DOCSLIB.ORG

Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation1 Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation1 Contents Foreword by William Lewers, C.S.C. ..........................................................................................4 Introduction to the English Edition by José Zalaquett..................................................................6 Guide to the English Edition...................................................................................................... 18 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................. 18 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 20 Supreme Decree No. 355 ......................................................................................................... 24 Chapter One ......................................................................................................................... 28 A. Objectives of the Commission ...................................................................................... 28 B. Knowledge of the truth.................................................................................................. 29 C. Sending evidence to the courts .................................................................................... 38 D. Acknowledgement of harm inflicted and proposals for reparation and prevention......... 38 E. Chapters dealing with relevant prior circumstances ...................................................... 39 F. A truth for reconciliation ................................................................................................ 40 Chapter Two ......................................................................................................................... 42 A. Norms ....................................................................................................................... 42 B. Concepts ...................................................................................................................... 47 PART TWO .............................................................................................................................. 63 Chapter One: Political Context.............................................................................................. 63 A. Situation in Chile leading up to September 11, 1973..................................................... 64 B. The 1973–1990 political framework and human rights .................................................. 74 Chapter Two: Legal and institutional framework.................................................................... 90 A. The months after September 11, 1973 ......................................................................... 90 B. The 1974-1977 period ................................................................................................ 100 C. The 1978-1990 period ................................................................................................ 109 Chapter Three: War tribunals.............................................................................................. 121 A. Laws........................................................................................................................... 121 B. Procedure governing war tribunals ............................................................................. 124 C. Activity of the war tribunals ......................................................................................... 127 D. Observations on sentences issued by the war tribunals ............................................. 136 Chapter Four: Behavior of the courts toward the grave human rights violations that occurred between September 11, 1973, and March 11, 1990............................................................ 140 A. Overall attitude of the judiciary toward human rights violations ................................... 140 B. The stance of the judicial branch toward applying the established processes most relevant to its obligation to protect human rights ............................................................. 142 C. Other actions by the courts......................................................................................... 150 PART THREE......................................................................................................................... 152 Chapter One: September through December 1973............................................................. 152 A. Human rights violations committed by government agents or persons working for them ....................................................................................................................................... 152 1 Posted by USIP Library on: October 4 2002 Source: Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1993), vol. I/II, Foreward, xxi-xxii. Note: Digitized and posted by permission of the University of Notre Dame Press, February 22, 2000. B. Human rights violations committed by private citizens for political reasons................. 596 C. Reactions of major sectors of society to the human rights violations that occurred in the immediate aftermath of September 11, 1973. ................................................................. 605 Chapter Two: 1974 through August 1977............................................................................ 613 A. Human rights violations committed by government agents or persons working for them ....................................................................................................................................... 613 B. Human rights violations committed by private citizens for political reasons during the January 1974 – August 1977 period................................................................................ 812 C. Reactions of major sectors of society to the human rights violations that occurred between 1974 and 1977.................................................................................................. 816 Chapter Three: August 1977 through March 1990 .............................................................. 