Council (Turkey), 355 National Security Doctrine, 233 National Security Guards (India), 439, 444, 447 National Security Organization (Turkey), 361 National University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga, 198 National Vanguard (Italy), 30, 47 Nationalist Action Party (Turkey), 358 Nayar, Kuldip, 442 NCTC. See National Counterterrorism Center Neave, Airey, 82–83 Negri, Antonio, 49–50 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 434, 435 Nelson, Brian, 88 Nelson, Rosemary, 89–90 Nenni, Pietro, 45 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 273, 286 New Democracy Movement (Turkey), 367 New Ireland Forum, 75 New Order (Italy), 30, 47 News Online, 459 NIB. See National Intelligence Bureau (India) Nihang Sikhs, 431 9/11 Commission, 587, 588, 592 Nixon, Richard, 175, 176 Noraid, 74 North-South Ministerial Council, 93 Northern Ireland. See also Irish Republican Army; United Kingdom overview of conflict in, 65–66 Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act of 1973, 84 Northern Ireland Office, 89 NPA. See National Police Agency (Japan) NRIPS. See National Research Institute of Police Science NSA. See National Security Act of 1980 NSC. See National Security Council (Turkey) NTV (Russia), 401 Nuclei of Armed Proletarians (Italy), 32

OAS. See Secret Army Organization Oatley, Michael, 92 Obeid, Sheikh Abd al-Karim, 321, 322, 331 Öcalan, Abdullah, 343–352, 363, 366–367, 370–371, 375 OCU. See Operational command units (Britain)

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 625625 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:409:22:40 AMAM 626 Index

ODNI. See Office of the Director of National Intelligence Office of the Director of National Intelligence, 588 Official IRA, 67 OHAL State of Emergency Rule, 357–358 Ohuchi, Toshiyasu, 546 Ojeda, Fabricio, 174 Okazaki, Ichiro, 538 Oldfield, Sir Maurice, 83 OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Operation Accountability (Israel), 318, 320, 328 Operation Black Thunder (India), 433, 440, 444–446, 464–465 Operation Bluestar (India), 431, 433, 440–444, 464–465 Operation Chrysanthemum (France), 143, 154 Operation Defensive Shield (Israel), 275 Operation Grapes of Wrath (Israel), 318–320, 328 Operation Groza (Russia), 397 Operation Motorman (Britain), 69 Operation Woodrose (India), 441 Operational command units (Britain), 76 Oppressed of the Earth Organization, 309 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 394, 398, 400, 405 Organization of American States, 184, 211 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 186 OSCE. See Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Oslo Accords, 264, 269–272 Oslo peace process terrorism attacks in Israel and, 263 Özal, Turgut, 345, 356, 358, 359, 365–368, 371 Özel Timler, 358

P2. See Propaganda Due (Italy) Pact of Ajuria Enea, 111–112, 115, 118, 122, 125 Pact of Madrid, 111–112 Pact of Punto Fijo, 168, 184, 187 Paez, Gabriel José, 174 Paisley, Ian, 67 Pakistan negotiations with India, 457 partition from India, 434–435 role in insurgency in India, 425–426 support of terrorist in Kashmir, 438 wars with India involving Kashmir, 435 Palestine Liberation Army, 262

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 626626 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:409:22:40 AMAM Index 627

Palestine Liberation Front, 264 Palestine Liberation Organization, 262, 487–488, 517 Palestine National Liberation Movement death toll, 16 establishment of, 264 government targeted, 7 member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 profile of, 13 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 Palestinian Authority, 270–273, 279–280 Palestinian Islamic Jihad, 263, 265, 271–272 Palestinian terrorist organizations central group, 264 communist group, 265 Islamic group, 265 phases of organized terrorism against Israel, 262–263 pro-Syrian group, 264 Panawave, 555 Panthic Committee, 443 Partido Communista del Perú–Sendero Luminoso. See Shining Path Partido Nacionalista Vasco. See Basque Nationalist Party Partido Popular. See Popular Party Partido Socialista Obrero Españao. See Spanish Workers Socialist Party Party of Communist Combatants. See Red Brigades Pasqua, Charles, 143 Pastrana, Andrés, 234, 240–241, 249–250, 253 Patil, Shivraj, 438–439, 450–451 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, 351, 366 Patton Inquiry, 81 PCI. See Communist Party (Italy) PCP-SL. See Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path PCV. See Venezuelan Communist Party Peci, Patrizio, 54 People’s Liberation Front. See Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna People’s Liberation Organization of Thamileelam, 488, 489, 490–491, 493, 494 People’s War Group, 425 Peres, Shimon, 270, 279 Pérez Jiménez, Marcos, 168, 172, 175 Peru. See also Shining Path economic recovery, 209–212 failure of Shining Path revolution, 202–216

