INDUCTION HARDENING of STEELS COMPANY PROFILE /// Cyprium Induction

Home , Damascus steel, Induction hardening

Technologies and Processes for the Advancement of Materials

ISSUE FOCUS /// HEAT TREAT EXPO PREVIEW TROUBLESHOOTING CRACKING IN INDUCTION HARDENING OF STEELS COMPANY PROFILE /// Cyprium Induction

SEPTEMBER 2019 thermalprocessing.com 830 CORRECTED.pdf 1 8/16/18 10:14 AM

ATTENDEE INFO WHY DETROIT? PAID Non-profit ATTENDEES REPRESENT THE Postage US ASM International th HEAT TREATING SOCIETY FOLLOWING COMPANIES* 1. Technology 30 CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION From automotive to aviation to defense, Detroit is changing the AAM Chevron Honeywell Praxair way the world moves. Their unmatched automotive research, Advanced HT Chrysler Hyundai Rolls-Royce design and advanced manufacturing resources make this Air Products Cummins Intel Siemens region the leader in next-generation mobility and technology Visit us at Booth 808 Alcoa Dana John Deere Solar Turbines development. Detroit’s culture of innovation is ready to help Allison Transmission Dow Chemical Joy Global Timken Alstom Eaton Lockheed Martin United Technologies your business grow! Annealing Ford Motor Magna Powertrain US Steel Bluewater Thermal FPM Metal Improvement Woodworth HT 2. Automobile Capital of the Word Borg Warner General Dynamics Nexteer XTEK Detroit is second largest source of architectural and engineering Bodycote General Electric NSK ZF job opportunities in the U.S., with the domestic auto industry Boeing General Motors Northrop Grumman *Partial listing primarily headquartered in Metro Detroit. October 15-17, 2019 Carpenter Gerdau Oerlikon Caterpillar Honda Parker Hannifin 3. Global Detroit, Michigan ATTENDEES Why do 1,300 firms from 38 countries call the Detroit region ANNUAL BOOTH home? Detroit is the perfect location when you’re looking to COBO Center INCREASE BY STATE (TOP 10) access U.S. and Canadian markets. Home to one of the world’s most valuable border crossings and Detroit Metro Airport – with 350 nonstop flights to more than 160 destinations – they’ll get your 2% 39% 3% 300 business where it needs to go. 3% 250 4% 4.Sustainability 200 4% Michigan’s business climate is stronger than ever. Nearly two- 4% thirds of Michigan businesses surveyed describe the state as 150 Organized By: having a positive business climate and would promote Michigan 100 10% as a place to work, start and conduct business.

50 2011 2017 2015 2013 23% 0 11%

MI OH PA IL NY IN WI ON MA NJ www.asminternational.org/web/heat-treat-2019 ASM World Headquarters 9639 Kinsman Road OH 44073-0002 Park, Materials 2019 Treat Heat 15-17, 2019 October Center COBO USA Michigan, Detroit, IH09184Cust.indd 2 8/16/18 10:19 AM Surface® Furnace Solutions For Aluminum

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Automated Quick Quench Batch Lines

Drop Bottom Furnaces

H-13 Die Casting & Extrusion Dies • Nitriding (Gas or Ion) Surface Treatment • Vacuum Heat Treatment

Surface® Combustion has earned a trusted reputation over 100 years of providing rugged, reliable thermal processing equipment and advanced technology backed by strong technical solutions. Surface applies this solutions orientation to a variety of physical materials needs including the manufacturing of processing equipment and systems for aluminum materials.

Surface’s customers include the most well known aluminum companies in the world including highly respected automotive and aerospace component manufacturers. Whatever aluminum or non-ferrous heat processing Engineered to Perform. Built to Last. technologies are needed, Surface has the equipment and engineering [email protected] expertise to achieve the optimum solution yielding excellent product quality 1-800-537-8980 while maintaining the highest levels of production. Let us show you the Value of Surface. surfacecombustion.com CONTENTS ///

TROUBLESHOOTING AND PREVENTION OF CRACKING IN INDUCTION HARDENING OF STEELS: LESSONS LEARNED — PART 1 For real-world needs, producers of IH equipment should have the experience and analysis necessary to help heat-treat practitioners with specific problems.

INTELLIGENT GAS CARBURIZING WITH SUPER I TM 40 An innovative new furnace design means safer processing with simple, yet advanced automation, all with the proven performance of low pressure processed parts. 34

COMPANY PROFILE /// OFFERING TURNKEY INDUCTION HEAT TREAT AND FORGING E UIPMENT With a broad range of services from coil design, coil repairs, associated tooling builds and repairs, and transformer repairs, Cyprium Induction is dedicated to do all it can to ensure its customers get the highest quality returns.

2 SEPTEMBER 2019 COVER PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK (2) / ILLUSTRATION BY RICK FRENNEA Our leading edge vacuum technology provides precise control and repeatability for consistently superior parts.

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Annealing • Aging • Carburizing • Nitriding • Stress Relieving • Degassing • Brazing • Harden and Temper Sintering • Solution Treat and Age (STA) • Homogenizing • Creep Forming • Hydriding / Dehydriding

Solve your toughest thermal processing challenges by utilizing our brain-trust of metallurgists, chemists and engineers.

• Over 60 vacuum furnaces – lab-sized to 48 feet long • Argon, nitrogen and helium quenching up to 20 bar • Operating range of -320°F to +3,600°F • On-site metallurgical testing lab • 24/7 Operations

For more information or a quote, call 1-855-WE-HEAT-IT or visit solaratm.com

Eastern PA California Western PA South Carolina VACUUM PROCESSING Heat Treating • Brazing • Carburizingthermalprocessing.com • Nitriding 3

SA ThermProc General 2019 FPg.indd 1 7/12/2019 8:05:31 AM DEPARTMENTS /// SEPTEMBER 2019 VOLUME 8 / NUMBER 9

UPDATE /// Industrial Heating Equipment New Products, Trends, Services & Developments Association (IHEA) In this section, the national trade association representing the major segments of the industrial heat processing equipment industry shares news of the organization’s activities, upcoming educational events, and key developments in the industry. 20

METAL URGENCY /// Equations analyses indicate austenite carbon content is the main controlling factor in a cold treatment process while the cold treatment temperature is 8 secondary. 22

½ Lindberg/MPH offers electrically heated box furnace. ½ Gasbarre announces powder compaction promotion. ½ SSi completes upgrades at Milacron in Mt. Orab, Ohio.

Q&A /// INDUSTRY INSIDERS ATTENDING HEAT TREAT EXPO 2019 QUALITY COUNTS /// For those involved in monitoring quality as it applies to heat RESOURCES /// treating, it’s important to have a solid understanding of the full Advertiser index 47 44 process. 24

Thermal Processing is published monthly by Media Solutions, Inc., 266D Yeager Parkway Pelham, AL 35124. Phone (205) 380-1573 Fax (205) 380-1580 International subscription rates: $105.00 per year. Postage Paid at Pelham AL and at additional mailing offices. Printed in the USA. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Thermal Processing magazine, P.O. Box 1210 Pelham AL 35124. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to P.O. Box 503 RPO West Beaver Creek Richmond Hill, ON L4B4R6. Copyright © 2006 by Media Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage-and- retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher. The views expressed by those not on the staff on Thermal Processing magazine, or who are not specifically employed by Media Solutions, Inc., are purely their own. All “Update” material has either been submitted by the subject company or pulled directly from their corporate website, which is assumed to be cleared for release. Comments and submissions are welcome and can be submitted to [email protected].

4 SEPTEMBER 2019 High Tech is our Business

ALD is a leader in vacuum process technology and Heat treatment services.

LEADERS IN THE CONTROL OF DISTORTION ALD Thermal Treatment, Inc. + Low Pressure Carburizing + High pressure gas quenching + Gas Nitriding + Ferritic Nitro-Carburizing + Plasma Carburizing + Normalizing + Hardening + Annealing + Brazing + Cryogenic Treatments + Engineering services and process development + Prototype and trials Global Service Centers

 Limbach-Oberfrohna Germany  Port Huron, Michigan Enrique Lopez – Sales and Marketing USA Email: [email protected] Phone +1 (810) 357-0685  Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila Mexico ALD Thermal Treatment, Inc. 2656 24th Street www.aldtt.net Port Huron, MI 48060, USA

Visit us at Booth 3200

ALD is a subsidiary of AMG Advanced Metallurgical Group N.V. thermalprocessing.com 5 /// FROM THE EDITOR David C. Cooper PUBLISHER Chad Morrison ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER

We’re getting excited about Heat Treat 2019 EDITORIAL hings are definitely heating up as we get closer and closer to Heat Treat 2019 in Kenneth Carter Detroit, Michigan, October 15–17. No doubt you’re all excited about connecting EDITOR T with your colleagues in the industry. Jennifer Jacobson All of the top companies and big names are expected to be there while hundreds of ASSOCIATE EDITOR heat-treat exhibitors will crowd the floor of Detroit’s Cobo Center. Joe Crowe Thermal Processing will have a booth there as well, so please drop by and introduce CONTRIBUTING EDITOR yourself. I’d love to meet you and discuss editorial opportunities with the magazine. I’m always looking for new and exciting ways to pass on important industry knowledge SALES and expertise. So, consider this issue of Thermal Processing a primer to get you in the mood, because Chad Morrison we’ve packed our September issue with a lot of articles you will definitely find interesting. ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Long-time contributor Dr. Valery Rudnev and his colleagues, Gary Doyon, Randall Dave Gomez Minnick, and Tim Boussie, share their expertise in the troubleshooting and prevention NATIONAL SALES MANAGER of cracking in induction heating of steels. You’ll find part one of this informative article looking at the real-world necessity of having the proper experience and analysis tools. CIRCULATION Stay tuned for part two in October. Teresa Cooper An article from SECO/Warwick’s Mark Hemsath takes a look at an innovative new MANAGER furnace design that translates into safe processing with simple, advanced automation. In our company profile, we shine a spotlight on Cyprium Induction and its broad Jamie Willett range of products and services that include turnkey induction heat treat and induction ASSISTANT forging equipment. As a kickoff to Heat Treat 2019, we’ve expanded our monthly Q&A feature to give a DESIGN shout out to several companies that are exhibiting at the show. Take a look at what they RIck Frennea will have on display and be sure and stop by their booths for more information about CREATIVE DIRECTOR what they’re offering the heat-treat industry. Michele Hall And last, but certainly not least, Thermal Processing is always thrilled to highlight the GRAPHIC DESIGNER expertise our columnists bring to the heat-treating table. They continue to shine a light on all aspects of the industry. I’m excited to bring you this issue, and I hope to see you at the show in October. Stop CONTRIBUTING by booth #2119 and say hey, and maybe I can include your company in a future issue. WRITERS Thanks for reading! TIM BOUSSIE GARY DOYON MARK HEMSATH RANDALL MINNICK LEE ROTHLEUTNER DR. VALERY RUDNEV JASON SCHULZE

KENNETH CARTER, EDITOR Vertical Logo Horizontal Logo [email protected] (800) 366-2185 x204

Coop wants to use this one for the website PUBLISHED BY MEDIA SOLUTIONS, INC. P. O. BOX 1987 • PELHAM, AL 35124 (800) 366-2185 • (205) 380-1580 FAX Have a technical paper or other work with an educational CALL FOR ARTICLES David C. Cooper Chad Morrison angle? Let Thermal Processing publish it. Contact the editor, Kenneth Carter, at PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT [email protected] for how you can share your expertise with our readers. Teresa Cooper OPERATIONS 6 SEPTEMBER 2019 SUPER IQ® 4D QUENCH® Two super new products that take heat treating to a whole new dimension. SECO/VACUUM is unveiling not one but TWO new products at the ASM Heat Treat show in October. We’re really fired up about them and we think you will be, too! Super IQ® – The first carburizing 4D Quench®– A leap in performance innovation in over 3 decades! for press quenching! • Modern replacement for atmosphere integral • Modern alternative to press hardening quench • Single piece, flow vacuum through-hardening • Gas carburizing with no flames and no endogas • Clean – no oils, no mess, no liquids disposal • Turn it on, turn it off – no idling or conditioning • Eliminates cost of heat treat fixtures and logistics • Clean, cool, contained thermal cycling in vacuum • No bulky part handling or press maintenance • Nominal temperature up to 2,000ºF • Perfect for high volume gears/transmission parts • Integral quench using standard quench oils

To learn more about these innovative new furnaces PLUS our broad array of other heat treating solutions, stop by and see us at the ASM Heat Treat Show, Booth 1207-1209 or visit us online.

www.SecoVacUSA.comthermalprocessing.com 7

SVT ASM Heat Treat Show Ad_ThermProcess.indd 1 8/12/19 3:26 PM UPDATE /// HEAT TREATING INDUSTRY NEWS

Gasbarre announces powder compaction promotion Gasbarre has announced the promotion of Joseph D. Hall to Aftermarket Services Manager for Powder Compaction Solutions. The move, one of several recent, is aimed to enhance the company’s aftermarket service and provide customers with unmatched technical expertise. Hall has been with Gasbarre for more than nine years in various roles including logistics and press assembly. He has spent the last five years servicing Gasbarre aftermarket customers. According to Heat h Jen k i n s, president, press & This box furnace can be used for applications that require process temperatures up to 1,850°F under a N2/ automation, “Joe Joseph D. Hall H2 blended atmosphere (96/4 blend). (Courtesy: Lindberg/MPH) has proven himself time and again in a variety of demanding ››Total furnace heat input: 45 KW with roles of increasing responsibility. Dedicated, Lindberg/MPH offers SCR power control. smart, and driven to 100 percent customer ››Max temperature: 1,850°F. satisfaction, employees like Joe are singu- electrically heated ››Capacity (gross load): 900 lbs. @ 1,850°F. larly important to our customers’ success. box furnace ››Furnace shell is 3/16” thick welded steel His promotion is well-deserved and we look with high-temperature insulating firebrick forward to what the future holds for Joe and Lindberg/MPH has a new electrically heat- lining. for Gasbarre.” ed atmosphere box furnace with a semi- ››2 HP recirculating fan. automatic powered load/unload transfer ››Air operated furnace door and quench MORE INFO [email protected] table and oil quench tank in stock. This box elevator with 3-way hand control valve. furnace can be used for applications that ››Control Panel w/ PLC, HMI, & digital require process temperatures up to 1,850°F recorder included. SSi completes under a N2/H2 blended atmosphere (96/4 Utilities required: blend). This equipment has never shipped ››480/3/60; Approximately 100 FLA. upgrades at Milacron from our manufacturing facility, includes ››Compressed air @ 90 PSIG. in Mt. Orab, Ohio our full 1-year warranty, and is available for ››Cooling water @ 30 PSIG (70°F). immediate inspection or shipment. ››N2/H2 @ 30 OSIG (blending panel incl.). Super Systems, Inc. recently completed Specifications of this Lindberg/MPH fur- ››Price: $315,000. major upgrades to the heat-treating assets nace: ››Model Number: 11-RO-243618-18AF. at Milacron LLC in Mt. Orab, Ohio. ››Designed to accept a 24” W x 36” D x The end goal of a modern controls and 18” H basket. MORE INFO www.lindbergmph.com SCADA infrastructure led the Milacron

SEND US YOUR NEWS Companies wishing to submit materials for inclusion in Thermal Processing’s Update section should contact the editor, Kenneth Carter, at [email protected]. Releases accompanied by color images will be given first consideration.

