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Sociální Konstrukce Národní Identity V Izraeli a Její Reflexe V Zahraniční Politice

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Sociální Konstrukce Národní Identity V Izraeli a Její Reflexe V Zahraniční Politice MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Sociální konstrukce národní identity v Izraeli a její reflexe v zahraniční politice Diplomová práce Bc. Adam Hykl Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Pavel Pšeja, Ph.D. UČO: 385 911 Obor: Mezinárodní vztahy Imatrikulační ročník: 2013 Brno, 2016 Prohlášení o autorství práce Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci na téma „Sociální konstrukce národní identity v Izraeli a její reflexe v zahraniční politice“ vypracoval samostatně, pouze s použitím uvedených zdrojů. V Brně, dne …………………………… Adam Hykl - 2 - Poděkování Rád bych na tomto místě poděkoval v první řadě svému vedoucímu diplomové práce, PhDr. Pavlu Pšejovi, Ph.D. Velmi si vážím jeho důvěry, trpělivého a povzbudivého přístupu, užitečných rad a doporučení, které umožnily dát mé práci ucelenou podobu. Velký dík patří Dr. Ya’irovi Ronenovi za jeho pomoc při mém výzkumném pobytu k diplomové práci v Izraeli na podzim 2015, a který svými názory a myšlenkami ještě více podnítil můj zájem o téma společnosti a politiky jako takové. Poděkování si také zaslouží všichni, kteří ve svém nabitém rozvrhu nalezli čas na uskutečnění dlouhých rozhovorů o izraelské národní identitě. Jmenovitě se jedná o Karla Pažourka, Prof. Vered Vinitzky-Seroussi, Dr. Paulu Kabalo, Dr. Tali Tadmor-Shimony a Dr. Michaela Feige. Dr. Michael Feige, který se jako sociolog dlouhodobě zabýval izraelskou společností a kolektivní pamětí, před dokončením mé práce zahynul při teroristickém útoku v Tel Avivu v červnu 2016. Rád bych tento text věnoval také jeho památce. V neposlední řadě patří obrovské poděkování mé rodině, přítelkyni, přátelům i kolegům za jejich podporu při psaní této práce i během celého studia. Jsem za ni opravdu velice vděčný. - 3 - 1. Obsah 1. Obsah .................................................................................................................... 4 2. Úvod ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Vymezení práce ................................................................................................ 6 2.2. Výzkumné otázky ............................................................................................. 7 3. Teoretické a metodologické vymezení práce ....................................................... 7 3.1. Konstruktivismus .............................................................................................. 7 3.2. Metodologie .................................................................................................... 10 3.2.1. Sběr dat ..................................................................................................... 10 3.2.2. Kvalitativní obsahová analýza .................................................................. 13 3.3. Limity práce .................................................................................................... 16 4. Vymezení konceptů ............................................................................................ 18 4.1. Národ a národní identita ................................................................................. 19 4.1.1. Historický vývoj, kolektivní paměť a vzpomínky .................................... 22 4.1.2. Teritorium ................................................................................................. 24 4.1.3. Jazyk ......................................................................................................... 25 4.1.4. Kultura, tradice a mýty ............................................................................. 26 4.1.5. Náboženství .............................................................................................. 27 4.1.6. Symboly .................................................................................................... 27 4.1.7. Odlišnost a jedinečnost ............................................................................. 28 4.1.8. Typ politického zřízení a instituce ............................................................ 30 4.2. Vztah národní identity a zahraniční politiky státu .......................................... 32 4.3. Izraelská národní identita ................................................................................ 33 4.3.1. Historická dimenze ................................................................................... 35 4.3.2. Teritoriální dimenze .................................................................................. 39 4.3.3. Kulturní dimenze ...................................................................................... 42 4.3.4. Psychologická dimenze ............................................................................ 