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 627627 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:419:22:41 AMAM 628 Index

repentance law, 208, 212–213 revolution in, 195–202 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 211 Petkoff, Luben, 182 PFLP. See Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PFLP/GC. See Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine/General Command PFNI. See Police Force of Northern Ireland Philippines Huk Rebellion, 516 Phoola, Baba Ajit Singh, 448–449 PIJ. See Palestinian Islamic Jihad Pinelli, Giuseppe, 30 Pizarro, Carlos, 240 PKK. See Kurdistan Workers’ Party PLA. See Palestine Liberation Army Plan Colombia, 249 PLF. See Palestine Liberation Front PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organization PLOT. See People’s Liberation Organization of Thamileelam PNV. See Basque Nationalist Party Police Force of Northern Ireland, 81 Police Law, 552 Policía Nacional. See National Police (Spain) Political Metropolitan Collective, 31 Politkovskaya, Anna, 401 Popular Action, 196 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 41, 262, 264–265, 488 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine/General Command, 262, 264 Popular Party, 111–112, 114, 126, 127 POTA. See Prevention of Terrorism Act Potere Operaio. See Worker Power (Italy) POTOP. See Worker Power (Italy) Powell, Colin, 329 PP. See Popular Party Prabhakaran, Velupillai, 488–490, 494, 514 Premadasa, Ranasinghe, 506, 508 Prevention of Terrorism Act, 84, 453, 466, 488–489 PRI. See Republican Party (Italy) Proletarian Left (Italy), 31 Propaganda Due (Italy), 51 Proscription of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and Other Similar Organizations, 488 Provisional IRA, 63, 67

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 628628 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:419:22:41 AMAM Index 629

PSEC. See Public Security Examination Commission PSI. See Socialist Party (Italy) PSIA. See Public Security Investigation Agency PSOE. See Spanish Workers Socialist Party PTA. See Prevention of Terrorism Act Public Security Examination Commission, 544–546 Public Security Investigation Agency, 546–548 PUK. See Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Punjab Accord, 456, 458, 468 , 430 Putin, Vladimir, 390–391, 397–402, 407, 409 PWG. See People’s War Group

Qureshi, Hashim, 437

Rabin, Yitzhak, 269–271, 279, 285–287 RAF. See Red Army Faction Railway Protection Forces (India), 439 Ramda, Rachid, 153, 158 Rangel, Domingo Alberto, 168, 183 Rangel, Jose Vicente, 187 Rashtriya Rifles, 451 Ratwatte, Anuraddha, 510 Rauti, Giuseppe “Pino,” 29 RAW. See Research and Analysis Wing Reagan, Ronald, 233 Real IRA, 67 Reale, Oronzo, 52 Reale Law, 52 Red Army Faction, 41 Red Brigades actions, 38 comparison with al Qaeda, 58–59 death toll, 16, 38 defeat of, 41–55 formation of, 29, 31 government targeted, 7 international influences, 41 Italian government’s battle against, 32–37 lessons for democracies, 56–59 member strength, 15 membership, 38–39 nature of democratic state attacked, 9