8 SEPTEMBER 2019 team to SSi knowing that it had the resourc- Super Systems Inc., based in Cincinnati, es and skills to tackle a job as large as this Ohio, has been developing and manufactur- one. Included in the scope of work were new ing products for the thermal processing control cabinets, atmosphere flow panels, industry since 1995. SSi’s products include SCADA software, and a new ammonia dis- probes, analyzers, flow meters, controllers, sociator. Equipment addressed as part of the software solutions, and engineered systems. upgrade were two pit nitriders, two pit tem- Milacron is a global leader in the pers, one pit carburizer, one integral quench manufacture, distribution, and service furnace, one batch temper, one oil quench, of highly engineered and customized sys - and the new ammonia dissociator with con- tems within the plastic technology and trols. All furnaces are capable of running processing industry. recipes to automate processes, creating an easy-to-use interface for operators and cen- MORE INFO www.supersystems.com trally controlled and operated using the www.milacron.com SuperDATA SCADA package providing proof of process and quick access to real-time and historical process and load data. MIM2020 “We were very happy to be the chosen provider of the heat-treat automation project conference calls with Milacron,” said Bob Fincken, national for presentations sales manager with Super Systems. “Our products and services were a perfect fit for An official call for presentations has been the heat-treat department needs addressing Included in the Milacron job were new control announced for MIM2020, International gas flow control with our eFlo product line, cabinets, atmosphere flow panels, SCADA Conference on Injection Molding of Metals, recipe controls with our 9205 and 9215 prod- software, and a new ammonia dissociator. Ceramics, and Carbides, to be held March ucts, data acquisition with SuperDATA, and (Courtesy: Super Systems Inc.) 2-4, 2020, in Irvine, California. Potential all the installation and project management authors have until October 4, 2019, to sub- carried out by our field engineering team.” we chose Super Systems over the competi- mit presentation abstracts on manufactur- Jeff Bissantz, project engineer, who led tion. The quality and workmanship sets ing innovations and material advancements. the Milacron team said, “We are very happy them apart from others in the industry.” All abstracts accepted for presentation will

MULTIPLE TEMPERS Servicing heat ONE NADCAP REPORT treat industry worldwide

We take pride in being a one-stop shop for custom heat treating equipment and maintenance that is ready to serve 24 hours a day, seven days a week + Nationwide troubleshooting and on-site maintenance for vacuum furnaces and pumping systems + We offer vacuum pump rentals, pump rebuilds, pump rebuild kits, spare parts, +1200ºF to -300ºF • 99% Up Time and leak detections CONSISTENT & REPEATABLE PROCESS CONTROL 260-897-HEAT (4328) (800) 851-7302 [email protected] info@ cryosystems.com www.cryosystems.com Vesco: 860-627-7015

thermalprocessing.com 9 UPDATE /// HEAT TREATING INDUSTRY NEWS

require a PowerPoint submission before the conference. Innovation is responsible for the rapid growth of the powder injection mold - ing industry (metal injection molding, ceramic injection molding, and cemented carbide injection molding), a nearly $2 bil- lion advanced manufacturing industry. MIM2020, sponsored by the Metal Injection Molding Association, a trade association of Metal Powder Industries Federation and its affiliate APMI International, brings together product designers, engineers, end users, manufacturers, researchers, educators, and students for technology transfer.

MORE INFO mim2020.org Grieve offers 650°F universal oven for variety of needs No. 841 is a 650°F (343°C), universal oven from Grieve, currently used for a variety of heat treatments at the customer’s facility. Workspace dimensions of this oven measure 36” W x 36” D x 36” H. 9 KW are installed in Incoloy sheathed tubular heating elements, Grieve’s No. 841 oven features digital programming temperature controller and a recirculating blower while a 600 CFM, 1/2 HP recirculating blower airflow safety switch. (Courtesy: Grieve) provides universal airflow to the workload. This Grieve universal oven features 6” U.S. provider of fuel and control systems ing data to the Protherm 9800 to align the insulated walls, aluminized steel exterior for aircraft engines. The new generation right recipe with the part or job lot entering and Type 430 stainless steel interior with controls provide streamlined reporting for the receiving furnace. This setup provides a double doors. Additional features include a NADCAP compliance as well as seamless redundant check and requires the operator workspace floor reinforced for 500 pounds integration with the company’s enterprise to validate the part number or job lot num- loading at removable subway grate and an planning (ERP) system. ber via the Protherm 9800 interface before integral leg stand. The control upgrades were undertaken a recipe can be deployed. Controls on the No. 841 include a digi- at the company’s Illinois facility and com- In addition to complying with NADCAP, tal programming temperature controller, pleted in a two-step approach. First, three the enhanced controls also meet AMS 2750E manual reset excess temperature controller vacuum furnaces – two Abar Ipsen and a VFS specification for thermocouple tracking. with separate contactors, and a recirculating – received a full control system replacement Since thermocouples have a limited life blower airflow safety switch. based on UPC Protherm 710 controllers. The span, Woodward had to closely monitor scope of work also included new digital heat- how often each unit was used and manu- MORE INFO www.grievecorp.com ing zone trims for temperature uniformity, ally record data. Now, the Protherm 710 and multiple PID sets to minimize overshoot controller tracks the thermocouple, its serial and meet tight tolerance requirements. number and usage history, identifies when UPC upgrades Once the updated controls were installed, a thermocouple needs to be replaced based the second step was implementation of the on running hours, days in service and tem- furnace controls Protherm 9800 SCADA and connectivity to peratures reached, and alerts the operator at Woodward the Protherm 710 controllers for real-time when it’s time to change the thermocouple. visibility of production data, including con- The Protherm controls also give added ben- United Process Controls, (UPC) recently nectivity to the company’s ERP system. In the efits such as monitoring and diagnostics upgraded the vacuum furnace controls and latter case, the ERP interacts with Protherm for easier troubleshooting. Woodward also automation platform for Woodward Inc., a 9800, managing the process recipes and feed- took advantage of the quality management

10 SEPTEMBER 2019 TigTag TM provides barcode ID for high-temp environs InfoSight Corporation is the world leader in traceability in harsh environments and continues to meet identification needs in a variety of industries. Automated reading of barcode labels has become standard for identifying and tracking products in almost every industry. However, some environments are impossible for even the most robust labeling to survive. InfoSight has introduced a new tag, the TigTag™, to bring barcode labeling capabilities to environments in excess of 2,000°F (1,100°C). The TigTag is a new application of its CeramiCode™ line of high temperature tags. This identification is well-suited for United Process Controls, (UPC) recently upgraded the vacuum furnace controls and automation platform pieces that experience multiple cycles of for Woodward Inc. (Courtesy: United Process Controls) temperatures in excess of 2,000°F (1,100°C)

module available with the Protherm 9800 to centralize metallurgical laboratory reports. GLOBAL SUPPORT TEAM On top of these investments, UPC also ON-SITE SERVICE equipped a number of new air-drying ovens with Protherm 470 programmable ATTENDEE INFO WHY DETROIT?controllers with onboard input and output

PAID Complete line of Non-profit ATTENDEES REPRESENT THE capabilities. Future Postage US upgrades of furnace ASM International th HEAT TREATING SOCIETY FOLLOWING COMPANIES* 1. Technology Visit30 usCONFERENCE at Booth & EXPOSITION 2309 From automotive to aviationcontrols to defense, Detroit is changing and the automation are planned at HEAT TREATING EQUIPMENT AAM Chevron Honeywell Praxair way the world moves. Their unmatched automotive research, Advanced HT Chrysler Hyundai Rolls-Royce design and advanced manufacturing resources make this Air Products Cummins Intel Siemens region the leader in next-generationWoodward, mobility and technology and UPC will be a part of that, Alcoa Dana John Deere Solar Turbines development. Detroit’s culture of innovation is ready to help Allison Transmission Dow Chemical Joy Global Timken your business grow! Alstom Eaton Lockheed Martin United Technologies supplying Protherm series and Atmosphere Annealing Ford Motor Magna Powertrain US Steel Bluewater Thermal FPM Metal Improvement Woodworth HT 2. Automobile Capital of the Word Borg Warner General Dynamics Nexteer XTEK Detroit is second largest sourceEngineering of architectural and engineering series process controllers and Bodycote General Electric NSK ZF job opportunities in the U.S., with the domestic auto industry Boeing General Motors Northrop Grumman *Partial listing primarily headquartered in Metro Detroit. October 15-17, 2019 Carpenter Gerdau Oerlikon connecting them into the SCADA platform. MODULAR VACUUM Caterpillar Honda Parker Hannifin 3. Global Detroit, Michigan Why do 1,300 firms from 38 countries callJason the Detroit region Walls, UPC engineer responsible ATTENDEES FURNACES ANNUAL BOOTH home? Detroit is the perfect location when you’re looking to COBO Center INCREASE BY STATE (TOP 10) access U.S. and Canadian markets. Home to one of the world’s most valuable border crossingsfor and Detroitthe Metro WoodwardAirport – with project preparations and 350 nonstop flights to more than 160 destinations – they’ll get your 2% 39% 3% 300 business where it needs tostart-up, go. said, “The workplace at Woodward 3% 250 4% 4. Sustainability 200 4% Michigan’s business climateis is stronger top than ever.notch. Nearly two- Their commitment to ongoing 4% thirds of Michigan businesses surveyed describe the state as 150 Organized By: having a positive businessimprovements climate and would promote Michigan is an excellent example of 100 VACUUM PURGE 10% as a place to work, start and conduct business.

50 2011 2017 2015 2013 23% NITRIDING FURNACES 11% a manufacturer understanding the poten- 0 INDUSTRIAL MI OH PA IL NY IN WI ON MA NJ www.asminternational.org/web/heat-treat-2019 tial of new technologyASM World Headquarters 9639 Kinsman Road OH 44073-0002 Park, Materials to drive 2019 Treat Heat 15-17, 2019 October Center COBO USA Michigan, Detroit, better over- FURNACES all equipment effectiveness, to maximize furnace availability, and to deliver well- engineered, quality products. UPC process controls and control systems add more auto- REPLACEMENT PARTS mation and real-time visibility of produc- & ALLOY FABRICATIONS tion, which will ensure that furnaces con - tinue to operate at maximum efficiency for SYSTEM REBUILDS & UPGRADES years to come and at the same time uphold Woodward’s high-quality standards of its 734.656.2000 operations and products.” [email protected] www.gasbarre.com THERMAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS MORE INFO www.group-upc.com

thermalprocessing.com 11

UPDATE /// HEAT TREATING INDUSTRY NEWS

throughout their lifetime. TigTag is a CeramiCode high purity AHT announces new alumina ceramic plate mounted to a 316 Stainless Steel baseplate. The mounting sales, metallurgy technique is designed to permit rapid team members temperature cycling without stress on the ceramic plate. The TigTag can be attached Advanced Heat Treat Corp. (AHT), a leader to metals using small TIG or MIG welds. The in heat-treat services and metallurgical solu- 2” X 3” (50 mm X 76 mm) TigTag provides a tions, has added three sales employees: Tim Shane Seevell Katie Herron high contrast barcode capable of surviving Zemaitis, Shane Seevell, and Katie Herron. more than 2,000°F (1,100°C). Alphanumeric The new sales and located in Iowa, brings more than 15 years of characters can also be included in the laser metallurgy team sales experience plus past heat-treat experi- marked message. members will serve ence working at AHT. Herron, materials engi- The TigTag provides a large, scannable the AHT locations in neer and quality specialist in Alabama, is a barcode for traceability of pieces that expe- Michigan, Iowa, and recent materials engineering graduate from rience multiple cycles of extremely high tem- Alabama. the University of Alabama at Birmingham. peratures such as annealing covers, kiln cars, Zemaitis, region- AHT president Mikel Woods said, “We are high temperature molds, and rolls. al sales manager excited about the new team members we’ve InfoSight has always been committed to for AHT’s Michigan brought on board. They bring new diverse providing identification and traceability in Tim Zemaitis facility, joins the skillsets that blend great with our mission.” the most difficult environments. team with more Zemaitis will focus on heat-treat needs than 30 years of experience in heat treat- in the Great Lakes area. The Michigan AHT MORE INFO www.infosight.com ment, metallurgy, and engineering. Seevell, facility offers ion (plasma) and gas nitriding, www.knovation.com/ceramiccodes regional sales manager in the corporate office ferritic nitrocarburizing, UltraOx®, stress

Services Quality Quick Overview: • Gas Carburize Accreditations Since 1956, Specialty Steel Treating has evolved to become the • Vacuum Carburize • TS 16949 leader in precision heat treating and operates in six (6) different • Press & Plug Quench • AS9100 facilities totaling over 200,000 square feet of manufacturing • Vacuum Heat Treat • Nadcap space. As a company we pride ourselves in process • Neutral Hardening • ISO 9001 innovation, supply chain management and customer service with keeping quality and integrity to our • Gas Nitriding Woman Owned Business customers the number one priority. We are proudly • And much more… serving the aerospace, automotive, off road truck and bus and medical markets along with several other niche segments.

www.sst.netwww.sst.net • • [email protected]@sst.net • • 586-293-5355 586-293-5355

12 SEPTEMBER 2019 MOVING THE FUTURE. OCTOBER 15–17, 2019 | COBO CENTER | DETROIT, MICHIGAN

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thermalprocessing.com 13 UPDATE /// HEAT TREATING INDUSTRY NEWS

relieve, s-phase nitriding, and more. Seevell will cover sales in the Midwest. The Iowa AHT facilities also provide ion (plasma) and gas nitriding, ferritic nitrocarburizing and UltraOx®, in addition to induction hardening, carburizing, and more. “With our knowledgeable staff and multiple locations, we’ll be able to better serve our customers and give them the UltraGlowing® experience in every location, every time,” Woods said. Learn more about Advanced Heat Treat Corp. and its 20+ surface treatments at www. ahtcorp.com or by calling (319) 232-5221. Lindberg/MPH ships hot stamping furnace to Gestamp facility Lindberg/MPH announced the shipment of an electrically heated four-chamber hot This Lindberg/MPH hot stamping furnace features one stack of three high-heat chambers and one low- stamping furnace to the Gestamp Research heat chamber. (Courtesy: Lingberg/MPH)

NIPPON CARBON OF AMERICA, LLC Carbon opens the way for the future Established in 1915, Nippon Carbon is the oldest carbon product manufacturer in Japan. We serve industrial customers around the world in a wide range of applications including heat treating, aerospace, automotive, ceramics, semiconductors and more.

Nippon Carbon supplies a complete range of carbon based products for all applications and is ISO 9001/14001 certified, a global quality standard.

