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America and France THE SOUTH LEAFLETS SEVENTH SERIES. BOSTON : ,D SOUTH >fEETING HOUSE. .{, 1889. SEVEXTH SERIES, ~Sqi) So -- - -- Verrazzano's Voyage. CAPTAIIS JOHS DE XIEI<IZhZ%;\XC) TO HIS MOST SEKICSE 3IAJI<Sl'Y, TIIE KIYG OF YII-iSCE, \Yl<ITES: Since the tempests nhich we encountered on the northern coasts, I have not written to your 1110st Serene and Christian Majesty concerning the four ships sent out by your orders on the ocean to discover new lands, because I thought you must have been before apprized of all that had happened to us- that we had been compelled by the itnpetuous violence of the winds to put into Britanj- in distress with only the t\vo ships Normandy and Dolphin ; and that after having repaired these ships, we made a cruise in them, well armed, along the coast of Spain, as your Majesty must have heard, and also of our new plan of continuing our begun voyage \\,it11 the Dolphin alone ; from this voyage being now returned, I proceed to give your Majesty an account of our discoveries. On the 17th of last January we set sail from a desolate rock near the islar,d of Madeira, belonging to his most Serene Ma- jesty, the King of Portugal, with fifty men, haling pro~risions sufficient for eight months, arms and other warlike munition and naval stores. Sailing westward with a light and pleasant east- erly breeze, in twenty-five days lye ran eight hundred leagues. On the 24th of February .rve encountered as liolent a hurricane as any ship ever weathered, from which we escaped unhurt by the divine assistance and goodness, to the praise of the glorious and fortunate name of our good ship, that had been able to support the violent tossing of the waves. Pursuing our voyage towards the n'est, a little northwardly, in twentl-four days more, ha~ingrun four hundred leagues, ne reached a new coun- try, which had never before been seen by any one, either in ancient or modern times. At first it appeared to be ver) low, 2 but on approaching it to within a quarter of a league from the shore Itre perceived, by the great fires near the coast, that it nas inhabited. n'e perceived that it stretched to the south, and coasted along in that direction in search of some port, in whicl-1 we might come to anchor, and examine into the nature of the country, but for fifty leagues we could find none in which we could lie securely. Seeing the coast still stretch to the south, we resol~edto change our course and stand to the north\vard, and as we still had the sanie difficulty, ne drew in with the land and sent a boat on shore. Many people nho were seen coming to the sea-side fled at our approach, but occasionally stopping, they loobed back upon us with astonishment, and some were at length induced. by various friendly signs, to come to us. These showed the greatest delight on beholding us, wondering at our dress, countenances and complexion. The) then sho~vedus by signs where we could more conveniently secure our boat, and offered us some of their provisions. That your Majesty may know all that ne learned, while on shore, of their manners and customs of life, I will relate what me saw as briefly as possible. They go entirely naked, except that about the loins thej wear skins of small animals like martens fastened by a girdle of plaited grass, to ~vhicllthey tie, all round the body, the tails of other aniinals hanging down to the knees ; all other parts of the body and the head are naked. Some wear gar- lands similar to birds' feathers. The complexion of these people is black, not much different from that of the Ethiopians ; their hair is black and thick, and not very :ong ; it is worn tied back upon the head in the form of a little tail. In person they are of good proportions, of middle stature, a little above our own, broad across the breast. strong in the arms, and well formed in the legs and other parts of the body ; the only exception to their good looks is that they have broad faces, but not all, however, as we saw many that had sharp ones, with large black eyes and a fixed expression. They are not very strong in body, but acute in mind, active and swift of foot, as far as we could judge by observation. In these last two particulars they resemble the people of the east, especially those the most remote. We could not learn a great many par- ticulars of their usages on account of our short stay among them, and the distance of our ship from the shore. We found not far from this people another whose mode of life we judged to be similar. The whole shore is covered with fine sand, about fifteen feet thick, rising in the form of little hills of the community. and not for the particular i~enefitof the per- sons to \\.holn it is intrusted. 