British Thoracic Society Guideline for Bronchiectasis in Adults
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BTS Guideline British Thoracic Society Guideline for bronchiectasis Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212463 on 13 December 2018. Downloaded from in adults Adam T Hill,1 Anita L Sullivan,2 James D Chalmers,3 Anthony De Soyza,4 J Stuart Elborn,5 R Andres Floto,6,7 Lizzie Grillo,8 Kevin Gruffydd-Jones,9 Alex Harvey,10 Charles S Haworth,7 Edwin Hiscocks,11 John R Hurst,12 Christopher Johnson,7 W Peter Kelleher,13,14,15 Pallavi Bedi,16 Karen Payne,17 Hashem Saleh,8 Nicholas J Screaton,18 Maeve Smith,19 Michael Tunney,20 Deborah Whitters,21 Robert Wilson,14 Michael R Loebinger14 For numbered affiliations see SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND GOOD General end of article. PRACTICE POINTS ✓ CT scanning can also aid in identifying an aeti- How should the diagnosis of bronchiectasis be ology of bronchiectasis eg Allergic bronchopul- Correspondence to Professor Adam T Hill, determined? monary aspergillosis (ABPA), Non-tuberculous Respiratory Medicine, Royal Recommendations – Imaging mycobacteria (NTM), primary ciliary dyski- Infirmary of Edinburgh, ➢ Perform baseline chest X-ray in patients with nesia, alpha one antitrypsin deficiency, Williams Edinburgh and University of suspected bronchiectasis. (D) Campbell syndrome and a foreign body. Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK; ➢ adam. hill318@ nhs. net Perform a thin section computed tomography scan (CT) to confirm a diagnosis of bronchiec- In whom should the diagnosis of bronchiectasis tasis when clinically suspected. (C) be suspected? ➢ Perform baseline imaging during clinically Recommendations stable disease as this is optimal for diagnostic ➢ Consider investigation for bronchiectasis in and serial comparison purposes. (D) patients with persistent production of mucop- urulent or purulent sputum particularly with relevant associated risk factors. (D) Good practice points ➢ Consider investigation for bronchiectasis in CT imaging protocol patients with rheumatoid arthritis if they have The most appropriate imaging protocol will ✓ symptoms of chronic productive cough or vary according to scanner technology and recurrent chest infections. (C) patient factors. ➢ Consider investigation for bronchiectasis in ✓ When using volumetric CT, dose reduction patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary http://thorax.bmj.com/ techniques including adaptive mA and kV Disease (COPD) with frequent exacerbations and iterative reconstruction should be utilised (two or more annually) and a previous positive where available. sputum culture for P. aeruginosa whilst stable. (B) ✓ Typical CT imaging parameters for the diag- ➢ nosis of bronchiectasis are: Consider investigation for bronchiectasis in º Slice thickness: ≤1mm patients with inflammatory bowel disease and º Reconstruction algorithm: – high spatial chronic productive cough. (C) frequency on October 2, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. º kVp: 100-140 Good practice points º mAs (or effective mAs): 100 – 200 ✓ In at risk groups, if bronchiectasis is suspected, º Gantry rotation time: <0.5s bronchiectasis needs confirmation. ✓ In patients with COPD, investigation for bron- CT features of bronchiectasis chiectasis may be appropriate especially in the ✓ Bronchiectasis is defined by bronchial dilatation presence of chronic productive cough with posi- as suggested by one or more of the following: tive sputum cultures for potentially pathogenic ► http:// dx. doi. org/ thoraxjnl- 2018- 212468 º Bronchoarterial ratio >1 (internal airway microorganisms (PPM) whilst stable or 2 or more lumen vs adjacent pulmonary artery) exacerbations in the preceding 12 months. º Lack of tapering ✓ In patients with asthma, investigation for bron- º Airway visibility within 1cm of costal chiectasis may be appropriate with severe or © Author(s) (or their pleural surface or touching mediastinal poorly-controlled disease. employer(s)) 2018. No pleura. commercial re-use. See rights ✓ In patients with a history of HIV-1 infection, and permissions. Published ✓ The following indirect signs are commonly solid organ and bone marrow transplant, and by BMJ. associated with bronchiectasis: history of immunosuppressive therapy for º Bronchial wall thickening lymphoma and vasculitis, investigation for To cite: Hill AT, Sullivan AL, º Mucus impaction bronchiectasis may be appropriate with symp- Chalmers JD, et al. Thorax º Mosaic perfusion / air trapping on expir- toms of chronic productive cough or recurrent 2019;74 (Suppl 1):1–69. atory CT chest infections. Hill AT, et al. Thorax 2019;74(Suppl 1):1–69. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212463 1 BTS Guideline Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212463 on 13 December 2018. Downloaded from ✓ In patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, investigation for in patients with coexisting clinical features of arthritis, bronchiectasis may be appropriate with symptoms of chronic connective tissue disease and/or systemic vasculitis. productive cough or recurrent chest infections. ✓ Consider testing for alpha 1 antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency in ✓ In patients with other connective tissue disease or inflamma- patients with coexisting basal panacinar emphysema. tory bowel disease, investigation for bronchiectasis may be ✓ Investigations for reflux and aspiration should be under- appropriate if they have symptoms such as chronic produc- taken only in symptomatic patients, or where there are other tive cough or recurrent chest infections. suggestive clinical features. ✓ Investigation for bronchiectasis may be appropriate in other- ✓ Consider bronchoscopy for patients with localised disease to wise healthy individuals with a cough that persists for longer rule out an endobronchial lesion or foreign body as the cause than 8 weeks, especially with sputum production or a history of bronchiectasis. of an appropriate trigger (see BTS Recommendations for the ✓ A bronchial aspiration or bronchial wash targeting the areas management of cough in adults (61)). of bronchiectasis from CT scan of the chest should be consid- ered in patients who do not expectorate and can be particu- Investigations for causes of bronchiectasis larly helpful in the diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease. Recommendations (see Table 1) ✓ Serum protein electrophoresis should be performed in all ➢ A panel of investigations should be performed to establish patients with bronchiectasis with raised immunoglobulins. the underlying cause of bronchiectasis. (B) ✓ Consider HIV-1 serology in patient with bronchiectasis a. Co-morbidities and past medical history should be depending on prevalence of HIV-1 and clinical features recorded in patients diagnosed with bronchiectasis to suggestive of increased risk of retroviral infection. identify relevant and possibly causative disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, COPD, asthma, gastro-oesophageal Research recommendations reflux disease and inflammatory bowel disease. (C) Consensus criteria for diagnosis of ABPA need to be validated in b. Measure full blood count, serum total IgE and assess- bronchiectasis cohorts. ment of sensitisation (specific IgE or skin prick test) to Consensus criteria for definition of abnormal post pneumococcal Aspergillus fumigatus in all patients with bronchiectasis. test immunisation antibody responses need to be validated in (D) bronchiectasis cohorts. c. Serum Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) should be performed Severity scoring in all patients with bronchiectasis. (C) Good practice point d. Consider measuring baseline specific antibody levels ✓ Consider using the bronchiectasis severity index which may against capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneu- help guide management. moniae in all patients to investigate for specific antibody deficiency. If pneumococcal antibodies are low, immunise Stable state treatment with 23 valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine, Which patients should be taught airway clearance techniques? followed by measurement of specific antibody levels 4–8 Recommendation weeks later. (D) ➢ Teach individuals with bronchiectasis to perform airway http://thorax.bmj.com/ e. Test for cystic fibrosis (according to NICE Guidelines for clearance. (D) Cystic Fibrosis (CF)) in patients with supporting clinical features, for example, early onset, male infertility, malab- Good practice points sorption, pancreatitis. (B) Airway clearance techniques should be taught by a respira- f. Test for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) (according ✓ tory physiotherapist. to ERS Guidelines for PCD Diagnosis) in patients with At initial assessment, a respiratory physiotherapist should supporting clinical features, including a history of ✓ neonatal distress, symptoms from childhood, recurrent educate the patient about their condition and if appropriate on October 2, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. otitis media, rhinosinusitis, or infertility. (A) give advice on adjuncts (inhaled/oral therapy or exercise) g. Sputum cultures should be performed in all patients that may enhance effectiveness of their chosen airway clear- with bronchiectasis for routine and mycobacterial ance technique. culture. (D) ✓ Patients admitted with an exacerbation of bronchiectasis should be seen daily by a respiratory physiotherapist until their airway clearance is optimised. Good practice points ✓ A previous diagnosis of idiopathic bronchiectasis should prompt careful reinvestigation for a primary cause in the Which airway clearance techniques should be taught? context of a deteriorating clinical course or a young patient Recommendations (usually considered to be age 50 and under but not limited ➢ Offer active