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 629629 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:419:22:41 AMAM 630 Index

organization, 39–40 profile of, 12 role of the Communist Party in defeating, 41–44 Strategic Direction, 40 tactics used, 9 terrorist attacks and bombings between 1969 and 1982, 26 type of group, 7 Rees, Merlyn, 91 Reid, Alex, 92 Religious Corporation Law, 536 Religious groups, 5 Renseignements Généraux, 149, 152 Republican Party (Italy), 51 Research and Analysis Wing, 491 Ressam, Ahmed, 159–160 Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia death toll, 16 formation of, 229 goal of, 230 government targeted, 7 member strength, 15, 228 membership, 244–245 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 profile of, 12 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 U.S. approach to, 250–251 Revolutionary groups, 5 Revolutionary International Movement, 199 Revolutionary Justice Organization, 309 RG. See Renseignements Généraux Ricard, Jean-François, 147 RIM. See Revolutionary International Movement RIR. See Royal Irish Regiment Road Map for Peace, 276 Robb-Silberman Commission, 589 Rodriguez, Manuel Ponte, 169 ROJ-TV, 352 Rondas, 206 Rossa, Guido, 44 Roubaix Gang, 158–159 Royal Irish Regiment, 79 Royal Ulster Constabulary, 76–78, 80–81, 88

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 630630 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:429:22:42 AMAM Index 631

RUC. See Royal Ulster Constabulary Rumor, Mariano, 33, 46–47 Russia. See also Chechen rebels Aum Shinrikyo membership, 539–540 Beslan incident, 406 Budennovsk hostage crisis, 394 control of media and access to information, 399–400 counterinsurgency, 391–397 counterterrorism, 397–402 Dubrovka theater incident, 397–399 failures of counterterrorism, 410–412 first war with Chechnya, 1994–1996, 387–389, 392–395 human rights abuses, 408 impact of conflicts on democracy, 400–402 internationalization of the conflict, 402–405 interwar period, 1996–1999, 389–390 negotiations, 397–399 overview of wars with Chechnya, 383–386 recent terrorist attacks, 405–408 second war with Chechnya, 1999-present, 390–391, 395–397 U.S. policy toward, 405 Russian Salvation Tour, 539 Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 540

Sahraoui, Abdelbaki, 143 Saiqa, 262, 264 Sakamoto, Tsutsumi, 537–538 Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat, 583 Salafiya Jihadiya, 583 Sands, Bobby, 70, 92 Santillo, Emilio, 47 Sarin attacks, 531–532, 534–535, 541–543 Sarin Law, 551 SAS. See Special Air Service Saudi Hizballah, 310 Savasta, Antonio, 49, 55 Sayeed, Mufti Mohammed, 436 Scarman commission, 80 Schengen Agreement, 162n SCLAT. See Service pour Coordination de la Lutte Anti-Terroriste SDLP. See Social Democratic and Labour Party Secret Army Organization, 135 Secret police (Venezuela), 176

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 631631 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:429:22:42 AMAM 632 Index

Security forces coordination of, 568–570 Segni, Antonio, 45 Segodnya, 401 Sendero. See Shining Path Service for Intelligence and Democratic Security (Italy), 48 Service for Intelligence and Military Security (Italy), 48 Service pour Coordination de la Lutte Anti-Terroriste, 139–140, 151 Servizio Informazioni Forze Armate. See Armed Forces Information Service (Italy) Sevres Treaty, 355 Shabaa Farms, 314 Shabak, 323 Shakaki, Fathi, 265 Sharon, Ariel, 274–276 Shia Muslims, 305, 307–310, 327, 328 Shimla Summit of 1972, 435 Shin Bet, 267, 498 Shining Path death toll, 16 expansion of, 198 failure of revolution, 202–216 financing, 199–200 formation of, 196, 197 government targeted, 7 member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 profile of, 12 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 Shinritoh Party, 538 SHP. See Social Democratic Party (Turkey) SIAC. See Special Immigration Appeals Commission SID. See Defense Information Service (Italy) SIFAR. See Armed Forces Information Service (Italy) Sigachev, Dimitry, 546 Sikh Student Federation, 443 Sikhs coalition with Hindus, 433 death toll, 16 government targeted, 7 member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 632632 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:429:22:42 AMAM Index 633