Nippon Carbon of America, LLC 832-799-2006  [email protected] 17706 Rough River Court, Humble, TX 77346 www.carbon.co.jp/english/

14 SEPTEMBER 2019 and Development facility in Auburn Hills, announced the shipment of one Blue M ed gas tight to minimize inert gas leakage Michigan. Gestamp is an international cor- inert gas batch oven to a manufacturer of and to maintain a low oxygen atmosphere poration that designs, develops, and manu- electronic components. with minimum gas flow. factures metal automotive components. This Blue M inert gas oven has a tempera- The Blue M inert gas batch oven features This hot stamping furnace features one ture range of 15°C above ambient to 593°C. a direct drive ball bearing 1/2 Hp motor with stack of three high-heat chambers and one The interior work chamber dimensions a balanced stainless-steel multi-blade blower low-heat chamber. The maximum tempera- are 25” W x 20” D x 20” H. All seams and wheel to provide horizontal airflow, where ture rating of the high-heat chambers is entrance ports in this batch oven were weld- the air moves from right to left. This type of 1,050°C and the low-heat chamber is 540°C. Each furnace chamber was designed with load space dimensions of 36” W x 30” D x 8” H. The furnace is integrated at the Gestamp facility with a robotic transfer system and hydraulic hot stamping press. The four chambers operate independently with the top chamber designated for aluminum treatment. This type of hot stamping system allows the customer the flexibility to treat different steels simultaneously and takes up a much smaller footprint than a continuous system. “This Lindberg/MPH hot stamping furnace provides uniform heating for a wide variety of high-strength steels or aluminum materials prior to hot stamping or hydro-forming applications. The team at Gestamp has been incredible to work with on this project and we are proud to be their supplier,” said Bill St. Thomas, business development manager. Features of this Lindberg/MPH hot stamp- SINGLE SOURCE ing furnace include: ››Hydraulically actuated, independently controlled furnace doors. FOR INDUCTION ››Exterior fans to provide cooling between the four heating chambers. We are a total source ››Two heating zones of rod-overbend elements in each chamber. for your induction needs. ››Allen Bradley Compact Logix PLC with We’re committed to Visit us at Booth 1928 temperature control and logic functions. the craft of induction ››One dew-point monitor connected to repair and sample tubes in each chamber. manufacture. ››Ethernet and Modbus-485 communica- We offer tion capabilities. full induction ››Excess temperature controller in each chamber. systems including part handling, expert MORE INFO www.lindbergmph.com inductor design and builds, inductor repair, and in- TPS ships inert gas house transformer repair. oven to electronics manufacturer 586-884-4982 Thermal Product Solutions, a global manu- www.cypriuminduction.com facturer of thermal-processing equipment,

thermalprocessing.com 15 UPDATE /// HEAT TREATING INDUSTRY NEWS

The engineering team at Seco/Warwick Seco/Warwick has the knowledge and experience to man- age fleets of heat-treating equipment in a to supply CAB line planned and professional manner regard- to Texas company less of the equipment manufacturer. The solutions offered by the Group are universal The U.S. department of Seco/Warwick Group because they are based on best practices and has been selected to relocate a very large its manufacturing team is available through CAB line for a customer who purchased it their global network facilities (U.S., Europe, with the intention of brazing its own heat India, and China). exchangers. Built by Seco/Warwick for another Houston, Texas, OEM in 2005, the MORE INFO www.secowarwick.com CAB line will be a first for Cold Shot Chillers, as they have not previously conducted furnace brazing in-house. Wisconsin Oven The Indexing CAB furnace has an overall load size of 48” wide x 100” long. The entire ships four-zone line, which measures 96 feet, includes a conveyor oven wet spray fluxer with blow off, load table, dry off (dehydration) oven, entrance/purge Wisconsin Oven Corporation announced This Blue M inert gas oven has a temperature range chamber, convection furnace, atmosphere the shipment of one electrically heated four of 15°C above ambient to 593°C. (Courtesy: TPS) air cooling chamber, final air-blast cooling zone conveyor oven to a manufacturer in chamber, and final unloading table. In addi- the oil and gas industry. airflow maximizes heating rates within the tion, there is a power panel, a control panel, The electrically heated conveyor oven has oven chamber. and an atmosphere scrubber. sufficient capability to heat 25 parts per “This Blue M oven shipped out with two The controlled atmosphere brazing (CAB) hour with a heating time of 48 minutes and maintenance part kits in order to prevent process heats a product to brazing tempera- a cooling time of 12 minutes. Each cham- costly maintenance in the future. This cus- tures while maintaining uniform tempera- ber in this four-zone conveyor oven has a tomer is supplied with spare parts to keep tures within the product in an oxygen-free maximum temperature rating of 400°C and the oven in like-new operating condition,” nitrogen atmosphere. The Seco/Warwick dimensions of 1’8” wide x 2’0” long x 6” high. said Ashlee Kaczorowski, Blue M product design allows OEMs and aftermarket special- The oven has a guaranteed oven tempera- manager. ists the flexibility to produce a wide variety ture uniformity of ±6°C at 310°C (±10.8°F Features of this Blue M batch oven include: of sizes and types of heat exchangers on a at 590°F) for a minimum of six minutes per ››Reinforced type 304 stainless steel daily basis. The indexing solution allows a heating chamber and with a belt speed of interior for maximum heat and corrosion variety of parts to be brazed with no changes two inches per minute. The cool down fea- resistance. to the menus or furnace settings. tures a 1,500 CFM propeller fan to cool the ››Direct drive ball bearing 1/2 Hp motor with balanced stainless-steel multi-blade blower wheel. ››460V/480V 3 Phase 60 Hz electrical power. ››21 kW heat input. ››Ethernet communications standard with controller. ››Watlow F4T with INTUITION temperature process controller. ››4.3-inch color touch panel with high- resolution graphical interface. ››40 ramp and soak profiles with real- time clock and battery backup. ››Ethernet Modbus TCP connectivity. ››High-speed USB 2.0 host port. ››Two preventative maintenance kits with spare parts. The largest indexing CAB furnace in North America is being relocated to Cold Shot Chillers in Houston, MORE INFO www.thermalproductsolutions.com Texas, to conduct in-house furnace brazing of the company’s heat exchangers. (Courtesy: Seco/Warwick)

16 SEPTEMBER 2019 perature polymer into a “U” shape ring that houses electronic components,” said Tom Trueman, senior application engineer. Features of this Wisconsin Oven conveyor oven include: ››Temperature uniformity of ±6°C at 310°C (±10.8°F at 590°F). ››Manually adjustable insulated profile doors at both ends of the conveyor. ››Allen-Bradley PowerFlex variable frequency AC drive with electronic torque lim- iting, adjustable from 1”-4” per minute, set at 2” per minute. ››Four separate work zones. ››Eurotherm 3504 temperature controller. ››Ethernet communications. ››1,500 CFM propeller fan with vertical The electrically heated conveyor oven has sufficient capability to heat 25 parts per hour with a heating time top-down airflow to help cool parts. of 48 minutes and a cooling time of 12 minutes. (Courtesy: Wisconsin Oven) ››Barber-Colman 7SL oven high limit con- parts utilizing top-down airflow, where cool- ate custom industrial ovens and furnaces troller with manual reset. ing air will be discharged into the shop from that match our customer’s unique needs. ››SSR power controller. below the unit. This specific conveyor oven was designed “Wisconsin Oven has the ability to cre - with four zones in order to melt a high tem- MORE INFO www.wisoven.com

YOURYour APPLICATION... Application... Our Solution Standard & Custom Designed Machines/Systems for Your Application

Research & Induction Brazing & Power Turnkey Coils & Development Heating Soldering Supplies Systems Spare Parts

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thermalprocessing.com 17 UPDATE /// HEAT TREATING INDUSTRY NEWS

house. This will maximize heating rates and Wisconsin Oven temperature uniformity of the product. “A complete turn-key installation pack- ships batch oven age was also included with this composite to aerospace industry curing oven. This package helps our customers with unloading and reassembly/rewiring Wisconsin Oven Corporation shipped one of components that are often removed dur- indirect natural gas-fired batch oven to a ing the shipping process,” said Jim Lucas, manufacturer in the aerospace industry. senior sales engineer. The oven will be used to cure composite Features of this curing oven include: materials. ››Temperature uniformity of ±5°F at 150°, The gas-fired batch oven has temperature The batch oven has a maximum oven uniformity of ±5°F at 150°, 250°, 350°, and 450°F. 250°, 350°, and 450°F. operating temperature of 500°F, work cham- (Courtesy: Wisconsin Oven) ››10,000 CFM @ 5 HP with VFD. ber dimensions of 10’ wide x 16’ long x 8’ ››Honeywell Model 7800 flame relay with high, and work zone dimensions of 8’ wide 150°F at an average rate of 5°F per minute. integral purge timer and burner controls. x 14’ long x 6’ high. Guaranteed temperature It also has the capacity to heat 440 pounds ››46,000 CFM plug-mounted recirculation uniformity of ±5°F at set points 150°, 250°, of steel and 360 pounds of composite mate- blower. 350°, and 450°F was documented with a rials from 130° to 300°F at an average rate ››One vertical lift, electrically operated 36-point temperature uniformity test in an of 5°F per minute. The air will be supplied door. empty oven chamber under static operating to the work chamber through ductwork ››WOC Premium Control System (PLC conditions. located along the length and on each side of controlled). This composite curing oven has sufficient the work chamber, near the bottom of the ››Turn-key installation. capacity to cool 440 pounds of steel and 360 chamber, to assure that the air passes past pounds of composite materials from 300° to the product on the way back to the heater FOR MORE www.wisoven.com

VACUUM PUMP REPAIR, RECONDITIONING, SERVICE & SALES

FURNACE CO,INC

If you have high- MODEL XLE3648 WITH: value loads to *FAN *INERT heat-treat, look no *PNEUMATIC further than L&L VERTICAL DOOR Special Furnace. Our furnaces are the most reliable on the market – at any price! Each one is Special! • Troubleshooting and preventive maintenance • Final testing with calibrated helium mass spectrometer • New pump sales - Rotary pumps, Roots type blowers, rotary vane pumps, and more Visit us at Booth 1518 VACUUM PUMP SERVICES CORP. • Precision •Uniformity •Value 2299 Amber Drive, Suite 130, Hatfield, PA 19440 L&L CAN MEET THE STRICTEST PROVISIONS OF AMS2750E FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS P 215-660-3020 E [email protected] YOUR THERMAL INVESTMENT DESERVES SPECIAL TREATMENT W vacpumpservices.com ATTENDEE INFO WHY DETROIT? PAID Non-profit ATTENDEES REPRESENT THE Postage US ASM International th HEAT TREATING SOCIETY 20 KentFOLLOWING Road COMPANIES* Aston, PA 19014 Phone:1. Technology 877. 846.7628 www.llfurnace.com 30 CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION From automotive to aviation to defense, Detroit is changing the AAM Chevron Honeywell Praxair way the world moves. Their unmatched automotive research, Advanced HT Chrysler Hyundai Rolls-Royce design and advanced manufacturing resources make this Visit us at Booth 1023 **An affiliate of Air Products Cummins Intel Siemens region the leader in next-generation mobility and technology Alcoa Dana John Deere Solar Turbines development. Detroit’s culture of innovation is ready to help Allison Transmission Dow Chemical Joy Global Timken Alstom Eaton Lockheed Martin United Technologies your business grow! Annealing Ford Motor Magna Powertrain US Steel Bluewater Thermal FPM Metal Improvement Woodworth HT 2. Automobile Capital of the Word Borg Warner General Dynamics Nexteer XTEK Detroit is second largest source of architectural and engineering 18 SEPTEMBERBodycote General Electric 2019NSK ZF job opportunities in the U.S., with the domestic auto industry Boeing General Motors Northrop Grumman *Partial listing primarily headquartered in Metro Detroit. October 15-17, 2019 Carpenter Gerdau Oerlikon Caterpillar Honda Parker Hannifin 3. Global Detroit, Michigan ATTENDEES Why do 1,300 firms from 38 countries call the Detroit region ANNUAL BOOTH home? Detroit is the perfect location when you’re looking to COBO Center INCREASE BY STATE (TOP 10) access U.S. and Canadian markets. Home to one of the world’s most valuable border crossings and Detroit Metro Airport – with 350 nonstop flights to more than 160 destinations – they’ll get your 2% 39% 3% 300 business where it needs to go. 3% 250 4% 4. Sustainability 200 4% Michigan’s business climate is stronger than ever. Nearly two- 4% thirds of Michigan businesses surveyed describe the state as 150 Organized By: having a positive business climate and would promote Michigan 100 10% as a place to work, start and conduct business.

50 2011 2017 2015 2013 23% 0 11%

MI OH PA IL NY IN WI ON MA NJ www.asminternational.org/web/heat-treat-2019 ASM World Headquarters 9639 Kinsman Road OH 44073-0002 Park, Materials 2019 Treat Heat 15-17, 2019 October Center COBO USA Michigan, Detroit, YOU’VE GOT THE PRODUCTS. YOU’VE GOT THE SERVICES. NOW, LET US SHARE YOUR STORY.

Thermal Processing wants to make sure the best possible audience knows your company. Through our print, online, and social media presence, our experienced staff can get your message to an industry that wants to know what you can do. During Heat Treat 2019, stop by Booth #2119 and talk with one of our knowledgeable ad reps to learn more.

ATTENDEE INFO WHY DETROIT? PAID Non-profit ATTENDEES REPRESENT THE Postage US ASM International th HEAT TREATING SOCIETY FOLLOWING COMPANIES* 1. Technology 30 CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION From automotive to aviation to defense, Detroit is changing the AAM Chevron Honeywell Praxair way the world moves. Their unmatched automotive research, Advanced HT Chrysler Hyundai Rolls-Royce design and advanced manufacturing resources make this Air Products Cummins Intel Siemens region the leader in next-generation mobility and technology Alcoa Dana John Deere Solar Turbines development. Detroit’s culture of innovation is ready to help Allison Transmission Dow Chemical Joy Global Timken thermalprocessing.com 19 Alstom Eaton Lockheed Martin United Technologies your business grow! Annealing Ford Motor Magna Powertrain US Steel Bluewater Thermal FPM Metal Improvement Woodworth HT 2. Automobile Capital of the Word Borg Warner General Dynamics Nexteer XTEK Detroit is second largest source of architectural and engineering Bodycote General Electric NSK ZF job opportunities in the U.S., with the domestic auto industry Boeing General Motors Northrop Grumman *Partial listing primarily headquartered in Metro Detroit. October 15-17, 2019 Carpenter Gerdau Oerlikon Caterpillar Honda Parker Hannifin 3. Global Detroit, Michigan ATTENDEES Why do 1,300 firms from 38 countries call the Detroit region ANNUAL BOOTH home? Detroit is the perfect location when you’re looking to COBO Center INCREASE BY STATE (TOP 10) access U.S. and Canadian markets. Home to one of the world’s most valuable border crossings and Detroit Metro Airport – with 350 nonstop flights to more than 160 destinations – they’ll get your 2% 39% 3% 300 business where it needs to go. 3% 250 4% 4. Sustainability 200 4% Michigan’s business climate is stronger than ever. Nearly two- 4% thirds of Michigan businesses surveyed describe the state as 150 Organized By: having a positive business climate and would promote Michigan 100 10% as a place to work, start and conduct business.

50 2011 2017 2015 2013 23% 0 11%

Industrial Process Heating online education is affordable, convenient, and flexible

HEA’s Fundamentals of Industrial Process Heating Online Learning busy workload and family life, I am not able to be on a regular sched- Course continues to provide an excellent overview of the essen- ule or take time in the evening to travel to a class. The advantage I tial areas used throughout the industrial process heating field. for me is that I can check in when time permits and still stay up to Students benefit from the flexible web-based distance-learning for- date on all activities. The course information is directly related to mat. It’s an affordable alternative to campus-based classes and allows my work, and I found it to be very beneficial.” students to go at their own pace. Each week, students will be assigned a chapter to read from the The program offers a vital tool to industrial process heating opera- Fundamental of Process Heating coursebook (electronic version tors and users of all types of industrial heating equipment. Students included with course registration) and expected to participate in learn safe, efficient operation of industrial- heating equipment, how to reduce energy consumption, and ways to improve a company’s bottom line. Registration is open through October 4, 2019, and the course begins October 7, 2019. Students will learn the basics of heat transfer, fuels and combustion, energy use, furnace design, refractories, automatic control, and atmospheres as applied to industrial-process heating. Students will Jack Marino become familiar with a variety of oven, furnace, and kiln types used in industry. To register for the course, as well as a complete list of course topics, go to: www. ihea.org/event/FundamentalsFall19. Industry expert Jack Marino leads students in this six-week online course. Marino IHEA’s Fundamentals of Industrial Process Heating Online Learning Course offers an excellent overview of the is a registered professional engineer with essential areas used throughout the industrial process heating field. more than 40 years of experience in the heat processing business. He is a graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic on-line forum discussions and complete weekly quizzes. There is a Institute with a bachelor’s degree in Aeronautical Engineering final exam project that will be assigned during the fifth week of and has a master’s degree in Engineering Science from Penn State. class. The instructor will be available through email to respond to Marino’s knowledge and experience offer invaluable resources that questions and provide clarification. online students can access throughout the course. The cost for IHEA members is $750 or one member voucher, and IHEA’s online courses are a terrific value for IHEA members and the cost for non-members is $925. The fee includes electronic course non-members alike considering no travel expenses are involved and handbook, course instruction, quizzes and projects, class forums, there is no time out of the office. Take advantage of the online tools and the opportunity to contact the instructor throughout the course. provided and benefit from the ability to learn almost anywhere. Students will also receive PDHs for successfully completing the A former online student said, “Because of balancing an extremely course. Printed materials are available for an additional fee.

