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Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust Holocaust and the David Irving Trial

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Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust Holocaust and the David Irving Trial LYING About UITI FR Also by Richard J. Evans Death in Hamburg (1987) In Hitler’s Shadow (1989) Ritual of Retribution (1996) In Defense of Histo y (1999) LYING About HITLER History, Holocaust, and the David Iruing Trial ICHARD A MEMBER OF THEPERSEUS BOOK GROUP Copyright 0 2001 by Richard J. Evans Published by Basic Books, A Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved. Printed in the United Statesof America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodiedin critical articles and reviews.For infor- mation, address Basic Books, 10 East 53rd Street, NewYork, NY 10022-5299. Designed by Jim Buchananof Bookcomp Inc. ISBN 0-46.5-021.52-2 01020304/10987654321 This book is dedicated to the survivors of Nazi genocide, murder and violence, and to the menlory of the millions who did not survive This Page Intentionally Left Blank CONTENTS Abbreviations ix Preface xi CHAPTER ONE History on Trial 1 CHAPTER TWO Hitler and the Jews, 1924-1939 40 CHAPTER THREE Hitler and the “Final Solution” 71 CHAPTER FOUR Irving and Holocaust Denial 104 CHAPTER FIVE The Bombing of Dresden 149 CHAPTER SIX In theWitness Box 185 CHAPTER SEVEN Judgment Day 225 Notes 267 Index 311 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ABBREVIATIONS BA Bundesarchiv BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BDC Berlin Document Center Der Prozess Der Prozess gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher vor dem lntern,ationalen Militargerichtslzof Niimzberg (Nurem- berg, 1949) GTB GoebbeIs Tagebucher (Elke Frohlich [ed.], Die Tage- biiclzer uo~lJoseph Goebbels [Munich, 1994-983) If2 Institut fur Zeitgeschichte IMT The Trial of the Major War Criminals before the Inter- national Military Tribunal, Nurenberg, 14 November 1945-6 April 1946 (Nuremberg, 1946) JHR Journal of Historical Review KGB Commitee for State Security LICA Ligue InternationaIe Contre LAntisemitisme ND Nurernherg Document NSDAP Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei PRO Public Record Office, London RAF Royal Air Force SA Sturmabteilung (Brownshirts) SD Sicherheitsdienst SOPADE Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands ss Schutzstaffel TS Transcript (High Court of Justice, Queen’s Bench Divi- sion, 199G/I/No. 113, transcribed from the stenographic notes of Harry Counsel1 & Company) YPG Vierteljalzrshefe f r Zeitgeschichte This Page Intentionally Left Blank PREFACE his book is about how we can tell the difference between truth and lies in history. It uses as an example the libel case brought before Tthe High Court in London in the spring of 2000 by David Irving against Deborah Lipstadt and her publisher, Penguin Books. It concen- trates on the issue of the falsification of the historical record which Lip- stadt accused Irving of having committed and which was the subject of the investigations that I was asked to present to the courtas an expert wit- ness. The first chapter explains how I became involved in the case, sets out thebackground, and provides a context.The next four chapters pre- sent the resultsof my investigations. Chapter G is an account of the trial itself, explaining how Irving dealt with the findings presented in my report. Thefinal chapter looks at the aftermath of the trial and discusses some of the wider issues it raised. All of this, I hope, will provide con- crete illustrations of the genera1 questions of problems of historical objectivity and historical knowledge that I raised in my earlier book, In Defense of History, published in England in 1997 and in the USA two years later. This is not, therefore, intended to be a rounded or comprehensive account of the whole case. Others will be attempting that. Someof the aspects of the case that received a great deal of media attention at the time, suchas the debate over the mass gassing facilities at the Auschwitz concentration campor the natureand extentof Irving’s connections with the German far right, arealso the subject of other books, by the experts who dealt with them in court, and they areonly alluded to in this book briefly, if at all. The central issuein the following pages, as I believe itwas in the case as a whole,is the falsification and manipulation of the histor- ical record that Lipstadt alleged Irving had committed.Although discus- sion of this issuetook up more time duringthe trial than anything else, it xii PREFACE was barely mentioned in press reportsof the proceedings, andas a result the general impression of the trial pulveyed by the international news media was a rather distorted one, since they devoted the lion’s share of their attention toIlving’s racism and antisemitism.One of the aims ofthis book is to set the