52 4.3.5. Politická dimenze ...................................................................................... 63 4.3.6. Tabulka kategorií a projevů izraelské národní identity ............................ 71 5. Reflexe v projevech aktérů zahraniční politiky .................................................. 76 - 4 - 5.1. Politický systém a zkoumaní aktéři izraelské zahraniční politiky .................. 77 5.1.1. Předseda vlády .......................................................................................... 77 5.2. Reflexe izraelské národní identity .................................................................. 78 5.2.1. Historická dimenze ................................................................................... 80 5.2.2. Teritoriální dimenze .................................................................................. 86 5.2.3. Kulturní dimenze ...................................................................................... 90 5.2.4. Psychologická dimenze ............................................................................ 97 5.2.5. Politická dimenze .................................................................................... 106 6. Závěr ................................................................................................................. 109 7. Použité zdroje a literatura ................................................................................. 113 8. Přílohy .............................................................................................................. 131 - 5 - 2. Úvod 2.1. Vymezení práce Stát Izrael je poměrně mladým aktérem na poli mezinárodních vztahů. Vytvořením samostatného státu v roce 1948 vyvrcholily dlouhodobé snahy sionistické ideologie a jejích představitelů. Stát samotný samozřejmě nevznikl z ničeho nic a tak říkajíc na zelené louce. V době vzniku státu se na jeho území vyskytovaly početné skupiny židovských přistěhovalců z celého světa imigrující do svaté země v tzv. álíjách, přistěhovaleckých vlnách. Společnost v Izraeli má velmi komplikovanou strukturu. Na nevelkém území zde jako občané Izraele žijí mimo jiné komunity sekulárních Židů a izraelských Arabů; věřících Židů podporující existenci židovského státu i ultraortodoxních charedim, z nichž někteří jeho existenci naopak vehementně odmítají; různé náboženské komunity muslimů, křesťanů či Bahá’í; nemluvě o bezpočtu skupin různého etnického původu jako jsou například jemenští Židé či přistěhovalci z bývalého Sovětského svazu. Nevyřešený konflikt mezi dvěma širokými skupinami svého obyvatelstva, rovněž jako nevyřešené vztahy s některými státy v jeho bezprostřední blízkosti představují pro Izrael také určitý druh problémů. Vymezování národní identity v takto složité společenské struktuře se může jevit jako téměř nemožný úkol. Tento prvotní pocit byl zpočátku autorovi této práce ještě umocňován při konverzacích během jeho studia v Izraeli v roce 2013 a následné výzkumné cestě o dva roky později. Snahu o analýzu národní identity nebo zahraniční politiky samotní izraelští obyvatelé někdy doprovázeli udivenou poznámkou: "Takové věci tady v Izraeli existují?" Ačkoliv by řada lidí z různých skupin obyvatelstva sama sebe bez váhání identifikovala jako Izraelce, popis a vysvětlení charakteristických vlastností či přesvědčení, z nichž tato identita vyplývá, je o poznání složitějším úkolem. Po úvodních kapitolách diplomové práce, které se zabývají konkrétnějším zasazením výzkumu do teoretického základu konstruktivistické teorie a vysvětlením použité metodologie a vzorků dat, je další část textu věnovaná snaze o podrobné zachycení takové identity, která by se dala označit jako izraelská národní identita. Využitím různorodých dostupných zdrojů, jako jsou provedené výzkumy, publikace expertů v oblasti nacionalismu a národní identity, ale také například rozhovorů uskutečněných s několika odborníky přímo v Izraeli se autor - 6 - snažil o co nejkomplexnější postihnutí tohoto fenoménu. Následná analýza této identity prostřednictvím kvalitativní obsahové analýzy má následně dokázat možnost praktického využití takto identifikované identity. 2.2. Výzkumné otázky Pro účely výzkumu je vždy nutné stanovit si hypotézu či výzkumné otázky, které je poté následně možné analyticky rozebrat a poskytnout na ně odpovědi. Diplomová práce se bude zabývat následnými výzkumnými otázkami: • Jak lze definovat izraelskou národní identitu ze sociálně konstruktivistického pohledu? Jaké jsou její charakteristické prvky? • Jsou tyto prvky reflektovány v zahraniční politice tvořené vybraným aktérem izraelské zahraniční politiky – předsedou izraelské vlády? Pokud ano, které a jaká je tato reflexe ve vybraném časovém období? 3. Teoretické a metodologické vymezení práce Nedílnou součástí úspěšného výzkumu na jakékoliv akademické úrovni je
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