828 A. Human rights violations committed by government agents or persons working for them ....................................................................................................................................... 828 B. Human rights violations committed by private citizens for political reasons during the August 1977–March 1990 period .................................................................................... 884 C. People killed in mass protests and demonstrations .................................................... 923 D. Use of undue force and abuses of power tolerated by those in authority .................... 967 E. Reactions of major sectors of society to the human rights violations that occurred between 1978 and 1990.................................................................................................. 971 Chapter Four: Impact of the most serious human rights violations on families and social relations .............................................................................................................................. 997 A. Loss and grief: "Human beings sometimes kill human beings..."................................. 998 B. Torture: "If they had just killed them outright, it wouldn't be so hard..."...................... 1001 C. Prolonged uncertainty: "... this long nightmare from which I don't know if I'm ever going to awaken..." ................................................................................................................. 1002 D. Damage to personal integrity: "Why did they take away my chance to be happy?"... 1005 E. Family life disrupted: "They didn't sentence just him. They sentenced the whole family..." ..................................................................................................................................... 1010 F. Sense that familiar reference points have changed: "They changed the country on us..." ..................................................................................................................................... 1013 G. Being stigmatized and outcast: "We feel like outcasts in our own country..." ............ 1015 H. Positive forces: "I got strength from God, from my wonderful memories of him, and from the support I received from so many people who had gone through the same thing..." . 1019 I. Feelings today: "One phase is ending but a more difficult one is beginning..." ........... 1019 Chapter Five: Cases declared to be unresolved................................................................ 1022 PART FOUR......................................................................................................................... 1057 Chapter One: Proposals for reparation ............................................................................. 1057 A. Introduction............................................................................................................... 1057 B. Recommendations for restoring the good name of people and making symbolic reparation...................................................................................................................... 1058 C. Legal and administrative recommendations.............................................................. 1060 D. Recommendations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty Of
    Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Brad T. Eidahl December 2017 © 2017 Brad T. Eidahl. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile by BRAD T. EIDAHL has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patrick M. Barr-Melej Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT EIDAHL, BRAD T., Ph.D., December 2017, History Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile Director of Dissertation: Patrick M. Barr-Melej This dissertation examines the struggle between Chile’s opposition press and the dictatorial regime of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1973-1990). It argues that due to Chile’s tradition of a pluralistic press and other factors, and in bids to strengthen the regime’s legitimacy, Pinochet and his top officials periodically demonstrated considerable flexibility in terms of the opposition media’s ability to publish and distribute its products. However, the regime, when sensing that its grip on power was slipping, reverted to repressive measures in its dealings with opposition-media outlets. Meanwhile, opposition journalists challenged the very legitimacy Pinochet sought and further widened the scope of acceptable opposition under difficult circumstances. Ultimately, such resistance contributed to Pinochet’s defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, initiating the return of democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty and The
    The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Sebastian Hurtado-Torres December 2016 © 2016 Sebastian Hurtado-Torres. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei's Revolution in Liberty, and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 by SEBASTIAN HURTADO-TORRES has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patrick Barr-Melej Associate Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT HURTADO-TORRES, SEBASTIAN, Ph.D., December 2016, History The Gathering Storm: The United States, Eduardo Frei’s Revolution in Liberty, and the Polarization of Chilean Politics, 1964-1970 Director of Dissertation: Patrick Barr-Melej This dissertation explores the involvement of the United States in Chilean politics between the presidential campaign of 1964 and Salvador Allende’s accession to the presidency in 1970. The main argument of this work is that the partnership between the Christian Democratic Party of Chile (PDC) and the United States in this period played a significant role in shaping Chilean politics and thus contributed to its growing polarization. The alliance between the PDC and the United States was based as much on their common views on communism as on their shared ideas about modernization and economic development. Furthermore, the U.S. Embassy in Santiago, headed by men strongly committed to the success of the Christian Democratic project, involved itself heavily in the inner workings of Chilean politics as an informal actor, unable to dictate terms but capable of exerting influence on local actors whose interests converged with those of the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Waiting for Cincinnatus: the Role of Pinochet in Post-Authoritarian Chile