20 SEPTEMBER 2019 BENEFITS OF ONLINE TRAINING ››Company listing on IHEA’s website. ››Students can take the course at home or work. ››Ability to post resumes and job openings on-line in the Career ››Flexible web-based distance-learning format. Center. ››Affordable alternative to campus-based classes. ››Discount on IHEA publications. ››Allows students to go at their own pace. Join now at www.ihea.org. ››Instructor-led, interactive and safe.

WHAT STUDENTS ARE SAYING ABOUT THE COURSE ››“Excellent knowledge of the course instructor with an excellent and quick response.” ››“I enjoyed participating in the discussion forums and found them to be a useful addition to the course materials.”

IHEA MEMBERSHIP HAS ITS PRIVILEGES Don’t let another year pass without becoming an IHEA member. Join now and get a multitude of benefits right from the start. Hear what current members appreciate most about IHEA: “INEX Incorporated has benefited greatly since becoming a member of IHEA. Perhaps the most direct benefit has been enabling our employees to take advantage of the online training programs to broaden their understanding of how our products are utilized by our end users. On a personal note, the biannual meetings have proven to be an excellent networking opportunity. It has been very interesting to see what a diverse industry we participate in and to realize that IHEA 2019 CALENDAR OF EVENTS many of our problems and opportunities are the same as other IHEA members’ experience. The work of the various committees benefits SEPTEMBER 24 each and every member as well as the industry in general.” — Mike IHEA 2019 Process Heating Seminar Kasprzyk, President, INEX Inc. This one-day seminar will provide detailed classroom information on “IHEA is all about process heating. Whether it is a vacuum car - process heating technologies such as infrared and induction technologies burizing oven or an infrared powder coating curing oven, IHEA and exposure to the many industrial applications that use these heating covers the spectrum of heating in manufacturing processes. IHEA technologies. as well as live demonstrations and a facility tour. members are oven- and furnace-equipment OEMs, electrical utilities, › InterContinental Hotel Cleveland I Cleveland, Ohio combustion-burner manufacturers, various heating-magazine pub- lishers, and even energy consultants. The widely varied membership SEPTEMBER 24–25 provides an excellent opportunity for networking and keeping up IHEA 2019 Safety Standards & Codes Seminar with the latest and greatest heating-technology developments. IHEA This seminar is intended to help the attendee become better acquainted membership provides access to exceptional training opportunities, with the newly updated NFPA 86 – Standard for Ovens & Furnaces. heating-related national standards updates, up-to-date economic › InterContinental Hotel Cleveland I Cleveland, Ohio news, and thought leaders across the process heating industry. I have made so many professional and personal contacts and new friends SEPTEMBER 24–25 during my membership of IHEA. If you are in the process-heating IHEA 2019 Combustion Seminar industry and are not a member of IHEA, you are missing out on a The industry premier seminar for industrial process heating wonderful opportunity. I never miss an opportunity to attend an professionals, this two-day event offers attendees the chance to learn IHEA event, and I always come away with new contacts and new the latest in combustion technology and visit with industry suppliers. ideas.” — Michael Stowe, Advanced Energy The IHEA Combustion Seminar is designed for persons responsible for the IHEA focuses on driving its members’ success by providing the operation, design, selection and/or maintenance of fuel-fired industrial knowledge base and authoritative voice for industrial heat process- process furnaces and ovens. ing. Become a member of IHEA and take advantage of these great › InterContinental Hotel Cleveland I Cleveland, Ohio benefits and resources: ››Monthly Executive Economic Update. For details on IHEA events, go to www.ihea.org/events ››Meeting vouchers (contingent on member category). ››Discounts to attend all IHEA Educational Seminars & Webinars. ››Discounts on IHEA On-Line Training Courses. INDUSTRIAL HEATING EQUIPMENT ASSOCIATION ››Discounts on all IHEA Training Videos. ››Discount to attend the International ThermProcess Summit. P.O. Box 679 I Independence, KY 41051 ››Ability to post content and participate in discussions commu- 859-356-1575 I www.ihea.org nity forums on IHEA’s website. ››Discounts to attend IHEA’s Annual & Fall Business Meetings. ››Ability to participate on IHEA committees. ››Subscription to IHEA’s INSIDER newsletter.

thermalprocessing.com 21 METAL URGENCY /// LEE ROTHLEUTNER GROUP LEADER FOR MATERIAL CONVERSION /// THE TIMKEN COMPANY

Equations analyses indicate austenite carbon content is the main controlling factor in a cold-treatment process while the cold-treatment temperature is secondary. Achieving results through cold treatment old treatment is a sub-zero thermal treatment process pri - Figure 1 shows the plot that can be made by combining the Andrews marily used to reduce the retained austenite content of alloy and Koistinen-Marburger equations. Retained austenite (RA) as a func- C and high carbon steels. Cold treatment covers the approxi- tion of cold-treatment temperature was calculated using the two equa- mate temperature range of 0°C to 80°C, below which is considered tions along with the nominal chemical composition of 100CrMnSi6-6 cryogenic or deep cryogenic treatment [1]. Although cold treatment [7]. Lines of constant C content for 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 wt% C were shown has been used to improve the performance of steel for centuries [2], to demonstrate the significant influence C content has on the fraction it continues to be a topic of discussion in many industries [3-5]. As a of retained austenite for a given alloy composition and cold-treatment result, the following discussion and analysis is intended to provide temperature. At room temperature (RT, +20°C) a 1 wt% C version of insights into the cold-treatment processes as well as provide context 100CrMnSi6-6 is estimated to have 70 percent RA while a 0.6 wt% C to identify key factors to be considered when establishing a cold-treat- version is estimated to only have 10 percent RA. In high-carbon steels, ment process. the amount of carbon in the austenite depends primarily on the temperature the steel is austenitized. Figure 2 shows published data relat-

COLD-TREATMENT FUNDAMENTALS ing the Ms temperature to the austenitizing temperature of 52100. Many steels used in a heat-treated condition are heated to form a The Ms temperature decreases as austenitizing temperature increases, significant fraction of austenite and then cooled to form a variety approaching a constant Ms temperature of approximately 140°C at the of microstructures depending on the required properties for the highest austenitizing temperatures evaluated. In the range of austen- application. Martensite is formed during rapid cooling or at a rate itizing temperatures most relevant to industrial heat treatment of

sufficiently fast to avoid formation of ferrite, pearlite, and bainite. 52100, less than 900°C, the Ms temperature is very sensitive to aus- The temperature at which martensite forms is designated in litera- tenitizing temperature and therefore requires strict process control.

ture as the martensite start (Ms) temperature. The Ms represents the Figure 3 shows four representative micrographs of 100CrMnSi6-6 thermodynamic driving force necessary to initiate the austenite-to- quenched to room temperature as well as cold treated at three differ- martensite shear transformation [6]. Chemical composition of the steel ent temperatures. A single specimen was austenitized in a protective

affects the Ms temperature. Carbon suppresses the Ms temperature atmosphere furnace, oil quenched to room temperature, cut, mounted, significantly due to its ability to solid-solution strengthen austenite. polished, lightly etched, and cold treated at –20, –60, and –80°C to visu- The resultant is that higher carbon contents require higher shear ally demonstrate the evolution of retained austenite fraction during stresses and therefore greater undercooling to initiate the martens- cold treatment. The sample was austenitized at a sufficiently high

ite transformation. Empirical equations for the Ms temperature as temperature to allow nearly all carbon to be dissolved in the austenite a function of chemical composition have been developed for a vari- before being quenched to room temperature. White areas are retained ety of steel classifications; however, the Andrews linear equation austenite, brown/tan areas are martensite, and the gray globular feature near the center of each image is a manganese sulfide (MnS) and was used as a fiducial marker to ensure image position was not lost from 1965 is still one of the simplest and most widely used. In the between each cold treatment.

Andrews equation, Ms has units of degrees Celsius and alloying addi- Figure 4 shows the hardness and visual retained austenite data tions of carbon (C), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and collected from the specimen shown in Figure 3. Each data point rep- molybdenum (Mo) are in weight percent (wt%) [6]. The Andrews resents the sample mean ±1σusing five HRC measurements for hard- equation was determined using steels of the following composition ness and five 200x magnification fields for visual retained austenite. range, in wt%: <0.6 C, 0.6-4.9 Mn, <5 Cr, <5 Ni, <5.4 Mo. Although The room temperature condition (+20°C) exhibited approximately 53 high-carbon steels are excluded from this chemical composition HRC at 70 percent RA while the -80°C cold-treated condition exhibited range, use of the Andrews equation as a first approximation is com- approximately 58.5 HRC at 25 percent RA.

mon. Since the Ms reflects a thermodynamic value, the extent of the Figure 5 compares the measured values shown in Figure 4 and the athermal martensite transformation can be quantified as a function calculated values obtained using both the Andrews and Koistinen-

of undercooling below the Ms. The Koistinen-Marburger equation Marburger equations shown in Figure 1. Although the data presented in this analysis is limited, it is in reasonably good agreement with the values calculated from literature.

relates the martensite volume fraction, f, to the undercooling below Ms, Δ T, in degrees Celsius which is equivalent to cold-treatment tempera- UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS ture in the present context. It is important to emphasize the Koistinen- The above-mentioned experimental data and analysis were presented Marburger equation is independent of time. as an exercise in linking established relationships from literature

22 SEPTEMBER 2019 Figure 1: Retained austenite as Figure 2: Martensite start Figure 4: Hardness and visual Figure 5: Comparison of measured a function of cold treatment temperature as a function of retained austenite data from retained austenite values shown temperature calculated using austenitizing temperature for 52100 100CrMnSi6-6 steel samples in Figure 4 and predicted retained Equations 1 and 2 along with the steel [8]. described in Figure 3. austenite values using the Koistinen- nominal chemical composition of Marburger equation shown as 100CrMnSi6-6 steel. Equation 2.

to results from a cold-treatment process. steel to its Ms temperature, the thermody- Although not every experiment will be in namic driving force for martensite formation. good agreement with literature, it allows The Koistinen-Marburger equation relates for a basis of identifying and understand- the fraction of martensite transformed to ing the potential factors contributing to the amount of uncooling a steel has below

any misalignment. From the analysis above, its Ms temperature. Experimental data was austenite-carbon content and cold-treatment in good agreement with the equations from temperature can be considered critical fac- literature. Analysis of the equations indicates tors to the control of a cold-treatment process. austenite-carbon content is the primary con- The latter of the two factors being the least trolling factor in a cold-treatment process significant. while the cold-treatment temperature itself is secondary. CONTROLLING AUSTENITE Figure 3: Representative optical micrographs CARBON CONTENT of a 100CrMnSi6-6 steel specimen austenitized REFERENCES at a temperature and time adequate to dissolve The coefficient for C in the Andrews equa- nearly all carbides then (a) quenched to room [ 1 ] ASM Handbook Vol. 4A: Steel Heat Treating tion is an order of magnitude higher than temperature, (b) cold treated to -20 °C, (c) cold Fundamentals and Processes, ASM International, any other alloying element in the equation. treated to -60 °C, and (d) cold treated to -80 °C. Materials Park, OH, 2014. This clearly indicates the relative importance The same polished sample was used for all four [ 2 ] D.S. MacKenzie and G. Graham, “Beer, blood and of controlling carbon content to ensure a con- conditions. The manganese sulfide (MnS) near the urine – mythological quenchants of ancient black- center of each image was used as a fiducial marker. sistent Ms is achieved. Methods for controlling smiths,” in: Proceedings of the 23rd IFHTSE Congress, austenite carbon content are provided below. ASM International, Ohio, USA, 2016, pp. 101–109. Starting microstructure: Consistency of austenitization is impor- [ 3 ] A. Bensliey, et. al., “Cryogenic Treatment of Gear Steel.” Gear Solutions tant to ensure a cold-treatment process provides consistent results. Magazine, Oct. 2011, pp. 36-50. Spheroidized microstructures can be particularly challenging due to [ 4 ] G. Moroz and M.J. Stempo, “Sub-Zero Treatment of Steel Alloys Helps Satisfy the potential for large variations in carbide size distribution. Demand for Performance.” Process Cooling Magazine, Mar. 2015. Austenitizing temperature: Generally considered a coarse process [ 5 ] A. Malas, “Extending Performance: Can sub-zero treatments give robotic gears adjustment. Figure 2 provided a sense as to the sensitivity of this a hand?” Thermal Processing Magazine, Sept. 2017. process parameter in controlling austenite-carbon content. Austenitizing time: Generally considered a fine process adjustment. [ 6 ] [G. Krauss, Steels – Processing, Structure, and Performance, 2nd ed., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2015. Adjustment of the temperature should be first and then the time can be adjusted to ensure the process can accommodate small process [ 7 ] ASTM International. ASTM A485-17 Standard Specification for High anomalies. Hardenability Antifriction Bearing Steel. West Conshohocken, PA; ASTM International, 2017. CONTROLLING COLD-TREATMENT TEMPERATURE [ 8 ] P. M. Unterweiser, H. E. Boyer, and J. J. Kubbs, Heat Treaters Guide, Metals Park, Figure 1 showed controlling the cold-treatment temperature increases OH: American Society for Metals, 1982. in importance as C content increases and higher temperature cold treatments can leave an appreciable amount of RA in the microstructure. The Koistinen-Marburger equation also showed the fraction of ABOUT THE AUTHOR RA transformed is independent of time. The steel simply needs to uni- Lee Rothleutner is the Group Leader for Material Conversion within The formly get to temperature to achieve desired results. Timken Company’s Bearing Research and Development. He received his MS (2012) and PhD (2015) in Metallurgical & Materials Engineering from the SUMMARY Advanced Steel Processing and Products Research Center at the Colorado Cold treatment of steels was discussed in the context of two equations School of Mines. He actively serves on various committees with the ASM from literature, the Andrews equation and the Koistinen-Marburger Heat Treating Society and is a veteran of the U.S. Coast Guard. He can be equation. The Andrews equation relates chemical composition of a reached at [email protected].

thermalprocessing.com 23 QUALITY COUNTS /// JASON SCHULZE METALLURGICAL ENGINEER /// CONRAD KACSIK

