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Spawning and Ecology of Early Life Stages of Black Drum, Pogonias Cormis, in Lower Chesapeake Bay

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Spawning and Ecology of Early Life Stages of Black Drum, Pogonias Cormis, in Lower Chesapeake Bay W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1995 Spawning and ecology of early life stages of black drum, Pogonias cormis, in lower Chesapeake Bay Louis Broaddus Daniel III College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Fresh Water Studies Commons, Marine Biology Commons, Oceanography Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Daniel, Louis Broaddus III, "Spawning and ecology of early life stages of black drum, Pogonias cormis, in lower Chesapeake Bay" (1995). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539616624. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-zmmn-ak77 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction it dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustradons and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margin*, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerograpbicaUy in this copy. Higher quality 6* x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Uriy^j.iy M.cfflii'ms jnierratiansi A Ben 1 informal'on Corrpary 300 Norm ZeflO Soao Ann Arbor Ml 48'0G' I3J6 USA 313 ?6i-J700 800 52’-0600 SPAWNING AND ECOLOGY OF EARLY LIFE STAGES OF BLACK DRUM, Pogonias cromls, IN LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY A Dissertation presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Louis Broaddus Daniel, III 1995 UMI Number: 9523179 UMI Microfora 9523179 Copyright 1995, by UMI Coepany. All rights reserved. This alcrofora edition la protected against unauthorised copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 40103 This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ^ z > a ._________ ^Louis BroSddus Daniel, III Approved i s i 5 f: John E . Olney, M.A. /'} Committee Chairman/Advisor/ L, in A. Husicficfc, Ph.D. Co-Chairman/Advisor I 'C . )hn E, Graves, Ph.D. < k o \ L J J J Peter A. Van Veld, Ph.D, James H. Cowan, ^Ph■D, niversity of South Alabama ii TABLE OP CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................iv LIST OF TABLES......................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES........................................ ix ABSTRACT................................................xii INTRODUCTION............................................2 MORPHOMETRIC AND GENETIC IDENTIFICATION OF EGGS OF SPRING SPAWNING SCIAENIDS IN LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY INTRODUCTION.......................................12 METHODS............................................16 RESULTS............................................18 DISCUSSION........................................ 22 REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY AND ASPECTS OF THE EARLY LIFE HISTORY OF BLACK DRUM, Fogonias cromis, IN LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY INTRODUCTION...................................... 29 METHODS............................................33 RESULTS............................................41 DISCUSSION........................................ 7 7 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF GELATINOUS ZOOPLANKTON PREDATORS AND THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON SCIAENID EGG PREY DURING SPRING IN LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY INTRODUCTION.......................................85 METHODS. .............. , 90 RESULTS......................................... , 98 DISCUSSION....................................... 144 SUMMARY................................................155 REFERENCES............................................. 157 VITA................................................... 167 iii ACKNOWL EDGEHENTS I ant grateful to the members of my committee for their help and support throughout the course of this study. I am particularly indebted to my major professor John E, Olney, for allowing me to join the plankton group and guiding me through the proposal nightmare that eventually led to the present study. His tireless help, understanding and insight into studies of the early life history of fishes has made the present study what it is and made me a better scientist. John A. Musick served as co­ chair and was instrumental in the maintenance of my sanity with periodic trips to Burgh Westra with Kelly, Pip and Kersey, John E. Graves mentored all of the work performed in the genetics lab and provided critical review of this manuscript. Peter A. Van Veld was the outside department member of my committee and though he does not consider himself a chemist, he really is, Pete felt as though his participation as one of my advisors was minimal, however, nothing could be further from the truth. Finally, James H. Cowan conducted extensive research in the area off Cape Charles on black drum while the present study was conducted and we share a common interest in the ecology of these fish. Many individuals volunteered numerous hours both in the laboratory and the field. Patricia A. Crewe spent numerous hours aboard vessels, in the laboratory and in the mud, collecting processing and sorting samples. John C. McGovern was my savior in the field during the first two years of this project and helped in every way. Martin R. Cavaluzzi, John D. Field, Carole iv C. Baldwin and Kathryn C. Kavanaugh all had stints as my office mate, helped in the field and listened to my ramblings about ctenophores and the administration. Jan McDowell provided much needed help in the genetics lab and was very patient. Alice Lee Tillage, an adopted member of the plankton group played sounding board. Tim Shannon, Suzanne Alexander, William Mathews and John Poseneau developed, built and serviced the plankton camera, sometimes under very difficult circumstances but always kept it working. The captains of the R/V Bay Eagle, Durand Ward, and R/V Langley, Charles Wachen, did incredible jobs with their vessels handling and deployment of a difficult piece of sampling gear. Finally, I thank my Mom and Dad and my wife Ruth for their tremendous support. We are all done now. v LIST or TABLES Table PACE MORPHOMETRIC AND GENETIC IDENTIFICATION OF EGGS OF SPRING SPAWNING SCIAENIDS IN LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY 1.1 Minimum and maximum reported outside egg diameter (OED) and study location for spring spawning sciaenids.■14 1.2 Fragment sizes produced by restriction endonuclease (Hindlll) digestion of mtdna purified from ovarian tissue of spring spawning sciaenids................ ..,.,23 REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY AND ASPECTS OF THE EARLY LIFE HISTORY OF BLACK DRUM, Pogonlas crontls, IN LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY 2.1 Criteria for staging field collected, preserved eggs, modified from Moser and Ah 1 strom (1965)................. 34 2.2 Collection, time, egg densities (eggs/l00mJ) , percent dead and physical data for collections of black drum eggs during the 1990 and 1991 time-series experiments... 43 2.3 Numbers, percent non-viable and totals of black drum eggs in each developmental stage during the 1990 Lagrangian time-series experiment....................... 47 2.4 Numbers, percent non-viable and totals of black drum eggs in each developmental stage during the 1991 Lagrangian time-series experiment....................... 52 2.5 Densities of black drum eggs (eggs/m1) over back-calculated time of spawning on 19 May 1990 and followed throughout the 24 hour experiment.............. 53 2.6 Densities of black drum eggs (eggs/mJ) over back-calculated time of spawning on 20 May 1991 and followed throughout the 2 4 hour experiment..............57 2.7 Results of hatching experiments conducted on 20 May 1991 on eggs of black drum to determine rates hatching and viability............................................ 61 2.B Stratum-specific mean abundance, range of abundance with production values, 95% confidence intervals and strata-specific percentages of total cruise production estimates for black drum in 1990........................ 64 vi 2.9 Summary of cruise-specific, weekly egg production and variance estimates, survey area hydrography and parameters used to calculate seasonal production estimates during 1990................................... 65 2.10 Stratum-specific mean abundance, range of abundance
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