    Third WorldQuarterly, Vol21, No 5, pp 7 25 – 738, 2000 Waitingf orCincinnatus: the role o f Pinochetin post-authoritarian Chile GREGORYWEEKS ABSTRACT This article explains the persistent inuence of GeneralAugusto Pinochetin Chileanpolitics. After leavingthe presidency in 1990,hemanaged to fuse his personalposition with that notonly of the institution of the armybut of the armedforces as awhole,making Pinochet and the military almost indistinguishable.By doingso Pinochetsought to equateany attack onhimwith anattack onthe institution. Themilitary, in turn,accepted him as its spokesman anddefender. He viewed his role asthat of Cincinnatus,an emperortwice called to save ancientRome. Throughout the 1990sPinochetrepresented aserious obstacle to democratisation.With his intimate ties to the military institution, his inuence— perhaps even after death—can never bediscounted. InChile the transition frommilitary to civilian rule in March1990 did not erase the presenceof the armedforces in political life.The Commander in Chief of the army,General Augusto Pinochet, who had quickly taken control of the military junta installed on11 September 1973 ,becamethe self-proclaimed President ofthe Republicthe followingyear and remained in that position until hehanded the presidential sash to newlyelected Patricio Aylwin.Pinochet remainedthe headof the army,a position grantedhim foreight moreyears by laws passed in the last daysof the dictatorship. Whenhis retirement fromthe armedforces nally came to pass on10March 1998 Pinochet’ s national role still didnot end. He becamea ‘senator forli fe’( senadorvitalicio )in accordwith the 1980Constitution. Article 45provided any ex-president who had served for at least six years the right to alifetime seat in the senate. Pinochet’s presenceas armychief hada tremendousimpact oncivil – military relations in the 1990s, as at times heresorted to showsof force to extract concessions fromcivilian policymakers andto protect ‘his men’f romjudgment onhumanrights abuses.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Ethnicity in Santiago De Chile Mapuche Migration and Urban Space
    Urban Ethnicity in Santiago de Chile Mapuche Migration and Urban Space vorgelegt von Walter Alejandro Imilan Ojeda Von der Fakultät VI - Planen Bauen Umwelt der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften Dr.-Ing. genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. -Ing. Johannes Cramer Berichter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Herrle Berichter: Prof. Dr. phil. Jürgen Golte Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 18.12.2008 Berlin 2009 D 83 Acknowledgements This work is the result of a long process that I could not have gone through without the support of many people and institutions. Friends and colleagues in Santiago, Europe and Berlin encouraged me in the beginning and throughout the entire process. A complete account would be endless, but I must specifically thank the Programme Alßan, which provided me with financial means through a scholarship (Alßan Scholarship Nº E04D045096CL). I owe special gratitude to Prof. Dr. Peter Herrle at the Habitat-Unit of Technische Universität Berlin, who believed in my research project and supported me in the last five years. I am really thankful also to my second adviser, Prof. Dr. Jürgen Golte at the Lateinamerika-Institut (LAI) of the Freie Universität Berlin, who enthusiastically accepted to support me and to evaluate my work. I also owe thanks to the protagonists of this work, the people who shared their stories with me. I want especially to thank to Ana Millaleo, Paul Paillafil, Manuel Lincovil, Jano Weichafe, Jeannette Cuiquiño, Angelina Huainopan, María Nahuelhuel, Omar Carrera, Marcela Lincovil, Andrés Millaleo, Soledad Tinao, Eugenio Paillalef, Eusebio Huechuñir, Julio Llancavil, Juan Huenuvil, Rosario Huenuvil, Ambrosio Ranimán, Mauricio Ñanco, the members of Wechekeche ñi Trawün, Lelfünche and CONAPAN.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Política Laboral Del Gobierno De Patricio Aylwin Y Su Impacto En
    Trabajo y Sociedad E-ISSN: 1514-6871 [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero Argentina GONZÁLEZ CANDIA, Julio César; ZAPATA SCHAFFELD, Francisco Política laboral del gobierno de Patricio Aylwin y su impacto en el sindicalismo chileno Trabajo y Sociedad, núm. 29, 2017, pp. 249-263 Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero Santiago del Estero, Argentina Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=387352369013 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Trabajo y Sociedad Sociología del trabajo- Estudios culturales- Narrativas sociológicas y literarias NB - Núcleo Básico de Revistas Científicas Argentinas (Caicyt-Conicet) Nº 29, Invierno 2017, Santiago del Estero, Argentina ISSN 1514-6871 - www.unse.edu.ar/trabajoysociedad Política laboral del gobierno de Patricio Aylwin y su impacto en el sindicalismo chileno1 Labour politics of the government of patricio aylwin and its impact in the chilean syndicalism Política trabalhista do governo patricio aylwin e seu impacto no sindicalismo chileno Julio César GONZÁLEZ CANDIA∗ Francisco ZAPATA SCHAFFELD∗∗ Recibido: 06.05.16 Revisión editorial: .23.06.17 Aprobado: .23.06.17 RESUMEN El artículo ha tenido como objetivo principal analizar la política laboral del primer gobierno post dictatorial en Chile, nos referimos al de Patricio Aylwin Azocar, y conocer su impacto en las bases de poder del movimiento sindical. Para lograr este propósito, se estudió el sistema de relaciones laborales durante la transición política, poniendo énfasis en los acuerdos marco – tripartismo y reformas laborales.