For those involved in monitoring quality as it applies to heat treating, it’s important to have a solid understanding of the full process. Quality staff: Understanding the technical side ast month, we examined the history and heat-treatment of production and less robust production processing, steel was very aluminum and how it applies to the quality functions of expensive. Its purchase was limited to the end use of special applica- L the industry. This month, we will do the same for the his- tions such as weapons, armor and tools. As the industrial revolution tory and heat-treatment of steel. There are many roads of scientific progressed, the production and advancement in steel technology achievement that have led to our current state (all of which will not moved quickly. In 1855, the Bessemer process was introduced. The be covered in this article). Bessemer process’ key principle is forcing hot air through the mol- ten metal, which in turn removes impurities. In 1865, the open- A BRIEF HISTORY hearth furnace was invented through a joint venture between Sir Steel, in many forms, has a long history. From ~500bce when Carl Wilhelm Siemens and French engineer Pierre-Emile Martin. Egyptians austenitized steel, to sixth century BC southern India In this process, excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of smelting “wootz” steel, to recent studies of 11th century Damascus pig iron to produce steel. The open-hearth technique overcame the steel containing carbon nanotubes (Figure 1), to the invention of insufficient temperatures generated by normal fuels and furnaces, the open-hearth furnace in 1865, steel has had a colorful history. I enabling the steel to be produced in bulk for the first time. The rest won’t be spending too much time on its history but noting signifi- is recent history (Figure 3). cant events which enable steel to be produced efficiently with a high grade of quality we see today. THE SCIENCE The history of steel has several lines of lineage converging to Scientific principles link the processing parameters to structure present day. Certain significant events took and properties and are increasingly neces- place which have influenced how we pro- sary for proper application of the equipment duce and heat-treat steel in modern times. and instrumentation. As stated, Egyptians’ austenitization of steel An example of scientific efforts that did not include a carbon source. Their pro- directly support the advancement of heat- cess was used primarily for weapons and treat technology includes the characteriza- tools. It seems the first source of carbon tion of mechanisms of phase transformation in steel production/heat treatment was a which produce desired structures and prop- consequence of the first blast furnace in erties of heat-treated steel. China around the sixth century BC. China, Before studying the heat treatment of though, was not the only country produc - steel, it is helpful to explain what steel is. ing steel implements and tools. In ancient Fundamentally, all steels are alloys of iron, India, around the sixth century BC, crafts- carbon, manganese, silicon, sulfur, and men in southern India used crucibles to phosphorus. Carbon content in commercial smelt wrought iron with charcoal to pro- steels usually ranges from 0.05 wt% to 1.0 duce what is called “wootz” steel. Wootz wt%. The broad possibilities with regards to steel is a material that was admired for its steel and its use are attributed to two main Figure 1: Carbon nanotubes sharp and tough nature. The most distin- characteristics: guishing feature is the swirling patterns ››Iron is an allotropic element. (Allotropy cause by bands of clustered *Fe3C particles is the phenomenon of an element having dif- (Fe3C is called cementite). It is an interme- ferent crystal lattices depending on the par- tallic compound of iron and carbon (an ticular temperature and pressure.) intermediate transition metal carbide). It ››The carbon atom is much smaller than is 6.67% C wt% and 93.3 percent Fe wt%) the iron atom. (Figure 2). The alloying mechanism for iron and By the 12th century, Sri Lanka was the carbon is different from most other alloy world’s largest producer of crucible steel. It systems in that the alloying of iron and supplied steel ingots to Asia as well as the carbon occurs in a two-step process. In the Middle East. By the 18th century, steel was initial step, iron combines with 6.67 per- becoming widely renowned for its dura- cent carbon, forming iron carbide, which bility and extent of use. Due to limited Figure 2: Damascus steel is called cementite. At room temperature,

24 SEPTEMBER 2019 Following the Civil Tungsten steel is Stainless steel is Significant And beyond — War, the country’s developed by Robert developed by Harry developments in The preceding steel production grew Mushet. Brearley. metallurgy allow the developments have quickly, led by Scottish- shift of steel production allowed the steel American industrialist from weapons and industry to penetrate Andrew Carnegie. tools to more common nearly every market. consumer products.

1860s 1868 1912 1950s to 1960s 1960s

Figure 3: A recent history of steel production

Martensite Tempered martensite Heavily tempered martensite

Figure 4: Martensite conventional steels consist of a mixture of cementite and ferrite. material certification is enough to ensure the material is conform- Each of these is known as a phase (defined as a physically homo- ing. geneous and distinct portion of a material system). When a steel Furnace pyrometry testing is key to ensuring that: is heated above 1,340°F, cementite is dissolved into a new matrix ››The furnace systems are in working condition. phase called austenite. Austenite is designated as a solid solution ››Consistent conforming results will be obtained on all product of one or more elements in face-centered cubic iron (gamma γ-iron). processed in the furnace. Unless otherwise designated (such as nickel austenite), the solute is Pyrometry results should be reviewed carefully by quality to generally assumed to be carbon. The next phase of transformation, ensure conformance. Any deviations should be investigated promptly martensitic transformation, takes place when the steel is cooled before processing further production. Subsequent pyrometry test- rapidly. When alloys are cooled rapidly, the carbon atoms cannot ing should be performed at the required frequency per AMS2750 to make an orderly escape from the iron lattice. This results in distor- ensure consistent results. tion of the lattice which manifests itself in the form of hardness and/or strength. If cooling is fast enough, a new phase known as SUMMARY martensite forms. Eventually, the martensite decomposes into a For those of us involved in quality as it applies to heat treat, it is mixture of ferrite and cementite if heated below the A1, and this essential to have a good understanding of the process. This knowl- structure is referred to as tempered martensite (Figure 4). edge will help the quality team in the disposition and process After this comes the crystal structure and phases (bcc to α-Fe) of approval. which are not as pertinent to this article and would take quite a bit of extra time to go into.

HEAT TREAT KEY-PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS ABOUT THE AUTHOR Jason Schulze is the director of technical services at Conrad Kacsik Ensuring the material being heat-treated is of the required composi- Instrument Systems, Inc. As a metallurgical engineer with 20-plus tion is critical to successful and repeatable results. When material is years in aerospace, he assists potential and existing Nadcap suppliers received, there should be a verification process in place that ensures in conformance as well as metallurgical consulting. He is contracted by a quality representative (or delegate) verifies material composition eQualearn to teach multiple PRI courses, including pyrometry, RCCA, against the purchase order. and Checklists Review for heat treat. Contact him at jschulze@kacsik. A simple visual comparison using the purchase order and the com.

thermalprocessing.com 25 ISSUE FOCUS /// HEAT TREAT EXPO PREVIEW

TROUBLESHOOTING AND PREVENTION OF CRACKING IN INDUCTION HARDENING OF STEELS LESSONS LEARNED — PART 1

26 SEPTEMBER 2019 For real-world needs, producers of IH equipment should have the experience and analysis necessary to help heat-treat practitioners with specific problems.

By GARY DOYON, DR. VALERY RUDNEV, RANDALL MINNICK, and TIM BOUSSIE

ewly employed heat-treat engineers, designers and were checked, and no problem had been found. NDT eddy current practitioners may need an appreciable amount of time testing, as well as magnetic particle inspection (MPI), did not reveal to gain the required knowledge and experience in any presence of cracks. However, after the weekend, it was found N understanding the subtleties of induction hardening. that a certain percentage of heat-treated parts developed cracks just Underestimating specific geometrical features of parts and hard- sitting on a pallet. This is a typical example of delayed crack initia- ness patterns by novices, as well as negligence in understanding an tion, and measures should be taken to prevent such failures. Other impact of different process factors on the outcome of heat treatment examples of delay cracking may be associated with fractures that may produce faulty results. Finding that your completed parts have cracked after heat treating is frustrating, wasteful, and expensive. The goal of this two-part article is to minimize the impact of a workplace generation gap by helping new induction heat-treat professionals better understand the factors related to steel cracking and the actions to be taken to avoid it. It is important to learn that crack initiation within the heat-treated components, its growth, and propagation is affected by a number of factors. This includes specifics of the component’s geometry, its chemical composition and microstructure, processing temperatures, quenching subtleties, hardness pattern, inductor design, magnitude and distribution of initial, transient and residual stresses, design of tooling/fixtures, etc. Cracking can be caused by a single factor or by an undesirable combination of several Figure 1: Examples of typical cracks caused by improper process recipes or inductor designs. factors. There is virtually an endless variety of components that are routinely induction hardened (IH). Certain geometries may be associated with a tendency toward crack initiation requiring careful selection of process recipes and an equipment design. As an example, Figure 1 shows a few examples of typical cracks caused by improper process recipes or inductor designs or that have been caused by underestimation by heat- treat practitioners on specific geometrical features of heat-treated components. Cracking and fractures can be classified in different ways, including ductile and brit- Figure 2: Examples of typical subsurface cracks, which often are not visible to the naked eye. tle fractures, environmentally affected crack initiation, fatigue fractures, delayed crack initiation, and others. It occur during assembly of heat-treated parts. would be appropriate to review a case study at this point. Some practitioners may also distinguish transverse, longitudinal, or circumferential fractures, as well as surface cracks vs. subsurface CASE STUDY or internal cracks. As an example, Figure 2 illustrates subsurface A heat treater had a run-off of an induction hardening machine on cracking, which often are not visible to the naked eye, and only a Friday evening. All components that had been induction hardened appropriate NDT inspection (e.g., ultrasound/acoustic inspection)

thermalprocessing.com 27 or destructive examination may reveal their presence in order to enabling the hardening of elongated parts using relatively small (and prevent a premature failure of the component during its service life. generally less expensive) power supplies. Conventional scanning sys- In recent years, light-weighting initiatives have become common tems offer the ability to vary scanning speed and power during the in automotive, off-road, and agricultural vehicle designs, as well as process, which controls the amount of heat applied to different areas aerospace and other industries. To minimize weight and cost of steel of the workpiece. Induction scanners incorporate a number of differ- components, designers might choose to drill holes, reduce cross sec- ent elements with inductor design, quenching conditions, and power tions, make grooves, cutouts, and re-entrant corners, as well as to supply having the most significant impact on hardening results. use custom shapes and alloys to accomplish these goals [1]. In some Geometrical irregularities and discontinuities (that are very cases, in an attempt to reduce costs, designers create a component’s typical for a great majority of modern components) can distort the geometries that might be prone to cracking during heat treating. electro-magnetic field generated by an inductor, potentially causing Failure analysts are also dealing with parts that failed prema- several undesirable phenomena associated with reaching excessive turely in service. Why? Perhaps something had not been done prop- temperatures and thermal gradients. erly during heat treating or perhaps inadequate equipment and/ Overheating is one of the most common causes of cracking. or a process recipe were used for a particular component without Extreme temperatures result in grain boundary liquation (incipient appropriately addressing its geometrical features or hardness pat- melting) associated with liquation of low-melting phases and steel’s impurities concentrated at grain boundaries, leading to a degradation of those boundaries. Weakened grain structure significantly increases the steel’s brittleness, sensitivity to developing intergranular cracking, and negatively affects the overall metallurgical outcome of IH [2]. The phenomenon of grain boundary liquation can be amplified by the segre- gation of manganese, sulfur, copper, and some other elements to the austenitic grain boundaries. Both phosphorus and sulfur Figure 3: Side-by-side comparison of two SEM images of as-quenched structures. The left image illustrates markedly affect the steel overheating tem- moderately liquated grain boundaries steel, while the right image shows a so-called “clean” structure [2]. peratures, increasing steel’s tendency for a crack initiation. As an example, Figure 3 (left) illustrates steel microstructures exhibiting grain boundary liquation. A network (chains) of liquated areas located at the grain boundaries is easily visible. As a comparison, the image in Figure 3 (right) shows a so-called “clean” structure. Different magnitudes of overheating cause various degrees of grain boundary liquation and are commonly designated as Figure 4: Severe grain boundary liquation must be avoided because it is associated with extreme brittleness slight, moderate, or severe. This designation and notch sensitivity leading to intergranular cracking. is relatively subjective and might be different for different corporate standards. tern requirements resulting in a compromised outcome of the heat Certain geometrical features could make a component become treatment that might not be easy to detect. prone to localized heat surpluses during austenitization, which could cause a crack initiation during subsequent spray quench- FACTOR OF COMPONENT’S GEOMETRY ing. Longitudinal or transverse holes, keyways, flanges, undercuts, Induction scan-hardening is one of the most popular techniques splines, sharp edges, shoulders, and corners are typical examples of to strengthen steel components. An increased popularity of scan- such geometrical irregularities and discontinuities. hardening is associated with several distinguished advantages of Nevertheless, such features are not unique as they are com- this technology, including but not limited to a lower capital cost commonly found on many transmission and engine components [1,2]. pared with alternative processes. Scan hardening exhibits impres- Therefore, it might be unavoidable to have a certain degree of incipi- sive process flexibility with respect to the workpiece length and, to ent melting at grain boundaries when induction hardening com- some extent, variations in a part’s diameter. In scan hardening, the plex geometries. In cases like this, some corporate standards might inductor or workpiece (or both) can move linearly relative to each allow a slight amount of grain-boundary liquation. The presence other during the hardening cycle [2]. Depending on workflow, the of compressive residual stresses of appreciable magnitude that is system can be built vertically, horizontally, and at an angle, though quite typical in induction surface hardening applications is often vertical-scan hardening is the most popular design for a number sufficient in preventing “opening” slightly liquated grain bound- of reasons, including a reduced equipment footprint and natural aries. Severe grain boundary liquation must be avoided, because it quench flow due to gravity. is associated with extreme brittleness, notch sensitivity, and poor The advantage of scan hardening is that only a small portion of fracture toughness, leading to failure caused by intergranular a component’s needed hardened length is heated at a given time, cracking (Figure 4).

28 SEPTEMBER 2019 INDUCTOHEAT An Inductotherm Group Company

thermalprocessing.com 29 FACTOR OF INADEQUATE SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT nominal 5 mm (0.2 in.) hardness case depth requiring a frequency of AND/OR PROCESS PARAMETERS 5 to 7 kHz range to ensure more in-depth heat generation. However, Another example of an impact of very common geometrical irregu- the day after that, you might need to through-harden both: 8 mm larities on results of heat treatment would be a scan hardening of and 25 mm diameter pins. stepped shafts consisting of multiple diameter changes, sharp shoul- This example emphasizes an importance for modern induction ders, as well as a combination of solid and hollow sections and wall hardening systems to have a capability to effectively control not thickness changes. The user may also specify appreciably different only power density during scanning but also the depth of heat hardness case depths along the length of a workpiece for multifunc- generation. Unfortunately, the majority of commercially available tional, complex geometry components. medium- and high-frequency power sources are designed to deliver All these geometrical features are quite typical and can produce a certain frequency, which cannot be instantly (practically speak- unwanted deviations in hardness patterns, metallurgical structures, ing) and deliberately changed to an appreciable degree during scan magnitude, and distribution of stresses, which could unfortunately hardening [1]. develop favorable conditions for a grain boundary liquation and a New generations of inverters (Statipower® IFP™) developed by crack development. Therefore, a capability to control not only heat- Inductoheat eliminates this drawback and simplifies achieving ing intensity but also the depth of heat generation during scan hard- the required hardness pattern without compromising metallurgical quality [1-3]. This innovative technology enables instant, independent adjustment of power and frequency (5-60 kHz) in a preprogrammed manner during the heating cycle

