Second Language Acquisition of Motion Constructions: A
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Second Language Acquisition of Motion Constructions: A Bidirectional Study of Learners of Arabic and English Rashidah Mohammed A Albaqami Language and Linguistic Science University of York March, 2016 Chapter 1: Introduction Abstract In line with Talmy’s typology of lexicalisation patterns (1985, 2000), languages differ in the way they express the semantic constituents of motion events into surface elements. English and Arabic motion constructions differ in whether [path] of motion is expressed on a verb, or by a separate particle. Acquisition of the expression of [path] is expected to cause difficulty for second language learners. In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis in minimalist approaches to L2 acquisition on the importance of the lexicon in accounts of syntactic variation across languages as explained by the feature-based contrastive analysis. This study extends the view of feature reassembly articulated by Lardiere (2000, 2005, 2008, 2009) into the realm of motion events in Arabic and English context following this line of research carried out by Stringer (2012) in the area of spatial morphology. Within the Feature Reassembly approach, Lardiere (2008, 2009) argues that reassembling features that are represented in one way in the first language and mapping them into different lexical items in the L2 will present a greater difficulty. Data collected from a total of 120 participants (60 Arabic learners of English, 20 English learners of Arabic and two control groups of 20 native speakers of Arabic and English), who successfully completed acceptability judgment and animation description tasks, corroborate this postulation. The results strongly suggest that meanings that are encoded differently in the L2 from the L1 are the most challenging, whilst those which are comparable to their L1 representations present less difficulty. On the basis of the learners’ developmental patterns observed in this particular study, I argue that feature reassembly appears to be a significant factor in second language development. This study also supports Stringer’s (2012) conclusions that L2 development in this realm is not connected to simple parameter resetting, but to mastery of lexicons. Keywords: Second Language Acquisition, Features, Lexical Semantics, Motion Events, Feature Reassembly, Path, Verb-Particle Construction. 2 Chapter 1: Introduction Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my late father (1947-2005) and my mother, who have always had confidence in me and offered me endless encouragement and support in all my endeavours and all I want to say: ‘Oh, my Lord! Have mercy on them both, as they did care for me when I was little’. The Holy Qur'an, Surat Al-Isra: Chapter 17, Verse 24. I also dedicate this thesis to my son, Yasser (born 2009), my daughter, Diala (born 2013) and my husband, Ageel for his unconditional love, care, understanding and patience. 3 Chapter 1: Introduction Table of Contents Abstract..................................................................................................................... 2 Dedication................................................................................................................. 3 Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures......................................................................................................... 10 List of Tables .......................................................................................................... 12 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 14 Declaration ............................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 17 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 17 1.2 English and Arabic semantic-syntactic systems ............................................... 19 1.3 Previous research on L2 acquisition of VPCs .................................................. 25 1.4 The present study .............................................................................................. 29 1.5 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 33 1.6 Terminology and abbreviations ........................................................................ 34 1.7 The structure of the thesis................................................................................. 34 Chapter 2. On the Spatial Morphology of Arabic and English ......................... 36 2 .............................................................................................................................. 36 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 36 2.2 Talmy’s typology of lexicalization patterns in motion events (1985, 1991, 2000) ....................................................................................................................... 36 2.3 On the differences between Satellite-framed languages and Verb-framed languages: A closer look at Arabic path verbs and English path satellites ............ 46 4 Chapter 1: Introduction 2.4 Feature-based classification of spatial lexicalization in Arabic and English ... 65 2.4.1 Matching vs. mismatching feature configurations .......................... 65 2.4.2 Relevance of the aforementioned feature-based contrast ................ 75 2.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 77 Chapter 3. Feature Reassembly Hypothesis ...................................................... 79 3 .............................................................................................................................. 79 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 79 3.2 Feature Reassembly - An Alternative Account to Parameter Resetting........... 80 3.3 Partial Access vs. Full Access Debate .............................................................. 82 3.4 FRH Builds on Full Transfer/Full Access Model............................................. 86 3.5 Feature (re)selection and (re)assembling.......................................................... 87 3.6 Initial Mapping and Feature Reassembly ......................................................... 90 3.7 Earlier Research Testing the Predications of the FRH ..................................... 91 3.8 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 96 Chapter 4. Investigating the L2 Acquisition of VPCs: Previous Research ....... 97 4 .............................................................................................................................. 97 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 97 4.1.1 On the L2 acquisition of motion constructions ............................... 97 4.2 Lexicalization of motion events: the Case of Arabic ..................................... 107 4.2.1 The most common non target-like constructions made by Arab speakers of English: The findings for precursors in the area .............................. 108 4.2.2 Summary of previous L1-Arabic/L2-English studies.................... 120 4.3 Relevance of the current enquiry .................................................................... 123 4.4 Testing the predictions of the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis: Evidence from the L2 acquisition of spatial morphology ............................................................. 126 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 4.4.1 Learning tasks from the feature-based perspective ....................... 127 4.4.2 Research questions ........................................................................ 131 4.4.3 Research hypotheses ...................................................................... 132 4.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 138 Chapter 5. The Experimental Study ................................................................ 140 5 ............................................................................................................................ 140 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 140 5.2 Participants ..................................................................................................... 141 5.3 Proficiency testing .......................................................................................... 143 5.4 Selection of motion constructions for use in the experimental study ............. 145 5.5 The Arabic version of the tasks ...................................................................... 149 5.6 The Pilot study ................................................................................................ 150 5.7 The Experimental materials ............................................................................ 153 5.7.1 The Acceptability Judgment Task (AJT) ...................................... 153 5.7.2 The Picture Description Task (PDT) ............................................