    [Show full text]
  • Patricio Aylwin Azócar. Una Vida Republicana
    Patricio Aylwin Azócar Una vida republicana: convicción, política y doctrina BIBLIOTECA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CHILE 2015 Patricio Aylwin Azócar Una vida republicana: convicción, política y doctrina BIBLIOTECA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL DE CHILE 2015 BIBLIOTECA DEL CONGRESO NACIONAL Director Alfonso Pérez Guiñez Director Adjunto Felipe Vicencio Eyzaguirre Edición a cargo de David Vásquez Vargas María Teresa Corvera Vergara Equipo de Investigación Luis Castro Paredes: investigación y textos María Teresa Corvera Vergara: investigación y textos María Soledad Larenas Salas: investigación y textos Paula Lekanda Labán: investigación y textos Rodrigo Obrador Castro: investigación y textos Juan Guillermo Prado Ocaranza: investigación y textos Felipe Rivera Polo: investigación y textos Edmundo Serani Pradenas: investigación y textos David Vásquez Vargas: investigación y textos Diseño y Diagramación Unidad de Comunicaciones, Biblioteca del Congreso José León Blanco Cecilia Cortinez Merino Impreso en Chile por Andros Impresores ©Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile Registro de Propiedad Intelectual Nº 260925 I.S.B.N.: 978-956-7629-29-9 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución - No Comercial - Sin Derivadas 3.0 Unported Portada y contraportada: Archivo Fotográfico Museo Histórico Nacional Patricio Aylwin Azócar Una vida republicana: convicción, política y doctrina. Santiago de Chile : Ediciones Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, 2015. 305 páginas : ilustraciones ; 22 cm. CHILE. CONGRESO NACIONAL - HISTORIA - SIGLO XX AYLWIN AZOCAR,
    [Show full text]
  • Listado De Miembros De La Élite Considerados En La Investigación
    Listado de miembros de la élite considerados en la investigación MINISTROS VIVOS DE ALLENDE Nombre Cargo Periodo Profesión Datos Partido 1. Mauricio Ministro de Minería 1972- - PIR Yungk 1972 2. Pascual Ministro de Obras Públicas 1970- - PC Barraza y Transportes 1972 3. Pedro Ministro de Agricultura 1973- - PS Hidalgo 1973 4. Jorge Godoy Ministro de Trabajo y 1973- ¿Sindicalista? Se hizo cargo de la presidencia de la PC Godoy Previsión Social 1973 Central Única de Trabajadores, a fines de 1972. 5. Roberto Ministro de Tierras y 1973- Abogado RECTOR en COLEGIO TERRA NOVA API Cuéllar Colonización 1973 6. Aníbal Ministro de Vivienda y 1973- Abogado PR Palma Urbanismo Secretario 1973 General de Gobierno 1973- Ministro de Educación 1973 Pública 1972- 1972 7. Jorge Tapia Ministro de Educación 1972- Abogado PR Valdés Pública 1973 Ministro de Justicia 1972- 1972 8. Lisandro Ministro de Justicia 1970- Abogado Ex diputado 1949- 1953 API Ponce 1972 9. Jorge Arrate Ministro de Minería 1972- abogado Ministro de Frei y Aylwin, embajador con PS 1972 R. Lagos. Ex candidato presidencial 10. Orlando Ministro de Minería 1970- abogado PR Cantuarias Ministro de Vivienda y 1972 Urbanismo 1972- 1972 11. Jacques Ministro de Agricultura 1970- Agrónomo MAPU Chonchol 1972 12. Humberto Ministro de Obras Públicas 1973- Empresario Es Presidente de la Red de Programas de PR Martones y Transportes 1973 Empresario Adultos Mayores de Chile. Ministro de Tierras y Colonización 13. Pedro Felipe Ministro de Minería 1973- ingeniero En 2014 fue designado por la presidenta IC Ramírez Ministro de Vivienda y 1973 Michelle Bachelet como embajador de Urbanismo 1973- Chile en Venezuela.
