Index Abbas, Abu-el, 264 Abbas, Mahmud, 275 Abdullah, Farooq, 436 Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad, 435–436 Abu Sayyaf Group, 583 Acción Democrática. See Democratic Action Party Acción Popular. See Popular Action Act of Union of 1800, 65 Action Directe, 136, 139 Active service units, 73 Acuerdo por las Libertades y contra el Terrorismo, 113 Acuerdos de la Castellana, 127 AD. See Democratic Action Party Adams, Gerry, 67, 91, 93 Affair of the Leaks, 162n Agar, Mehmet, 361 Agreement for Liberties and Against Terrorism, 113, 122 Agreement of Lizarra, 112, 114 Agreements of the Castellana, 127 AIADMK. See Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagham AIS. See Armée Islamique du Salut AISSF. See All India Sikh Students Federation Ajuria Enea, 111–112, 115, 118, 122, 125 Akal Federation, 462 Akal Takht, 441 AKP. See Justice of Development Party al-Aqsa Intifada, 263, 273–275 al-Asad, Bashar, 314, 325 al-Asad, Hafez, 314, 324, 345, 351 Al-Ittihad al-Islami, 583 Al-Jazeera, 404 Al Qaeda affiliates of, 582–585 comparison with Red Brigades, 58–59 connection to Armed Islamic Group, 158–162 n following number indicates note 603 IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 660303 111/22/061/22/06 99:22:34:22:34 AAMM 604 Index connections to Chechen rebels, 402–404 counterterrorism challenge, 582–585 interest in obtaining chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons, 532 al-Rashid Trust, 404 al-Sadr, Imam, 308 al-Sadr, Musa, 307 Aleph, 545, 547–548, 554 Algerian Civil War, 141–145 Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana. See American Popular Revolutionary Alliance Alkhanov, Alu, 409, 410 All India Sikh Students Federation, 441, 443 All Parties Hurriyat Conference, 455 Almirante, Giorgio, 29 Amal, 307 Ambepitiya, Sarath, 514 American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, 196, 206, 210, 212 Anandpur Sahib Resolution, 456 Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, 75 Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagham, 521n Ansar al-Islam, 583 Anti-subversive Activity Prevention Law, 544, 545 Anti-Terrorism Branch (Britain), 76 Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act of 2001, 98 Anton, Charles, 490 AO. See Worker Autonomy (Italy) AP. See Popular Action APHC. See All Parties Hurriyat Conference APRA. See American Popular Revolutionary Alliance Apurimac Valley Coca Growers Federation, 211 Arad, Ron, 321 Arafat, Yassir, 264, 271, 273, 275 Armed Attack Situation Law, 550 Armed Forces Information Service (Italy), 45 Armed Islamic Group attacks in France, 144–145 connection to al Qaeda, 158–162 death toll, 16 formation of, 141–142 France’s response to, 145–148 government targeted, 7 member strength, 15 IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 660404 111/22/061/22/06 99:22:34:22:34 AAMM Index 605 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 profile of, 12 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 Armed National Liberation Forces change in government strategy toward, 182 death toll, 16 formation of, 170 government targeted, 7 member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 profile of, 12 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 Venezuelan government’s response to, 171–182, 185–189 Armée Islamique du Salut, 157 Asahara, Shoko, 534–539, 541, 543–548, 554 Asbat al-Ansar, 583 ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations Asfur, Hassan, 217 Assam Rifles, 439 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 457 ASUs. See Active service units Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 346 ATCSA. See Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act of 2001 Ates, Atilla, 362 Athulathmudalai, Lalith, 500, 509 Atta, Mohammed, 404 AUC. See Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia Audiencia Nacional. See National Court Aum Circle of Divine Hermits, 534 Aum Shinrikyo anthrax vaccine dispersal, 541 biological and chemical attacks, 540–543 death toll, 16 financing, 539 formation of Aleph, 545, 547–548, 554 government targeted, 7 Japanese government’s response to subway attack, 544–548 justification for murder, 534–538 member strength, 15 membership, 532, 534, 539–540 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 660505 111/22/061/22/06 99:22:34:22:34 AAMM 606 Index profile of, 13 release of sarin in Matsumoto, 541–542 Russian membership, 539–540 tactics used, 9 threats against U.S., 555–556 Tokyo subway sarin attack, 1995, 531–532, 534–535, 543 type of group, 7 worldview, 534–536, 539–540 Aum Shinsen no Kai, 534 Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, 227–228, 231–232, 250 Autonomia Operaio. See Worker Autonomy (Italy) Ayacucho Defense Front, 211 Ayala, C. Turbay, 233–234, 238 Ayash, Yichye, 280 B Specials, 79 Babbar, Sukhdev Singh, 448 Babbar Khalsa, 429, 443, 448 Babitsky, Andrei, 401 Balasingham, Anton S., 492, 493–494 Baraev, Movsar, 397 Barak, Ehud, 273–274 Baranov, Valery, 409 Barco, Virgilio, 234, 239–241, 244 Barzani, Massoud, 