Frequency optimizing electromagnetic, thermal, and metallurgical conditions of your products and offering numerous considerable ben- Power efits (Figure 5). Power IFP technology (Independent Frequency and Power control) effectively addresses industry needs for cost-effectiveness and superior process flexibility, greatly expanding induction equipment capabilities, simpli- Frequency, fying process development, and enhancing metallurgical quality. Process Time Therefore, if one automotive company comes to a processing company and then, a day after tomorrow, another one with a total- Figure 5: New generations of inverters (Statipower-IFP) developed by Inductoheat enable instant, ly different requirement needs processing; a independent adjustment of power and frequency (5-60 kHz) in a preprogrammed manner during the heating cycle, optimizing electromagnetic, thermal, and metallurgical conditions and greatly expanding component supplier would be able to process induction equipment capabilities. those parts using the same equipment available at their shops. ening is imperative for a great majority of modern IH applications. In induction heat treating, the coil is commonly dedicated to Temperature distribution across the radius/thickness of a work- a particular component’s geometry, but its cost is relatively small piece is primarily a function of the applied frequency, power density, compared to the cost of the entire system and, in particular, an and the heat time/scan rate. Frequency is a single most critical fac- inverter. Thus, if the power supply will provide greater flexibility, tor that affects the depth of heat generation in induction heating, then it will be a big cost-saving deal in our highly competitive world. because frequency determines depth of eddy current penetration. In The extent of projects that can be undertaken with Inductoheat’s addition, the frequency exhibits a potent impact on a reduction of patented technology is widening as the company works to introduce heat surpluses when dealing with the most geometrical irregulari- new models that expand coverage of different ranges of frequencies ties and discontinuities. and maximum powers. In a majority of cases, an optimal frequency that would appropriately address all geometrical features and hardness depth require- STRESSES, THEIR APPEARANCE, AND IMPACT ments of modern components simply does not exist. This is why ON CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION conventional scan hardening equipment applying a fixed frequency Stresses are prime causes of cracking. It is imperative to have a clear must always compromise between achieving the desired metallur- understanding regarding nature and causes of stresses while discuss- gical quality, process capability, production rate, distribution, and ing a subject of cracking in heat treating. magnitude of transient and residual stresses as well as developing Stresses can be classified in several different ways. Depending on structures free of cracking and excessive distortion. the distance over which they extend, stresses can be “macroscopic” or Besides that, global competitiveness demands that heat treaters “microscopic.” Macroscopic stresses typically appear at a distance that be extremely flexible. Long-term customers may move their produc- exceeds several grains. In contrast, microscopic stresses take place tion at a minute’s notice, and heat treaters must be flexible to a within a grain and include stresses that appear on the atomic level. market demand [1]. For example, today, you might need to surface Studies of residual stresses in steel heat treating typically focus on harden 12 mm (~0.5 in.) diameter pins with an effective hardness the distribution and magnitude of macroscopic stresses [1,4]. case depth of 1.6 mm (0.0625 in.). This would normally require a On the basis of their cause in IH, several types of stresses are frequency in the 50-60 kHz range. Tomorrow, the product might encountered, including thermal stresses, phase transformation change, and you need to run a 30 mm (1.2 in.) diameter shaft with a stresses, and applied stresses. Thermal stresses are caused by differ-

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SM TP Corporate FPg.indd 1 7/12/2019 2:07:50 PM ent magnitudes of temperature and thermal gradients, as well as es and develop crack initiation resulting in subsurface cracking. Thus, unequal metal expansion/contraction. if in doubt, stress relieving of a workpiece before IH should be done. Phase transformation stresses primarily occur because of volu- Transient stresses. In addition to initial stresses, there are transient metric changes accompanying the formation of different phases such stresses, which occur during IH due to volumetric expansions and as austenite, bainite, martensite, and others. contractions associated with temperatures, thermal gradients, and the Applied stresses during IH are associated with the specifics of phase transformations. Our experience shows that in IH, the transient tooling/fixture of heat-treated components during heating and stresses are responsible for the great majority of cracking. quenching. For example, cylinder workpieces (such as shaft surface Residual stresses. These stresses remain within the workpiece hardening) experience compressive and torsion stresses during their after the IH process is completed. Thus, residual stresses are the prod- rotation in single-shot or scan-hardened systems. uct of initial and transient stresses, and they exist in an absence of In applications requiring through hardening, a workpiece firmly external force or temperature gradients. In many cases, these stresses held between two holders, centers, or nests, will “try” to expand dur- can be very beneficial, complementing desirable microstructural ing the heating cycle, potentially causing disproportionate applied changes in providing needed engineering characteristics. In other stresses and developing favorable conditions for an excessive distor- cases, magnitudes and the distribution of residual stresses may be tion (due to buckling) and potential cracking. Allowing for a part harmful, increasing crack sensitivity, facilitating crack initiation and propagation, causing delay cracking, and shortening the component’s service life. “Fishbone” Diagram of Cracking and Troubleshooting These stresses can elevate or reduce the mean stress occurred during the component’s service life. Surface-compressive resid- Inproper prior Sharp edges metal working practice & shoulders ual stresses are considered desirable in most (i.e., folds, burrs, torn metal, Part severe chatter, grain growth, geometry Coil geometry applications. Among other factors, these micro-cracks) stresses are important for improving the Non-homogeneous structures (e.g., Coupling fatigue properties of the workpiece, delay- severely segregated Poor (air gap) & banded chamfer and ing the crack initiation and the propagation structures) Excessive roundings inclusions of micro-cracks, and providing desirable pro- & foreign Location, Geometry tection against geometrical stress risers (e.g., elements orientation & size related Material Chemical of holes, groves, Part scratches, notches) as well as microstruc- related composition & undercuts, groves & positioning residuals other geometrical tural heterogeneities. Compressive residual Quench irregularities stresses are particularly beneficial to parts delay Fixture Tooling integrity Flow rate set-up that experience bending, impact, and/or and pressure Concentration Energy torsion in service. They enhance the fatigue Quench Calibration Field resistance because the applied stresses in fluctuation uniformity service are often tensile, and the presence Temperature Higher order harmonics of the compressive residual surface stresses Quench Contaminations Load Power helps minimize the magnitude of the sum related Matching Type of cycle of both decreasing the mean stress. quenchant Copper Overheating It is important to remember that the overheating Burns from Quench sparks residual stress system is self-equilibrating; time De-carburization that is, there is always a balance of stresses Inductor Grain profiling Coil bondary within the workpiece owing to static equi- impedance liquation Other factors that librium. If certain regions have compres- might indicate Inductor Excessive sive residual stresses, then somewhere else Type of crack tendancy to design Flux concentrator grain coarsening potential there must be offsetting tensile stresses. If and scaling problem the stresses were not balanced, “movement” Figure 6: “Fishbone” diagram of cracking and prevention in induction hardening revealing the complexity of would then result; this is bad. this subject and its interrelated nature [2,5]. Tensile residual stresses of a certain magnitude and location can be dangerous, growth by using a low-pressure spring on one of support/tooling end making a negative impact on fatigue resistance, and they may also could help reduce those stresses and solve this problem. cause stress-corrosion cracking in the presence of a corrosive envi- Although stresses are three dimensional (3D) in nature, having ronment. These stresses are combined with the load stresses in axial, circumferential (hoop), and radial components, a discussion service, amplifying the magnitude of the total stress, which may is often simplified by considering them as one-dimensional stresses exceed the strength of material resulting in a crack development. (highest magnitude stress). In applications where only surface hardening is required, the On the basis of the timing of their appearance, stresses can be maximum of the tensile residual stress is commonly located just divided into three groups: initial, transient, and residual stresses. beneath the hardened case within the transition zone, and it is often Initial stresses. Initial stresses are “hidden” within the “green” part. responsible for subsurface crack initiation. Their distribution and magnitude depend on the manufacturing steps The greater magnitude of residual tensile stresses of the surface preceding IH (casting, forging, welding, rolling, upsetting, drawing, hardened component is usually associated with increased brittle- etc.). For example, the maximum of tensile stresses is commonly ness and notch sensitivity, reduced toughness, and fatigue strength. located in the core of hot-forged components. During heating, initial This is one of the reasons for specifying a stress relief/tempering stresses of appreciable magnitude may combine with transient stress- after IH, which helps reduce the peak of the tensile residual stress

32 SEPTEMBER 2019 and shift it farther from regions of applied stress, while retaining and initial prior microstructure, as well as appropriate thermal his- the useful surface compressive stresses. tory. In some cases, what is supposed to be the same grade of steel In contrast, in through-hardening applications, the surface residu- purchased from two different suppliers may have appreciable varia- al stresses are frequently tensile, but under certain quenching conditions of composition and properties. tions, they can be reversed into compression. In real-world needs, producers of IH equipment should have the Mathematical modeling is an essential tool that helps assess the experience and analysis necessary to help heat-treat practitioners complexity of transient and residual stress distributions, taking into with specific problems. consideration the intricacy of the kinetics of displacive and recon- An interested reader can find numerous publications and words of structive transformations based on thermodynamic and phenom- wisdom shared by industry experts to avoid a part’s cracking. Some enological approaches and has been discussed in many publications. of the recommendations and simple remedies to eliminate or mini- Some of the most intensive computer-modeling studies of stresses mize the probability of cracking will be outlined and explained in in induction heat treatment are those conducted by scientists from Part 2 of this article. companies such as DANTE Solutions, Inc. REFERENCES FISHBONE DIAGRAM OF CRACKING [ 1 ] G.Doyon, V.Rudnev, C.Russell, J.Maher, Revolution – not an evolution – nec- IN INDUCTION HARDENING essary to advance induction heat treating, Advance Materials & Processes, Virtually an endless variety of components routinely induction September, 2017, pp. 72-80. hardened call for a corresponding, almost endless, variety of process [ 2 ] V.Rudnev, D.Loveless, R.Cook, Handbook of Induction Heating, CRC Press, 2017. recipes and inductor designs. Each of these components has its own [ 3 ] www.inductoheat.com “personality” that affects the outcome of heat treatment, including a propensity to cracking. Figure 6 shows the “fishbone” diagram of [ 4 ] ASM Handbook Volume 11: Failure Analysis and Prevention, ASM International, cracking and prevention related to IH, revealing the complexity of 1998. this very broad subject [2,5]. [ 5 ] V.Rudnev, Troubleshooting cracking in induction hardening, Heat Treating We hope readers of this article would never experience a cracking Progress, ASM Intl., August, 2003, pp.27-28. problem. but if such an event occurs, then this fishbone diagram might be helpful since one or several factors of this diagram might be causing a crack initiation. As can be concluded from the fishbone diagram, the potential ABOUT THE AUTHOR causes of cracking can be categorized into seven main groups: Gary Doyon, Dr. Valery Rudnev, Randall Minnick, and Tim Boussie are with Inductoheat Inc., an Inductotherm Group company. ››Material related. ››Geometry of the workpiece. ››Power/energy cycle (heating stage) and unspecified heating conditions. ››Improper quenching conditions (including quench severity and uniformity). N BLE ››Inadequate inductor design. INDUSTRIAL FURNACE CO. INC. ››Improper accessories, tooling, fixtures. ››Other factors. Even a cursory look at Figure 6 unveils the intricacy and challenges in determining the root cause and the consequential factors associated with cracking. If cracking occurs, there may be a number of interrelated factors responsible for its appearance. Understanding a broad spectrum of factors associated with various failure modes is an important step in developing crack-free processes. At a minimum, an analyst must have knowledge in failure analysis, electromagnet- ics, metallurgy, materials science, mechanics, heat transfer, chemis- DESIGN & FABRICATION try, spectroscopy, and other disciplines. It is difficult to overestimate OF CUSTOMIZED THERMAL an importance to have a sufficient degree of familiarity with the hardening equipment and process specifics of a particular machine PROCESSING FURNACES under investigation. Emergency and scheduled repairs of all brands Cracks that occur very infrequently are usually the most difficult of heat treat ovens, furnaces and equipment. to fix because some of those occurrences may take place so rarely Annual maintenance programs. they may be considered as a statistical event, and their root cause(s) is often associated with previous stages of a manufacturing chain. Each preceding stage of manufacturing exhibits a potential for certain problem(s) for which the IH is sometimes blamed. It is much easier to determine the root cause of cracking if crack ini-  tiation can be turned “on” and “off” by modifying process parameters. FOR SALE Newly refurbished 1000# hr oil quench furnace line If, for some reason, steel does not respond to heat treatment in an expected way, developing cracking, then one of the first steps in 860-623-9256 determining the root cause for such unexpected behavior is to make [email protected] • noblefurnace.com sure the steel has the proper chemical composition, homogeneity,

thermalprocessing.com 33 34 SEPTEMBER 2019 An innovative new furnace design means safer processing with simple, yet advanced automation, all with the proven performance of low pressure processed parts.

By MARK K. HEMSATH

tmosphere furnace or vacuum furnace, which to use? In carburizing, for instance, the workhorse furnace is the atmosphere gas carburizing furnace with integral A oil quench. However, inroads in this hardening market have been made by so-called “low pressure carburizing” (LPC) furnaces. LPC uses a carbon gas, but it is introduced at pressures below atmospheric pressure (i.e. vacuum). Vacuum carburizing (LPC) has been around for decades, but high costs and affordability have been issues when combined with an integral oil quench to allow for effective hardening of lower alloy steels. So, the question was asked, “If one were to newly design and build a furnace today that is both a well-performing furnace, but still affordable, what would that furnace look like?” One can imagine the typical customer saying they want all the best features, but also for a low cost. Well, the answer today is that intelligent and affordable carburizing and hardening only needs a Super IQ™ furnace. Fortunately, such a furnace is now available. The Super IQ™ furnace means safer processing with simple, yet advanced automation, all with the proven performance of low pressure processed parts. Low pressure processing means no use of endothermic gas and its inherent environmental issues or safety concerns. Such a furnace combines the benefits of low-pressure carburizing technology with a simple atmosphere oil quench. Great technology without affordability means it will not be read- ily accepted by industry nor widely adopted, so affordability was a must. Hence, the design needs to be as simple and affordable as it is practical. The intelligent design of this new furnace style accom- plishes these goals. Figure 1: 3D model of the final designed Super IQTM. WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE Figure 1 shows a 3D model of this new technology, which combines ››The heating chamber can easily be used at temperatures over an atmosphere integral oil quench and low-pressure carburizing 2,000°F (Tool steels, etc.). technology in the heating chamber. The obvious question is: What ››Elimination of dangerous carbon monoxide gases. is unique here? Well, until now, the equipment performing both LPC ››Quiet operation. and vacuum hardening was always coupled with either a vacuum oil ››Clean operation – no smoke and/or soot. quench or a very high pressure (20 bar absolute) gas quench. These types of quenches are expensive, even though they have been built WHAT IS DIFFERENT? for decades. However, the simplicity of an integral oil quench coupled Atmosphere Designs to a gas atmosphere hardening furnace is a low cost, long-proven Atmosphere integral (sealed) quench furnaces, either in a batch in- technology. Hence, the need is to combine these technologies to out or continuous straight-through configuration, were introduced reduce the ownership cost of this equipment. to industry more than 70 years ago. They have seen some design This new furnace looks like a typical gas carburizing furnace. modifications/improvements over this time but with few real sig- Figure 2 shows the as-built new Super IQ™ furnace installed at a high- nificant technological changes. Almost every heat treater knows this production heat-treat facility. This design is not revolutionary, but furnace style or owns one. A typical, old-style atmosphere integral rather, it is evolutionary. It is not a hybrid design, but a re-imagining quench furnace (as shown in Figure 3) has four main components: of the existing, old-style atmosphere integral quench furnace (shown ››A heating chamber with either gas-fired radiant tubes or electri- in the next Figure 3). This new furnace design results in: cal heating elements and an atmosphere recirculating fan. ››Elimination of the need for endothermic gas. ››An oil quench with oil-agitation system and oil-cooling system. ››Elimination of flames from the flame curtain and billowing ››Instrumentation and controls, often including only a limited hydrogen and CO gases. form of HMI (Human Machine Interface).

thermalprocessing.com 35 ››Gas sensors — often in the form of oxygen (carbon) probes and gas analyzers — and ports to add shim-steel stock to determine quality of the atmosphere to make manual and/or automatic adjustment of hydrocarbon (natural gas or propane), air, and/or ammonia additions. Various manufacturers have added additional features or variations to these basic furnace styles.