number killed by terrorists in Punjab, 1981–1991, 433 Operation Black Thunder, 433, 440, 444–446, 464–465 Operation Bluestar, 431, 433, 440–444, 464–465 Operation Woodrose, 441 overview of conflict, 428–434 profile of, 13 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 Silva, Pedro Medina, 169 Singh, Amrik, 441 Singh, Beant, 429 Singh, Guru Gobind, 430 Singh, Khushwant, 442, 462 Singh, Labh, 445 Singh, Maharajah Hari, 435 Singh, Natwar, 438 Singh, Sarab Jit, 445 Singh, Shahbeg, 441 Sinhalese-Tamil conflict, 485–490 Sinn Féin, 67, 93 SISDE. See Service for Intelligence and Democratic Security (Italy) SISMI. See Service for Intelligence and Military Security (Italy) Sivakumaran, Ponnudarai, 488 Sixth Section of the Judicial Police. See Division Nationale Anti-Terroriste of the Judicial Police SLA. See South Lebanese Army SLFP. See Sri Lanka Freedom Party SN. See Secret police (Venezuela) Social Democratic and Labour Party, 67, 93 Social Democratic Party (Turkey), 363 Social reform, 576–577 Socialist Party (Italy), 27, 45 Sossi, Mario, 33 South Lebanese Army, 309, 326–327, 335 Southeastern Anatolia Project, 367 Spadolini, Giovanni, 51 Spain. See also Basque Homeland and Freedom Basque Autonomous Community, 107–108, 111, 113, 117 creation of National Court, 115, 123–124 police counterterrorist operations, 124–127 political and coercive measures against ETA, 105–106, 110–119 results of conflict regulation, 119–123 social reinsertion measures, 111, 121

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 633633 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:439:22:43 AMAM 634 Index

Spanish Workers Socialist Party, 107, 113, 114, 126 Special Air Service (Britain), 80, 498 Special Immigration Appeals Commission, 98 Special Intelligence Group (Peru), 206–207 Special Powers Act of 1922, 84 Special Support Unit, 81 (Sri Lanka), 498 Sri Lanka. See also Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam increased threat from LLTE, 506–509 Israel’s role in intelligence gathering and security training, 498–499 nature of terrorist challenge, 490–495 origin of Tamil-Sinhalese conflict, 485–490 pressure from New Delhi, 501–506 response to Tamil insurgency, 495–501, 509–519 Sri Lanka Freedom Party, 486, 509, 512–513 Srinagar Corps, 448 SSF. See Sikh Student Federation SSU. See Special Support Unit Stalker, John, 81, 88 State Security Court (France), 135–136 Stefano, Alfredo Di, 170 Stevens, John, 88 STF. See Special Task Force (Sri Lanka) Sufi Islam, 386 Suicide attacks Chechen attacks against Russia, 405–406 against Israel, 269–272 number of attacks Israel against from 9/00–12/03, 275 Sultygov, Abdul-Khakim, 398 Sunni Muslims, 307, 327, 334 Supergrass informers, 87 Syria Palestinian terrorist organizations, 264 pressure from Israel, 324–325 role in Hizballah, 314–316 support of PKK, 351–352, 362–363, 374–375

TACT. See Terrorism Act 2000 TADA. See Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act of 1987 Taguchi, Shuji, 537 Talabani, Jalal, 366 Taliban, 403–404 Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization, 490–491, 503

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 634634 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:439:22:43 AMAM Index 635

Tamil National Army, 508 Tamil New Tigers, 488 Tamil Students Federation, 487 Tamil Tigers. See Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Tamil United Front, 487 Tamil United Liberation Front, 487, 489 Tanzim, 263, 274 Tarna Dal, 448 TELO. See Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization Temple Reform Movement of 1920–1925, 430 Tenet, George, 586 Terrorism compared with guerrilla warfare, 8 defined, 1 governments’ responses to, 564–565 groups using, 9 international cooperation in counterterrorism campaigns, 578–580, 585–587 political measures against, 16, 591–596 Terrorism Act 2000, 97 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act of 1987, 453, 466 Terrorist groups governments’ policy of decapitation, 573 governments targeted, 7 importance of intelligence operations in combatting, 564, 565–568, 587–591 objectives of, 563 profiles of, 12–13 types of, 5–7 use of force against, 570–572, 587–591 use of social and economic reform policies against, 574–578 Thatcher, Margaret, 70, 72, 75, 92–93 Thiel, Gilles, 147 Thompson Principles, 64 TIP. See Turkish Labor Party TNA. See Tamil National Army TNT. See Tamil New Tigers Toledano, Nissim, 289 Toledo, A lejandro, 211 Transnational jihadist network, 1 TRC. See Truth and Reconciliation Commission Trial Court of Paris, 138–139 Trimble, David, 67

