Automotive Systems Engineering Automotive Systems Engineering Markus Maurer • Hermann Winner Editors

Markus Maurer Hermann Winner Editors Automotive Systems Engineering Automotive Systems Engineering Markus Maurer • Hermann Winner Editors Automotive Systems Engineering 123 Editors Markus Maurer Hermann Winner Institut für Regelungstechnik Fachgebiet Fahrzeugtechnik Technische Universität Braunschweig Technische Universität Darmstadt Braunschweig Darmstadt Germany Germany ISBN 978-3-642-36454-9 ISBN 978-3-642-36455-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-36455-6 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013935997 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Systems Engineering has long been established in the fields of avionics and software development. In the automotive sector too, we are witnessing an increasing number of systems engineering approaches. Nonetheless, a distinct profile has still to be developed that clearly defines its limits and interfaces with other development and research areas and gives a specific identity to automotive systems engineering. Consequently, conferences and publications offering opportunities to exchange experience on this topic are also lacking. Despite the fact that many scientists and practitioners are working on Automotive Systems Engineering issues, a pinpointed community has not yet emerged that covers at least the major areas involved. Automotive Systems Engineering pools many disciplines, from control engineering, test development, development of mechanical engineering, electrical and electronic hardware and software. And through ergonomics, issues of human physiology and psychology also permeate through the driver-vehicle system. Automotive Systems Engineering combines a multiple of disciplines, but being ‘‘sandwiched’’ between so many different stools its position is also weakened. Personal talks between the editors on this situation lead to a workshop where ASE- related activities were presented and an intensive exchange of experience was ini- tiated. The successful outcome resulted in this publication with the ambition of encouraging an exchange of experience beyond our two institutes. The topics covered in each chapter have their roots in doctoral theses still ongoing or nearing completion. They present the state of science centering on development methodology and with a limited application focus. A clear heterogeneity is visible both within and between the institutes, although it would be feasible and also desirable to reach more harmonised approaches. The perspective pursued with this publication, therefore, is to enhance standardisation, both in the terminology used and in pre- valent definitions for methods—a common process when building communities. By means of workshops and specialised publications, we intend to advance the community-building process together with a wider range of partners from academia and industry and trust that the present work will provide an appropriate foundation. Alongside chapters presenting scientific studies, the editors’ subjective per- spectives on the topic are added, leaning on talks and lectures and their background experience in academia and industry. v vi Preface We wish our readers stimulating reading and look forward to receiving a wide spectrum of feedback to help us tread the path towards an automotive systems engineering community. Markus Maurer Hermann Winner Contents Part I Background and Definitions 1 Challenges of Automotive Systems Engineering for Industry and Academia ...................................... 3 Hermann Winner 2 Automotive Systems Engineering: A Personal Perspective ...... 17 Markus Maurer Part II Requirement Analysis and System Architectures 3 System Architectures for Automated Vehicle Guidance Concepts................................... 39 Felix Lotz 4 Requirements Analysis for a Universal System Architecture for Ecological and Economical Driver Assistance Systems ...... 63 Peter Korzenietz 5 Static Software Architecture of the Sensor Data Fusion Module of the Stadtpilot Project ......................... 81 Sebastian Ohl 6 Maneuver-Based Vehicle Guidance Based on the Conduct-by-Wire Principle........................ 111 Sebastian Geyer vii viii Contents Part III Functional Safety 7 Objective Controllability Assessment for Unintended ADAS Reactions..................................... 135 Alexander Weitzel 8 Design and Safety Analysis of a Drive-by-Wire Vehicle ........ 147 Peter Bergmiller Part IV Evaluation of Perception Capabilities 9 Reference Systems for Environmental Perception ............ 205 Mohamed Brahmi 10 A System Architecture for Heterogeneous Signal Data Fusion, Integrity Monitoring and Estimation of Signal Quality ........ 223 Nico Dziubek Part V Functional Testing 11 Testing of Reconfigurable Systems: A Cognitive-Oriented Approach ......................... 249 Asem Eltaher Part I Background and Definitions Chapter 1 Challenges of Automotive Systems Engineering for Industry and Academia Hermann Winner 1.1 Preface After many years working on systems development in industry and academia, I have developed a personal view of the subject which is reflected in the present paper. This is not based on systematic research, has no claim to be representative and may be highly subjective. It is the product of my experience in a number of predevelopment projects and an initial development for volume production at a tier-one supplier, as well as university research into functional and methodological aspects of Systems Engineering. 1.2 Definition of Terms 1.2.1 System A group of elements which are relevant (and not merely useful) for achieving a purpose, which interact with each other, and which have a structure within predefined boundaries.1 While this and similar definitions allow us to characterise a system, in practice it is particularly difficult to define the boundaries of the system. In a transport system, a road vehicle (possibly together with a driver) is an element of the system. 1 As there are many different definitions for the term “system”, major parts of the present definition will unavoidably overlap with one or several of them. No claim to originality is made, therefore, in regard to this or any subsequent definitions used. H. Winner (B) Fachgebiet Fahrzeugtechnik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstrasse 30, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany e-mail: [email protected] M. Maurer and H. Winner (eds.), Automotive Systems Engineering,3 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36455-6_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 4 H. Winner For an automotive manufacturer the car is the system, for the unit responsible for a module—whether a vehicle manufacturer or a module supplier (e.g. for the brakes)— the module is the system, where elements of this system can in turn be elements of another system, e.g. the data communication system or a system which functionally serves a different purpose, such as an Adaptive Cruise Control. A well-chosen system boundary contains all the elements which are relevant to the purpose and amenable to influence, with a minimum level of complexity. 1.2.2 System Design Concept, specification, implementation, verification and validation of a technical system for achieving a specific (and mostly functional) objective. Project management can be an integral or complementary element. This definition consciously follows the familiar V-model, which describes development as a phase of project definition descending to the point of implementation and subsequently rising again through a test phase to the highest level. How far project management is part of system design is a matter of opinion. This will, however, be the case where the system design process involves both functional and organisa- tional roles, e.g. if there is strict separation of responsibility for implementation

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