366 Barzani, Molla Mustapha, 351 Basayev, Shamil, 390, 394, 403–406 Basque Autonomous Community, 107–108, 111, 113, 117 Basque Homeland and Freedom death toll, 16, 109–110 formation of, 107 goal of, 106 government targeted, 7 member strength, 15, 108 membership, 108–109 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 police counterterrorist operations, 125–127 political and coercive measures against, 105–106, 110–119 profile of, 12 results of conflict regulation, 119–123 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 Basque Nationalist Party, 107, 112–114 IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 660606 111/22/061/22/06 99:22:34:22:34 AAMM Index 607 Bastista, Fulgencio, 175 Batasuna, 108, 112, 114, 123, 129 BBC, 459 Belaúnde Terry, Fernando, 196, 198, 201 Belfast Agreement. See Good Friday Agreement of 1998 Benevolence International Foundation, 404 Bensaid, Boualem, 144 Berlinguer, Enrico, 28, 35, 42, 43 Berri, Nabih, 308 Betancourt, Rómulo, 168, 170–176, 180, 183–184, 186, 188 Betancur, Belisario, 234, 239–241, 245–246, 248 Betzelem, 292 Bharatiya Janata Party, 433, 438, 461, 469 Bhindranwale, Sant Jarnail Singh, 430–431, 441–442 Bhindranwale Tiger Force, 443 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 435 Biagi, Marco, 25 bin-Abdallah al-Suwaylim, Samir bin-Salih, 403 Bin Laden, Osama, 158, 402–403, 532, 584, 590–591 BJP. See Bharatiya Janata Party Black Cat Commandos (India), 439, 444 Black Eagles (Italy), 30 Black Sea Tigers, 508 Black Tigers, 508 Blair, Tony, 90 Blanco, Miguel Ángel, 112 Bloody Sunday, 69–70 Border Police (Israel), 277 Border Security Force (India), 439, 446, 451 Borghese, Prince Valerio, 29 Bravo, Douglas, 170, 182, 189 Bravo Melet, Federico, 189 Brigate Rosse. See Red Brigades British-Irish Council, 93 British Security Service, 76 Brogan and Others v. UK, 86 Brooke, Peter, 92 Bruguière, Jean-Louis, 147, 159 BSF. See Border Security Force (India) BTF. See Bhindranwale Tiger Force Budhsinghwala, Gurjant Singh, 448 Bush, George W., 249–250, 405, 513 Butt, Maqbool, 437 IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 660707 111/22/061/22/06 99:22:35:22:35 AAMM 608 Index Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office Situation Center, 552 Cabinet NBC Council, 550 Caldera, Rafael, 171, 172, 189 Callaghan, James, 75, 77 Cameron commission, 80 Camp David Summit, 274 Carabinieri (Italy), 44–47 Carlos the Jackal (Ramirez Sanchez, Illich), 41 Case studies criteria for selection, 3–5 Castaño, H. Carlos, 228 Castro, Fidel, 175, 183 Castro, Raul, 183 Caze, Christopher, 159 CBMs. See Confidence-building measures CBRN. See Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons CCOs. See Chief coordinating officers (Sri Lanka) Center for National Coordination of Antiterrorism, 130 Central Bureau for General Investigations and Special Operations, 48 Central Intelligence Agency, 586, 588–590 Central Reserve Police Force (India), 439, 446 Centro Nacional de Coordinación Antiterrorista, 130 CGIL. See General Confederation of Italian Workers Chalabi network, 143, 155 Chambre d’Accusation, 155 Channon, Paul, 91 Chávez Frías, Hugo Rafael, 189–190 Chechen rebels Beslan incident, 406 Budennovsk hostage crisis, 394 connections to al Qaeda, 402–404 death toll, 16 Dubrovka theater incident, 397–399 failure of terrorism strategy, 410–412 financing, 403, 404 first war, 1994–1996, 387–389, 392–395 government targeted, 7 internationalization of the conflict, 402–405 interwar period, 1996–1999, 389–390 member strength, 15 nature of democratic state attacked, 9 profile of, 13 second war, 1999–present, 390–391, 395–397 IIOP519_Democracy.inddOP519_Democracy.indd 660808 111/22/061/22/06 99:22:35:22:35 AAMM Index 609 tactics used, 9 type of group, 7 use of terrorism, 391, 405–408 Chechenization, 398 Chechnya. See also Chechen rebels assassination of Kadyrov, 409 displaced civilians, 408 first war, 1994–1996, 387–389, 392–395 history of, 386–391 interwar period, 1996–1999, 389–390 second war, 1999–present, 390–391, 395–397 Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons, 532 Chemical Weapons Convention, 551 Chertoff, Michael, 586 Chichester-Clark, James, 77 Chief coordinating officers (Sri Lanka), 506 China Cultural Revolution, 199 Chohan, Jagjit Singh, 461–462 Christian Democrat (Venezuela), 171–172, 174, 184, 189 Christian Democratic Party (Italy), 27, 35, 43, 51 Christian Muslims, 327, 334 Christopher, Warren, 320 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency CID. See Criminal Investigation Division (Sri Lanka) CILAT. See Comité Interministerial pour Liaison Anti-Terroriste Çiller, Tansu, 359–360, 361, 371 Civil Guard, 116 Civil liberties counterterrorism system affect on, 154–156 Civil Protection Law of 2004, 550 Clinton, Bill, 249, 314, 374, 438 Cloughley, Brian, 448 CNCA, Center for National Coordination of Antiterrorism CNCIS. See Commission Nationale de Contrôle des Interceptions de Sécurité CNIL. See Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et des Libertés Coco, Francesco,