Vacuum Designs Low-pressure vacuum-carburizing furnaces, either in a batch in-out or continuous straight-through configuration, were mostly commercialized in the mid-1990s based on designs conceptualized even earlier. The driving force behind this technology was the aerospace industry, and the initial uses were mostly vacuum hardening with vacuum oil quenching. The perfection of low-pressure carburizing expanded the use of these fur- Figure 2: The new atmosphere integral quench furnace (batch in-out style), known as Super IQTM. naces. A high-volume production design of such a vacuum hardening furnace (straight through with pre-heat) by SECO/WARWICK is shown in Figure 4. Such a typical vacuum integral quench furnace also has four main components: ››A vacuum heating chamber with electric heating elements and a cold-wall design. Typical vacuum level being on the order of 10 -3 Torr. ››Either an oil quench or separate high- pressure gas quench chamber. ››Instrumentation and controls, including comprehensive vacuum programmable controller and extended HMI (Human Machine Interface). ››Process simulation and development software primarily to allow the repeatability of the carburized case based on many factors such as case depth, carbon profile, part geometry, and surface area. In the batch in-out configuration, an entry vestibule (above the oil) is provided, Figure 3: Typical atmosphere integral quench furnace (batch in-out style) with radiant tube fired heating. in the case of the straight through design, a pre-heat chamber shortens the heating/carburizing cycle (Figure 4). door is closed, and nitrogen is further introduced to reduce oxygen levels even more. Shortly after purging, the hot door to the heating PERFORMANCE OF THE NEW FURNACE DESIGN chamber (which also contains nitrogen and is at an elevated “pre- Low-Pressure Carburizing heat” temperature) opens. After transfer to the heating chamber, Little discussion needs to be spent on the low-pressure carburizing a convection assist fan helps pre-heat the load before a vacuum is features and benefits (often referred to as vacuum carburizing), as pulled on the heating chamber. Once the entire part load has reached this is well-proven technology employed in dozens of furnaces (see temperature and is uniformly at temperature, a hydrocarbon gas the references at the end of this article for deeper details). Being that source is added per the recipe from the software-assisted simulation. the heating chamber is a high temperature vacuum chamber, this Typical gas mixtures are 100-percent acetylene. furnace style is also well-proven technology for decarb-free hardening of a wide variety of performance alloys, without the need for Process Confirmation Testing shim stock experimentation to prove the atmosphere efficacy. The There were tests performed to establish the operation steps need- desired vacuum level, readable with a standard vacuum gage, easily ed for this new furnace design and to prove the quality with the verifies the atmosphere (vacuum) purity. absence of both vacuum in the transfer to quench or endothermic Operation of this new furnace requires nitrogen purging after gas in the transfer to oil quench. Three steel grades were selected putting the load into the loading vestibule over the oil. The loading for process comparison with known atmosphere and vacuum car -

36 SEPTEMBER 2019 Figure 4: Typical vacuum integral quench furnace, continuous, straight-through style.

burizing results: ››SAE 5120 (20MnCr5): A popular carburizing grade used in the automotive and transportation industry. ››X4317H (18CrNiMo7-6): A carburizing grade used in the energy segment. ››SAE 9310 (14NiCrMo13-4): A carburizing grade by the aerospace, industrial, and automotive industries. Various process variables were fixed and common to all testing including: ››Loads were charged into the vacuum heating chamber at ambient temperature. ››Pump down heating chamber to the 10-3 Torr range. yyHeat in vacuum. yyCarburize with acetylene at 980°C (1,800°F) to a case depth of 0.80-1.00 mm (0.032 – 0.040”) effective case depth measured at 550HV (52.5 HRC). Figure 5: Verification of process under varying levels of oxygen contamination yyDrop temperature from the carburizing temperature to the (3 to 350 ppm O2). SAE 5120 or 20MnCr5 steel grade. Surface hardness was greater than 62 HRC on all samples. hardening temperature. ››Immediately before quenching, backfill the heating chamber with nitrogen to atmospheric pressure (while measuring the oxygen content). yyTransfer the load onto the quench elevator. One of the design requirements set yyQuench into 60°C (140°F) agitated oil. ››Quench for 30 minutes in the oil, raise the elevator and allow was to create a furnace that not the load to drain prior to unloading. only competes with the quality of ››Wash and temper all samples (at appropriate tempering tem- gas carburizing by beating it, but peratures). TEST RESULTS – ABSENCE OF PART the furnace also needed to be a CONTAMINATION DURING LOAD TRANSFER realistically priced option to those Intergranular oxidation (IGO) was still prevented with this new furnace design. The nitrogen atmosphere was even purposefully con- buying a standard atmosphere taminated to simulate oxygen contamination during transfer from the heating chamber to quench, but results were still acceptable. integral quench furnace. Cryogenic nitrogen from a bulk tank was used for the tests. The

thermalprocessing.com 37 end result — after extensive metallurgical examination using optical and scanning electron microscopy and hardness verification — was that no contamination affected the materials.

TEST RESULTS – HARDNESS AND CASE DEPTH CONFIRMATION Typical results for hardness tests are shown in Figure 5.

LOADING THE FURNACE AND INTEGRATION WITH EXISTING LOADERS The design team decided that loading should not only be similar to existing methods, but that integration with popular loaders from other makers of gas-carburizing-style furnaces was a feature worth designing in. In Figure 6, one can see the old-fashioned gas carburizer with its inherent flames during unloading. Directly across from it is the new, clean Super IQ, which uses the same loader. As in any furnace design, the engineers must make compromises between features, size, and cost factors. One of the design requirements set was to create a furnace that not only competes with the quality of gas carburizing by beating it, but the furnace also needed to be a realistically priced option to those buying a standard atmosphere integral quench furnace. Until now, vacuum carburizing required almost twice the investment of similar old-fashioned gas equipment. Since no endothermic genera- tors are needed, the new Super IQ is even simpler, and the costs are not far apart from the much older technology. There is no longer an excuse to avoid going with clean, productive, and state-of-the-art furnace equipment. To keep things even simpler, only one size Figure 6: Shared loader with decades-old existing gas carburizing integral quench furnace and modern is offered. The design team decided to offer Super IQTM. only the popular 36” x 36” x 48” deep size. Those using smaller sizes can turn their trays around and double [ 3 ] Kula, Piotr., Maciej Korecki, Robert Pietraski, Emila Stanczyk-Wolowic, Konard the production. Those using the most popular size are ready to go. Dybowski, Lukasz Kolodziejczyk, Radomir Atraskiewicz and Michal Krasowski, Washing and tempering equipment can be shared, or basic tempers FineCarb – The Flexible System for Low Pressure Carburizing. and washers can be added. [ 4 ] Herring, Daniel H., Technology Trends in Vacuum Heat Treating, Part Two: One final factor for the design team was to create a furnace design Processes and Applications, Industrial Heating, November 2008. that exhibited high-production capability, much like the atmosphere [ 5 ] Kula, Piotr and Josef Olejnik and Janusz Kowalweski, New Vacuum Carburizing units. This means fast transfer into a pre-heated chamber, the ability Technology, Heat Treating Progress, Feb/March 2004. to carburize at higher temperatures (without furnace degradations), [ 6 ] Herring, D. H., Why Vacuum Carburizing is Effective for Today and Tomorrow, and a unit that can perform other processes such as fast through I-III, Industrial Heating, June, September, October, 198. hardening, annealing, normalizing, etc. Intelligent furnace design [ 7 ] Herring, D. H. and Read, G.P., Vacuum Carburizing Developments, Metallurgia, needs a Super IQ. May 1986. [ 8 ] Herring, D. H., A Comparison of Atmosphere and Vacuum Carburizing REFERENCES Technology, Industrial Heating, January 2002. [ 1 ] Vacuum Carburizing Patents: SECO/WARWICK (U. S. Patent No. 7,513,958 and U. S. Patent No. 7,550,049, JH Corporation (US Patent No. 5,702,540), Solar Atmospheres (U. S. Patent No. 7,541,035), Surface Combustion, Inc. (U. ABOUT THE AUTHOR S. Patent No. 7,267,793). Mark Hemsath is director of Nitriding and Super IQ product manager for [ 2 ] Warwick, William, “Case Hardening under Vacuum with Oil Quenching,” SECO/VACUUM Technologies LLC. www.secovacusa.com, a SECO/WARWICK Industrial Heating, January 2018. Group company.

38 SEPTEMBER 2019 REACH MORE CUSTOMERS Advertise with us in print and online, and you can reach over 16,000 readers – many who are key decision makers at their companies.

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thermalprocessing.com 39 COMPANY PROFILE /// CYPRIUM INDUCTION

Cyprium Induction performs a number of induction services, including induction heat treat coil and induction forge coil repair, and induction coil and tooling design. (Courtesy: Cyprium Induction)

40 SEPTEMBER 2019 With a broad range of services from coil design, coil repairs, associated tooling builds and repairs, and transformer repairs, Cyprium Induction is dedicated to do all it can to ensure its customers get the highest quality returns.

By KENNETH CARTER, Thermal Processing editor

yprium Induction may be a new name to the induction industry, but the company more than makes up for it when it comes to what it can offer its customers. C As a matter of fact, Cyprium often ends up taking — and completing — jobs that other, more established induction companies sometimes turn down. “I’ve made a good name for myself, and as a company, we have made tremendous strides in the short five years that I’ve been in business. We have customers that prefer to not go anywhere else because our team has achieved difficult patterns on parts that were extremely problematic for them both currently or in the past,” said James Link, president and founder of Cyprium Induction. “Manufacturing companies currently using other induction suppliers and who have not achieved acceptable pattern have reached out to Cyprium Induction, and we’ve stepped in and achieved success, many times on our first attempt.”

INDUCTION SERVICES Cyprium Induction performs a number of induction services, including induction heat treat coil and induction forge coil repair, and induction coil and tooling design. The company supplies all new tooling as well as repair of Buss Bars, Quench heads, Quick Disconnects, and all associated tooling. Cyprium also repairs power supply iso- lation transformers, offers industrial electrical coatings, in-plant consultation, and much more. “I would say to anyone in the industry using induction, that we can offer expert tooling advice,” Link said. “We almost always get pattern on the first shot with our coil designs. Very rarely do we have to modify it, but we don’t charge for modifications to our design, because we are extremely confident in applying our knowledge to designs. We also offer spare parts; we’re an OEM supplier of Jackson Transformer and Hunterdon styles as well, so we can supply brand new transformers when customers request such.” Link also stresses that Cyprium is a full-service shop. It can sup - ply new equipment as well as refurbish any type of old induction equipment in-house. “Where we stand out from a lot of people is that we actually do transformer repair in-house,” Link said. “We can turn around a transformer in a week, and that just prevents a tremendous amount of An “M.I.Q.” coil. (Courtesy: Cyprium Induction) downtime for our customers. We also use a proprietary coating on our transformers that extends the life and is able to take thermal went with this place called Heating Induction Services. I met the shock and standard wear much better than the traditional nylon.” owner, who was George Haddad, and George started talking to me about things and showed me some of the machines that he had built. SUCCESSFUL PARTNERSHIP And I said, ‘Hey, do you want to work as a collective unit on selling Another key part of Cyprium’s success is the company’s partnership heat treating and induction-forging systems?’ Because I do induc- with Heating Induction Services, according to Link. tion forge and induction heat treat. Once I saw how clean and well- “A few years ago, a couple of my customers had asked me if I had designed his systems were, I instantly had 100-percent confidence a place for power supplies or who I’d recommend,” he said. “So, I in them. And I knew we would be a good team.”

thermalprocessing.com 41 Haddad agreed, and a collaboration began. Cyprium Induction and Heating Induction Services also won’t cut corners when designing the best equipment for its customers, according to Link. “We are able to walk in their plant, and they simply give us a square footage of what they have to work with along with other important information (ceiling height, available power, etc.),” he said. “We can quote, design, and build a machine all the way from part loading, heating, and then unloading. So, it’s not like we’re just selling an induction box. We’re selling a full service, turnkey induction machine. That goes for induction hardening or tempering and also forging and melting as well. George Haddad and I are a great team, due to the fact that if we go into a meeting together for a new system, you can get your questions answered thoroughly, accurately, and on the spot.” The two companies have been designing and building systems together as such, according to Link. Heating Induction Services designs and builds all the mechanical and all the power aspects of This rendering of a dual spindle scanner is currently being built for a customer. it and the material handling, and Cyprium does all the inductors, The rendering, as well as progress photos of the build, will be available at inductor design, and induction tooling associated with the machines. Cyprium Induction’s booth at Heat Treat 2019. (Courtesy: Cyprium Induction) “And then, we collectively offer a complete package,” he said. “When we do machine quotes, both of our names are at the very top of the paper. He’s a separate company; I’m a separate company, but we work in connection together to give the customer the best service and advice.” Induction is growing rapidly, but as it grows, so does the technology, according to Link. “For example, the systems we offer are technologically advanced for this industry,” he said. “We are also working on prototype data- collection software for the machines far ahead of its time. I think this can be intimidating to some of the heat-treating shops out there, which use no or very little induction. To them I would say: Take my lead; stick your neck out there, and switch to induction. We will be there with you every step of the way. We can recommend the power and frequency of a machine for your part, design induction tooling to get pattern, build the machine, and even test it and program the machine for you at Heating Induction Services’ building. This might sound cliché, but when choosing to get into induction or stepping up to try more challenging work, you should ultimately choose us.”

MEETING CHALLENGES HEAD ON The collaboration between Cyprium Induction and Heating Induction Services has allowed Link to focus on what he finds the most challenging: taking on the most difficult projects. “We take pride in taking challenging projects on, to the point where I have taken on coils such as large crankshaft coils, extremely A transformer repair. (Courtesy: Cyprium Induction) stringent pattern profiles on types of yokes, which many of my com- petitors have ‘no-quoted,’” he said. “They were difficult projects, but I am here to win your business, of course, but while I’m here, show I firmly believe that to consistently advance, you must tirelessly chal- me what you would like to see improvement in.’ Whether or not you lenge yourself, your company, and the ‘norm.’” use us, you might as well take the time to ask me some questions With Cyprium’s and Heating Induction Services’ combined exper- because if I can spot your problem firsthand, I am going to tell you on tise, Link stressed that no challenge is too big or difficult, adding the spot. One customer brought a project to me where he was getting that his sales staff also have strong engineering backgrounds. They one part every 28 seconds. He needed to speed up production, and can collectively handle everything to the most demanding induction with a total coil redesign, he was able to achieve his desired pattern forge lines, melting lines, or any type of induction heat treating or in only seven seconds.” tempering projects. They can also routinely design and build loading Any job that involves induction is fair game to Cyprium, accord- and unloading systems to offer a turnkey machine, and all on Solid ing to Link. Works for real-time rendering. “Before we take it on, we will tell you if it’s probable or even if it “The technical sales team that we have, we can go into a place, and is impossible, and I’ve had to tell people that bad news before, based if you’re having issues, we aren’t going to kind of look around, look on their machine parameters in relation to the part and desired at the floor and say, ‘Hey, we’ll beat the price. We’ll give you faster pattern,” he said. “We’re pretty forthcoming, but pretty much I tell turnaround,’” he said. “I’ve always said, ‘Show me what your issue is. people, ‘I guarantee you that if we take the project on, we will work

42 SEPTEMBER 2019 with you to get your desired pattern.’” evolved into the modern “copper.” Since copper is involved in the induction process, it made sense BIG STRIDES IN A SHORT TIME to Link to use the ancient word for the metal in the company name, Cyprium has accomplished quite a few things in its short lifetime, making way for Cyprium Induction. but one of the things Link finds he’s most proud of is the inroads the And just like that resilient and highly sought-after metal, Link company has made in five years. predicts Cyprium’s expertise will continue to be a welcome com- “I have come to the forefront of induction in just five years,” he modity as the company moves into the future. said. “To gain a reputation in high quality in a very short amount of “I think in the next 10 to 20 years, Cyprium Induction is going to be time is our proudest achievement.” one of the front runners in the induction industry,” he said. “I would That constant search for the highest quality in every job it takes even say my goal is worldwide. I would say down the road in the next on is what helped Cyprium at the beginning and what continues to 10 years that we’re going to be an international, recognized name in push the company’s success, according to Link. the induction industry, and that’s kind of my goal to supply all induc- “When I started this company, I just had a couple customers that tion machines with expert design and the highest quality repairs.” were willing to give Cyprium Induction a chance and start giving me some work,” he said. “And those first customers that I have, we’ve HEAT TREAT 2019 held onto them, and there are some customers that choose us over But here in the present, Link expects Cyprium to make a splash at all else because we’re really good at induction coil design and ser- this year’s Heat Treat Expo, where Cyprium and Heating Induction vice. We don’t rest until we get pattern for our customers, mean- Services will have adjoining booths. ing that I’ve taken coils back that didn’t get pattern and completely “Attendees should expect to have some pretty knowledgeable dis- redesigned it on my dime, and then got pattern. We also have the cussions, and they should expect to get answers right there on the best customers you could ever ask for. We have discussions with our spot,” he said. “If they have a question with a part or current project customer regularly, and they all offer great opinions and ideas.” they are battling with, let us look at it. I would just ask people, if they are going to come with a particular project, they should bring docu- WHAT’S WITH THE NAME? mentation of what their machine’s power and frequency is. Have that Tenacity may be at the heart of Cyprium Induction, but it’s not what ready, and we can offer expert advice based on the information and it means. have some very detailed discussions.” Cyprium has an ancient connection, being the word Romans used for copper alloys such as bronze. The copper was mined from Cyprus, which is where the word is derived. The word eventually MORE INFO www.cypriuminduction.com

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thermalprocessing.com 43 Q&A /// INTERVIEWS WITH INDUSTRY INSIDERS

HEAT TREAT 2019 “This show allows us to meet with many of our existing customers as well as introduce our products and capabilities to new attendees.”