    [Show full text]
  • BETWEEN HOPE and HOPELESSNESS. CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION and STUDENT MOBILIZATION in a CHILEAN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL Luis Rodrigo Mayor
    BETWEEN HOPE AND HOPELESSNESS. CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION AND STUDENT MOBILIZATION IN A CHILEAN PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL Luis Rodrigo Mayorga Camus Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2020 © 2020 Luis Rodrigo Mayorga Camus All Rights Reserved Abstract Between hope and hopelessness. Citizenship education and student mobilization in a Chilean public high school. Luis Rodrigo Mayorga Camus During the last decade, Chilean high school students have exploded into the international spotlight for social organizing. They also have managed to achieve significant changes in some of the major educational policies governing their schools. In this work I examine how student political mobilization affects the ways in which these young people learn to be citizens inside and outside of public high schools. I also explore the implications of these processes for democratic citizenship education. Drawing on a year of ethnographic fieldwork in a public high school located in Chile’s capital city of Santiago, I analyze the main citizenship education practices in which these high school students engaged. I examine these practices as they occur within schools – namely, those related with the national curriculum for citizenship education and the varied ways in which it is implemented, appropriated and resisted – as well as in the streets – specifically, practices in which these young people engage in the course of their participation in student movements. I also focus on the different ways in which Chilean students make use of history in order to learn new ways of enacting their citizenship, exploring how these high schoolers’ relationships with the past and the future are significant for educational and political processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Democracy, Dictatorship and Economic Performance in Chile
    Democracy, Dictatorship and Economic Performance in Chile William R. Keech Department of Social and Decision Sciences Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 [email protected] Paper presented at the Latin American Meeting of the Econometric Society Santiago, Chile July 28-30, 2004 The political and economic experience of Chile between 1932 and the present provides a natural experiment for a comparison of democracy and dictatorship with respect to their impact on economic performance. Democracy existed in Chile between 1932 and 1973, and was associated with a very wide range of efforts at economic reform, though without lasting success in any of them. This period also shows that democratic politics can provide economically perverse incentives, and can legitimately elect a president who carries out disastrous economic policies. In the period between 1973 and 1990, Chile had a dictatorship that, with a long lagtime, successfully reformed economic institutions, and brought about constructive changes in economic performance. This regime made some mistakes that may have prolonged the recovery, but the notable thing was the fact that the economy not only recovered, but achieved a new level of prosperity. My argument is that the neoliberal economic policies were central to economic success. Since 1990, democratic governments have maintained the institutions and policies that brought about improved economic performance under the dictatorship, and have continued to enjoy the resulting prosperity. The democratic governments have been more sensitive to equity issues, but not at the expense of economic performance. Chile’s experience is not typical, but it is instructive about the relationship between political institutions and economic performance.