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 635635 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:439:22:43 AMAM 636 Index

Trujillo, Rafael Leónidas, 175, 184 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 460, 468–469 Truth Party (Japan), 538 TSF. See Tamil Students Federation Tsuchiya, Masami, 541 TUF. See Tamil United Front TULF. See Tamil United Liberation Front Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, 200 Turcomans, 343–344 Turkey. See also Kurdistan Workers’ Party civil-military relations, 355–356 cross-border raids into Iraq, 358 domestic dissent, 363–365 factors related to Ankara’s Kurdish unrest, 343–344 impact on democracy, 371–372 Özal’s leadership, 365–368 phases of counterinsurgency, 356–363 response to PKK insurgency, 353–356, 372–375 state of emergency, 357–358 U.S. support of, 373–374 victory over insurgency, 368–371 Turkish General Staff, 355 Turkish Grand National Assembly, 354 Turkish Labor Party, 346 Türkiye Isçi Partisi. See Turkish Labor Party Tuti, Mario, 47

UCD. See Unión de Centro Democrático UCIGOS. See Central Bureau for General Investigations and Special Operations UCLAT. See Unité de Coordination de la Lutte Anti-Terroriste UDA. See Ulster Defence Association UDR. See Ulster Defence Regiment Ukhwan-ul-Muslimoon, 451 Ulster Defence Association, 67 Ulster Defence Regiment, 79 Ulster Special Constabulary, 79 Ulster Unionist Party, 67 Ulster Volunteer Force, 67 Ulsterization, 79 Ulusu, Bülent, 347 UN Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan, 457 Unidades Antiterroristas Rurales, 117

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 636636 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:449:22:44 AMAM Index 637

Unión de Centro Democrático, 107 Union of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (Turkey), 367 Unión Republicana Democratica, 168, 172, 184 Unité de Coordination de la Lutte Anti-Terroriste, 139–140, 145–146, 151 United Kingdom. See also Irish Republican Army counterinsurgency campaigns, 64 Diplock Courts, 87 emergency legislation, 84–87 end of Provisional IRA’s armed campaign against, 63 human rights violations by police, 88–90 insurgencies in opposition to colonial rule, 64 intelligence services, 82–83 meetings with IRA, 91–94 military deployment, 77–80 new terrorist threat, 97–99 overview of conflict in Northern Ireland, 65–66 police forces, 80–81 policy toward Northern Ireland, 75–76 security policies, 76–77 Thompson Principles, 64 United National Party (Sri Lanka), 486, 491, 503, 512–513 United People, 108 United People’s Freedom Alliance (Sri Lanka), 513 United States alliance with Iraqi Kurds, 370 anthrax letters case, 551 approach to Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, 250–251 attempts to influence Iran’s support of Hizballah, 325 Aum Shinrikyo threats, 555–556 counterterrorism challenge, 580–582 intelligence operations, 587–591 international cooperation in counterterrorism efforts, 585–587 policy toward Russia, 405 political counterterrorism efforts, 592–596 role in negotiations between Pakistan and India, 457–458 support for Turkey in fight against PKK, 373–374 UNMOGIP. See UN Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan UNP. See United National Party (Sri Lanka) UNSCH. See National University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga UPFA. See United People’s Freedom Alliance (Sri Lanka) URD. See Unión Republicana Democratica Urgent Measures for the Protection of the Democratic Order and Public Security, 53

IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 637637 111/22/061/22/06 9:22:449:22:44 AMAM