13. A common co~itril)~itionbeing necessxy for the sup- port of the pul~licfol-ce. and for clefrayin: the other expenses of gor-ernment. it ougllt to he divided equally among tlie illelnbers of the conimunity accordilig to their abilities. 14. Every citizen 11ns a right. either by himself or his repre- sentati~-e.to a free loice in detei-illining the necessity of pnblic coiltri1)utions. the al)propri,ition of them. and their amount, mode of assessnient. anti duration. 15. Er-er~corninunit!- has a riglit to den-iaild of all its agents an account of :heir conduct. 16. E\-ery corninunit!- in \~:Ilich a sepnrntioi~of power-s and a security of riglits is not 131-ovidedfor. \\ants n constitution. , 17. I he riglit to l~rolxl-tyl'eing in\-iolni~leand sncl-ed. no one ought to he del)~-i.,-edof if.. except in c:ises of e~.identpiihlic necessity, legally sscertniiied. and on condition of n previous just indemnity. \\-lien Lafa\ette. .~tthe c!ose of the .\rneric'~n xvar, 1-etril.ned to J'a~is,he hung in a hanciionie fl-anie ill)on onc of the \\-all5 of iiis hou-e a col~yof the 1)cclal-ation of Jnc!cl~rndtn~:c.Ic-,i\ii~g the corresljo~tdiitg.pace on ;lie oppnsite \vall x-acalit. '. \Vliar do y~~utii.>i:n to pl:icv liere l " a-keti one of his frietids. " The 1)eclnratioii of J<igllt. for Fratice," \yas his reply. so ~nanwas motc iliiluiiitinl In tile eat-I\- months oi tlie French Rerolu- tion than 1,afavctte. Hii ir,tinlare re atioli.rvith tlic America11 republic, to ~viiichthe li\~e~-alsin I;i-atice \\-ere lookin: a, at1 nctual reali~ationof their dren~ns,was one great source of that it~rl~iei~ce.1Yi1en 1,;iiayttte entered the Aasemblv of the States (;enera! in the .urnmet- of 1;Sg. the hitherto unknown dignit!. df ~ice-~~~-c.~itlentn.1. CI-e.itei!espte.d~- to be~tosr-it itllon him. It ~vason the 11th of Jaiv, r;Sg, that he lj~-oljohedin the .?.sheml)ly that a dec- laration of the riyhfs (If'uld~i~hi,itlill l~tissued, on the Anlc-rican model. A loiig debate wit11 mucli di-.e:~hion fol!o\vetl, and there \\-ere niany anlend- merits; and it \vas not ltiitil the 2;th of .{u;u.;t that the famvus I>ecl~il-~rlzo:: , rfthe R(<~h/.iof .ll(riz, in the for111 itt \~liicliit is kno\\-n to hi.tory. \\-as corn- pleted. It \vaa ])reparatory to the ~vorkof iorming the new constitution. 1-011Svbel devotes a special chal~terto it in his Ni.i/~~~:v1:f-fiii /.i-c~ichRi7'6 ll,'ion,.aud the stadent cnii coiisult the other bihtorieb anti the lives of 1,afa)-- ettt " I date the French Re\-olutic>n." sait! the Iiublicist Cerutti, " from the moment ~vl~eti)I. de Lafa!-ctte in hel-oic flight rushed forth from our ports and, in a \\-a!, ol)eueti to tile VOIII~L:soldiers of France the school of American libert!-. It \\-as tlieic, 2.; \Ir. Jsfferson has verl- \veil said, that our great battles \yere foulit. In favori~~gthe freedo111 ;ti the thirteen United States, we have ],I-ep~redour o\vn. The 1-alianthands that served to break a ty-annic chaiii were not made to bear one a Iotig time themael~es." Even befol-e th~elentful nii:iit of the 4th of --\upst, the Assembly had so taken under consi?.erlitic~n a 1)eclaration of the Rights of )Ian n-hich \vae to:s," pr2fac.e their [:oiistitiitioii. I>afa!.ette nr~lsit- Ie\dii~: ndv xnte ; those ~IIO , had Yervt: 1 ill .\mericr \I-erc, a1mo.t \~ithiilit esc,:;jrioii, in i.r\-ur of it, anil tile idva it,elf WLLS qener.~lly1ool;ed npori as (3; iiiiel-ic.~rri~rigin. Some of ; t'it lne,til,cr. ri~-g-rlit.; ailoiltioil 11eEorz tli~ill-.ift oi :hi' Co.is!itlitioi~: otliei-J thought the 1)rclai-.rtioii ~lioulclnot be i>-li;~l riritii :iftcr tlie Constitiitioil had beell corii1>lit~d. .. I IJL: yuu ;'I irtleit," yxid '1'1111211~1.11." 1ii1,v eiiorin 111sis the clifferelice l)et\vce:i 2111 i~:t~~tltl~cc~ple ~vliic~i li~xq j~.t 1xr11 ~~iiloltiice~lto tht tv,irld.
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