    [Show full text]
  • From Military Regime to Current Moment Sadie Smeck Washington University in St Louis
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Undergraduate Theses—Unrestricted 5-2013 Evolutions in Class Visibility, Morality, and Representation in Chilean Teleseries: From Military Regime to Current Moment Sadie Smeck Washington University in St Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/undergrad_open Part of the Latin American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Smeck, Sadie, "Evolutions in Class Visibility, Morality, and Representation in Chilean Teleseries: From Military Regime to Current Moment" (2013). Undergraduate Theses—Unrestricted. 28. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/undergrad_open/28 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Theses—Unrestricted by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Evolutions in class visibility, morality and representation in Chilean teleseries: From military regime to current moment Sadie Smeck An Honors Thesis in International and Area Studies, Latin American Studies Track Ignacio Sánchez-Prado, Advisor Tabea Linhard, Second Reader Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Honors Program in International and Area Studies and the Baccalaureate Degree in the College of Arts and Sciences May 7, 2013 Smeck 2 ABSTRACT This work begins by exploring the concepts of class and class-consciousness as they are represented in the Chilean teleserie, Pobre Rico (2012-13), examining elements of class-marked aesthetics, linguistics and spaces in Santiago as these are manifested in the television program. The work will question how these representations relate to national, urban realities, and problematize the manner in which they at times reflect, exaggerate and/or misrepresent particular attitudes, dynamics and realities of class stratification in present-day, urban Chilean society.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Country Review
    Chile 2016 Country Review http://www.countrywatch.com Table of Contents Chapter 1 1 Country Overview 1 Country Overview 2 Key Data 3 Chile 4 South America 5 Chapter 2 7 Political Overview 7 History 8 Political Conditions 13 Political Risk Index 41 Political Stability 55 Freedom Rankings 71 Human Rights 83 Government Functions 85 Government Structure 86 Principal Government Officials 94 Leader Biography 95 Leader Biography 95 Foreign Relations 105 National Security 110 Defense Forces 114 Chapter 3 116 Economic Overview 116 Economic Overview 117 Nominal GDP and Components 120 Population and GDP Per Capita 122 Real GDP and Inflation 123 Government Spending and Taxation 124 Money Supply, Interest Rates and Unemployment 125 Foreign Trade and the Exchange Rate 126 Data in US Dollars 127 Energy Consumption and Production Standard Units 128 Energy Consumption and Production QUADS 130 World Energy Price Summary 131 CO2 Emissions 132 Agriculture Consumption and Production 133 World Agriculture Pricing Summary 136 Metals Consumption and Production 137 World Metals Pricing Summary 140 Economic Performance Index 141 Chapter 4 153 Investment Overview 153 Foreign Investment Climate 154 Foreign Investment Index 156 Corruption Perceptions Index 169 Competitiveness Ranking 181 Taxation 190 Stock Market 190 Partner Links 191 Chapter 5 192 Social Overview 192 People 193 Human Development Index 194 Life Satisfaction Index 197 Happy Planet Index 209 Status of Women 218 Global Gender Gap Index 220 Culture and Arts 230 Etiquette 230 Travel Information 232 Diseases/Health Data 243 Chapter 6 249 Environmental Overview 249 Environmental Issues 250 Environmental Policy 251 Greenhouse Gas Ranking 252 Global Environmental Snapshot 264 Global Environmental Concepts 275 International Environmental Agreements and Associations 289 Appendices 313 Bibliography 314 Chile Chapter 1 Country Overview Chile Review 2016 Page 1 of 326 pages Chile Country Overview CHILE Chile gained its independence from Spain in 1818.
    [Show full text]
  • NOTE on RELATIONS BETWEEN CHILE and the EUROPEAN UNION Summary
    DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES OF THE UNION DIRECTORATE B – POLICY DEPARTMENT – NOTE ON RELATIONS BETWEEN CHILE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION Summary: After 16 years of dictatorship between 1973 and 1989, Chile began a process of democratisation under the authority of the military. That process culminated in August 2005, when the Congress adopted a reform of the Constitution that had been imposed in 1980 by General Pinochet’s government. This political success has been mirrored by good economic progress, which is largely the result of structural reforms. These have helped open up the economy, which has been strengthened via the implementation of several free-trade agreements and by focusing on national production. In January 2006 Michelle Bachelet won the Presidential elections. It is an unprecedented event for a woman to achieve such a high position in the Southern Cone. Her priority areas will be health, education and the reduction of poverty. Relations between the EU and Chile in terms of politics, the economy and cooperation are excellent. The association agreement concluded in 2002 has done much to strengthen relations between the two partners, and the fields of activity to which the agreement applies have increased as a result. DGExPo/B/PolDep/Note/2006_138 September 2006 EPADES\DELE\D-CL\NT\628801EN 1 PE 378.960EN This note was requested by the Delegation to the EU-Chile Joint Parliamentary Committee. It is available in the following languages: English Author: Pedro NEVES Manuscript completed in September 2006. To obtain copies, please email [email protected] European Parliament, Brussels, September 2006.
    [Show full text]