record straight in this respect. Inevitably, even within this limited compass,my treatment of these issues cannot hope tobe comprehensive. In chapters2,3,4, and 5 I offer a series of significant examples. Much has had to be otnitted forthe sake of clarity and readability and to keep this book to a reasonable length. The original expert report that formsthe basis for these central chapters was 740 pages long, andin many places itwas more suited for a courtof law than for a reader with a more general interest in these matters.How- ever, the most important issues treated in the report and upheld in the corresponding parts of the judgment are included, even if only in a slimmed-down form. Aside from the usual archival and printed sources, thisbook rests in particular on materials compiled for the trial. These consist in the first place of David Irving’s published books and articles and the documents that entered thepublic domain through the process of Discovery in the court case, and their citation in court in the expert reports, the defense statements, and the judgment. They include consecutively numbered videotapes and audiocassettes of Irving’s speeches, various numbered sequences of documents in separate collections, and numbered folders belonging to the original Discovery list and the suppletnentary Discov- ely lists. In addition, a series of documents was submitted to the court during thetrial by both sides in the case. All of this materialwas initially collected and collatedby Mishcon de Reya, the solicitors for the second defendant. The verbatim recordof the trial was made available from stenographic notes supplied ondaily a basis by Harry Counsel and Company, Clifford’s Inn, Fetter Lane, London EC4. Basic legal documents included Irving’s Writ and Statement of Claim, the Defense of the Second Defendant (i.e., Deborah Lipstadt), Irving’s Reply to the Defenseof the Second Defendant, and thedefense’s Restatement of Case. The court was also supplied with copies of the Opening andClosing Statements by both parties;in both cases, the typed version of the Closing Statement was considerablylonger than the t PREFACE xiii version read out in court. The defense also issued written questions to Irving, and Irving issued written questions to me, to which I supplied lengthy written responses. The researchers and experts supplied the court with a large quantityof photocopied original documents fromGer- man archives, and Irving also presented a number of similar documents to the court.Irving’s website coverage of the trial and additional relevant material were also downloaded on a regularbasis. All of this material is referenced in the notes at the appropriate junctures. It w7as Anthony Julius who asked me to become involved in the Irv- ing case, and thus providedthe opportunity to write this book.My thanks go to him, to James Libson, LauraTyler, Pippa Marshall, and all the team at Mishcon de Reya for all the hard work they put in to obtaining, col- lecting, and sorting muchof the material forthe report onwhich a large part of this book is based. Richard Rampton QC was a source of sage advice, and his acute questioning forced me rethink a numberof issues. I am extremely grateful to both him andHeather Rogers, junior defense counsel in the case, for their efforts to lendlegal and conceptual preci- sion to many of the more academic points originally put forward in my report, and forclarifying the issues in their own meticulous compilations of the documentary evidence. My special thanks go to Thomas Skelton-Robinson andNik Wachs- mann, my research assistants, without whose invaluable detective work the reportcould nothave been written, and Tobiasto Jersak, who helped root out a number of errors in it before the trial began. Christopher Browning, Hajo Funke, Peter Longerich, and Robert Jan Van Pelt, the other defense witnesses, werea pleasure to work with and helped eluci- date a great deal both about Irving and about the subjectswith which he dealt. Martin andSusie Gilbert lent moral supportwhile I was in the wit- ness box and my colleagues at Cambridgetolerated my frequent absences in London with good humor and forbearance. Deborah Lip- stadt’s amazing cheerfulness throughout her whole ordeal was an inspi- ration and helpedconvince me it was all worth it. Peter Robinson and Russ Galen, my agents respectively in London and New York, had faith in this book and persuaded publishers that it would be worth taking on. Don Fehr, FelicityTucker, Jim Buchanan, and the editorial and production teams at Basic Books smoothed the path xiv PREFACE from floppy disk to bound copy. Nik Wachsmann, James Libson, and Richard Ramptonagain put me in their debt,as did Kristin Semmens, by reading throughthe final version of the typescript at short notice andsug- gesting many improvements. My thanks to all of them, and once more especially toChristine Corton, who, with our
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