EAT TREAT 2019, is scheduled to hit Detroit, Michigan, October 15–17. The show will bring thousands of industry experts and insiders to the motor city, where they will be on hand with knowledge to take heat-treating into 2020 and beyond. Thermal Processing reached out to several exhibitors and asked them to share their plans forHEAT TREAT 2019. If you’re H going to be at the show, be sure and stop by their booths for more information.

(Courtesy: ASM International) ADVANCED ENERGY INDUSTRIES AFC-HOLCROFT Booth #1008 Booth #1809 Scott Burkemper, Regional Sales Manager Mike Coburn, Technical Sales Heat Treat Expo is important to Advanced As any manufacturer using heat treatment Energy because it allows us to showcase our for parts processing knows, finding people newest technology and solutions to current knowledgeable on that topic can prove dif- and prospective OEM and end-user custom- ficult. Isn’t that why you visit events like ASM ers. This year, in booth #1008, we will exhibit Heat Treat? AFC-Holcroft will have product our SCR power controllers, pyrometers, and experts on hand, ready to discuss your spe- thermal-imaging technologies for the indus- cific thermal-processing needs. Come in, trial markets. We especially look forward to have a seat, and let one of our experienced, demonstrating how our SCR products provide superior control in a knowledgeable staff discuss your unique situation in a face-to-face wide range of applications, and how our advanced communications setting. Tell us about your production and process requirements, protocols provide easy integration into a connected enterprise for and let us offer suggestions. We’re sure you will find your visit to be data collection and analytics. productive and informative.

44 SEPTEMBER 2019 DEKALB BLOWER vacuum-induction brazing, and forging. Booth #310 Please visit booth 1600 to meet a knowledgeable staff from Inductoheat, Inductotherm Eric Johansen, President Heating & Welding Mexico, Thermatool, and DeKalb Blower is exhibiting in the Heat Treat Expo so customers or PVT Vacuum Thermal Processing Equipment. potential customers may see our offerings, and the patented and Come experience the information highway patent-pending features we offer on our products due to the severity that moves the induction heating industry that most of these fan impellers and components are subject to in onward and upward. See it first hand by the demanding heat-treating industry. These heavy-duty products visiting Inductoheat. Sign up for the ASM organized plant tour of typically add durability and service life to the equipment. We are Inductoheat happening Monday, October 14. We are always available also available to answer any questions that are fan-related and offer at: [email protected] or 248-585-9393 and look forward to meet- insights on any of the issues you may be encountering that are fan- ing you at HTS 2019. or blower-related at your facility. We will also have a lot of great giveaways to all visitors at our booth. INEX INCORPORATED Booth #1418 DIABLO FURNACES Mike Kasprzyk, President Booth #1318 Share and learn is why INEX exhibits and Bill Gornicki, CEO Heat Treat 19 attendees should visit our Diablo Furnaces is a new heat-treating OEM booth. For more than 30 years, we have poised for growth. Supporting well-known been showing heat treaters from all over industrial companies with new equipment, the world how composite radiant tubes Diablo is exhibiting and conveying “Service” can improve their furnace performance by showing our new Utility Van and how it’s (throughput) and reduce maintenance costs. an integral part of our company growth. Most heat treaters know their alloy tubes Service is an extension of every aspect in all eventually fail due to creep or corrosion. Stop by our booth a company from sales, customer relations, and learn how to shorten cycles, speed up continuous furnaces, installation, and aftermarket, and what better symbol to showcase and reduce maintenance/replacement costs for radiant tubes. than our new service vehicle. The ASM HTE is the place where con- And if you are already a customer, please stop by and share your nections happen. If you’re a visitor, exhibitor, supplier, or student, one success. can learn, share, and exchange information under one roof. Diablo is exhibiting and attending to make connections. We are only as strong INTERNATIONAL THERMAL SYSTEMS as our weakest link, so making more connections provides us with Booth #922 better ammunition for solutions. Kurt Willms, Sales Manager GASBARRE THERMAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS ITS has attended the Heat Treat show for Booth #2309 many years, and it is one of our best shows. Heat Treat offers a great combination of net- Ben Gasbarre, President, Gasbarre Industrial Furnace Systems working and educational opportunities. We Gasbarre Thermal Processing Systems are able to meet existing customers and have designs, manufactures, and services ther- the opportunity to connect with potentially mal-processing equipment for virtually any new customers. We also enjoy learning about process. We offer continuous and batch, the new technologies that are being devel- atmosphere and vacuum equipment, and a oped in the ever-changing heat-treating industry. full range of aftermarket parts and services. We are excited to be featuring our precision LASERLINE INC. nitriding system for nitriding, FNC, and Booth #2308 atmosphere tempering/stress relieving processes. Also, look for our Wolfgang Todt, Vice President of U.S. Operations modular vacuum system, designed to give the utmost flexibility as businesses evolve. We provide products and services that combine At Heat Treat 2019, professionals meet and value and design flexibility through knowledge and understanding discuss new advancements in heat-treatment of your process. Stop by booth #2309 to find out how Gasbarre can and additive manufacturing technologies. help drive your success. That’s why Laserline is there. Laserline, Inc. is the largest manufacturer of high-power INDUCTOTHERM GROUP diode lasers, perfectly suited for these appli- Booth #1600 cations. With a power range from 500 W to 60 kW, we pretty much meet any surface heat- Robert J Madeira, President Inductotherm Heating & Welding Mexico treatment challenge. With our newest innovation – the LDMblue – we and Global Manager of Heat Treating Technologies, Inductoheat Inc. are able to process highly reflective nonferrous metals such as copper The Inductotherm Group is much more than skin deep heating. or gold at 450 nm wavelength. See you at booth #2308, and let us help The 2019 exhibit features technologies for heat treating, welding, you find the right laser for your needs.

thermalprocessing.com 45 (Courtesy: AGMA)

LINDBERG/MPH METAL TREATING INSTITUTE Booth #1819 Booth #1527 Kelley Shreve, Applications Engineer Tom Morrison, CEO MTI Management Lindberg/MPH is exhibiting at Heat Treat Being the trade association of the heat-treat- Expo 2019 to provide attendees with infor- ing industry, we are excited to exhibit at the mation on our industrial heat treat furnaces, Heat Treat Show because it helps us connect including pit, box, integral quench, and hot- and get closer to our members on issues stamp designs for the ferrous and non-fer- such as quality standards, specifications, rous markets. Lindberg/MPH manufactures forecasting, and training. Technology and custom and standard heat-treat furnaces for disruption are causing markets to change many different industries, including aero- faster than ever before for heat treaters, space, automotive, energy, electronics, foundry, and more. While making connecting with them more important than ever before at Lindberg/MPH’s booth (#1819), attendees should look forward to to understand what they need to compete in today’s ever-changing meeting and speaking with our experienced, knowledgeable staff environment. who are able to answer any and all of your heat-treat furnace, industry, and process-related questions. METALLURGICAL HIGH VACUUM Booth #2307 L&L SPECIAL FURNACE CO., INC. Dave Milliman, Lead Sales and Engineering Support Booth #1518 As a full-service vacuum system solutions Tom Schultz, Sales Manager provider, Metallurgical High Vacuum par- L&L Special Furnace Co., Inc., is a leader ticipates in the Heat Treat Expo because it is in high uniformity batch furnaces, ovens, a valuable platform for talking with people kilns, quench tanks, and heat-treating sys- about industry trends and issues. In addition, tems. All manufacturing and engineering is the Expo is a great forum for explaining how done in-house from one location just south we can supply remanufactured pumps that of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. L&L sells and will perform like new with our unique pro- services worldwide. Visit Booth 1518 to meet cess “dynamic proof testing.” Our on-site preventative maintenance company representatives, who can explain services and vacuum systems optimization are also noteworthy. how L&L Furnaces can make a difference in your heat-treating appli- Come learn how to have confidence in remanufactured vacuum cations. You can also visit www.LLFurnace.com and download PDF pumps and blowers and how MHV can improve your vacuum system product bulletins and more. performance at booth #2307. CONTINUED ON PAGE 48

46 SEPTEMBER 2019 EXCELERATE /// your Furnace & Profit ADVERTISER INDEX with Si-SiC Radiant Tubes

COMPANY NAME PAGE NO.

Across International...... IBC +25% AGMA (American Gear Manufacturers Association)...... 13 more

ALD Thermal Treatment Inc...... 5 production

Custom Electric Manufacturing...... IFC ASK US Cyprium Induction...... 14 HOW DMP CryoSystems...... 9

Gasbarre...... 11 COMPOSITE RADIANT TUBES Inductoheat...... 29 Phone: 716-537-2270 www.inexinc.net • [email protected] Inex Corp...... 47 Proudly Made in the USA

L&L Special Furnaces...... 18 Vacuum Valves with McLaughlin Services...... 9 Optional Protective Metallurgical High Vacuum Corporation...... BC Ring & Water-Cooled Flanges & Gates Nippon Carbon of America, LLC...... 14 • ANSI Ports 2 to 32 inch • ISO & DIN Ports to 800 mm Noble Industrial Furnace Co...... 33 • Leak Tight to 10-10 scc/sec Praxair Inc...... 43 • Air or Motor Actuators • SolidWorks Models Avail.

SECO/Vacuum Technologies LLC...... 7 Gate and poppet style vacuum valves in Aluminum or Stainless Solar Atmospheres...... 3 Steel.

ANSI, ISO, DIN or special Solar Manufacturing...... 31 flanges. Roughing & gauge ports anywhere to fit your system. Specialty Steel Treating...... 12 Water cooling on flanges or gate Surface Combustion...... 1 is available.

Protective ring available for dusty Taylor-Winfield Technologies, Inc...... 17 applications.

Vacuum Pump Services Corp...... 18 SolidWorks models are available. ™ Vacuum Research Corp. • 100 Chapel Harbor Drive, #4 Pittsburgh, PA 15238 USA • www.vacuumresearch.com 800-426-9340 • e-mail: [email protected] Vacuum Research Corp...... 47

thermalprocessing.com 47 NEL HYDROGEN SUPER SYSTEMS, INC. Booth #1215 Booth #1407 David Wolff, Region Sales Manager Steve Duban, Sales Engineer Reducing gas atmospheres is critical to vol- Super Systems is proud to participate in the ume annealing, brazing, and sintering. The Heat Treat Expo and looks forward to greet- need for reducing gas atmospheres is growing existing customers and meeting new ing to meet the needs of rapidly-expanding companies that are looking to modernize additive manufacturing applications. At the technology-related products and services for same time, the supply of delivered hydro- their heat-treat operation. Attendees will see gen is encountering shortages due to liq- SSi’s upgraded suite of load entry/load track- uefaction and transportation limitations. ing software (LE3) and the latest edition of Simultaneously, hydrogen storage and ammonia storage are com- our plant-wide, data-acquisition software (SuperDATA PRO). We will ing under pressure from code and EH&S officials. On-site hydrogen demonstrate our eFlo2.0 line of flow meters along with a comprehen- generation provides hydrogen users a safe, efficient, easy-to-permit, sive line of process controllers and easy-to-use analyzers to meet the cost-effective hydrogen supply for thermal-processing applications. demanding specifications of AMS2750 and CQI-9. Nel Hydrogen will assist visitors to determine if on-site hydrogen is a fit with their requirements. TAYLOR-WINFIELD Booth #1018 PREMIER/BEAVERMATIC Ryan Neiss, Product Manager — Induction Heating Product Group Booth #1405 As a custom machine builder, Taylor- Don Selmi, President Winfield’s niche in induction heating is As a leading manufacturer of heat-process- designing and manufacturing “turn-key” ing equipment, this show allows us to meet systems customized to our customer’s heat- with many of our existing customers as well treat and brazing applications. Exhibiting as introduce our products and capabilities at the HEAT TREAT EXPO is a perfect oppor- to new attendees. Premier/BeaverMatic is tunity to discover attendees’ needs, what a manufacturer of proven-performance challenges they face, and how we can build atmospheric furnaces as well as other heat- an equipment solution to meet their requirements. Whether it’s a processing systems for captive and commer- single induction power supply or a comprehensive automated system, cial heat-treat departments worldwide. We are best known for our we have a solution. Stop by our booth #1018 to see what induction- performance-proven internal quench furnace, with the latest in fur- heating solutions we can provide for your part production needs. nace controls and data collection. Some of our technical and sales staff will be at the show to answer questions. They are experienced WISCONSIN OVEN in heat treatments and knowledgeable with various applications Booth #1820 and efficiencies used within various markets. We manufacturer Doug Christiansen, Application Engineer standard and custom designs to meet a variety of processes, time lines, and budgets. Wisconsin Oven Corporation is exhibiting in Booth 1820 at the Heat Treat Expo 2019. SOLAR MANUFACTURING During the show, we will be showcasing our Booth #2013 standard, custom batch, and continuous industrial ovens. Wisconsin Oven manufac- Jim Nagy, President tures electrically heated and gas fired heat- By displaying at Heat Treat Expo, Solar treat ovens for a multitude of industries, Manufacturing will be introducing our lat- including aerospace, automotive, composites, est innovations developed to improve the energy, finishing, and more. We are also inviting attendees to our quality and operation of our vacuum fur- Solutions Center presentation on Aerospace (AMS 2750/BAC 5621) naces, including energy efficient hot-zone and Automotive (CQI-9) Pyrometry testing service options, which designs and advanced features added to allow for quicker production start-up and faster revenue generating our automation systems. Since 2002, Solar capabilities with your new equipment purchase. This presentation Manufacturing’s ingenuity has led the heat- is scheduled for Tuesday, October 15, at 3 p.m. treating industry with advances in hot-zone designs, improved energy efficiency, state-of-the-art furnace automation and control systems, and high-performance gas quenching. We will be showcasing our SolarVac® control innovations at ASM Heat Treat 2019 for the benefit of our customers: a new, thermally efficient and VISIT US AT HEAT TREAT 2019 extremely strong hot-zone design and a new integrated furnace Thermal Processing will be at ASM International’s biannual heat-treat show. control system. To see these latest advances in ingenuity on display, We hope you’ll stop by our booth (2119) to chat with our staff and share your visit booth #2013. Expo experiences. We look forward to seeing you there.

48 SEPTEMBER 2019 FOR THE HIGHEST QUALITY EQUIPMENT, THE BEST PRICES, AND LIFETIME CUSTOMER SUPPORT, LOOK TO ACROSS INTERNATIONAL.

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