Pattern Formation in Wootz Damascus Steel Swords and Blades
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The White Book of STEEL
The white book of STEEL The white book of steel worldsteel represents approximately 170 steel producers (including 17 of the world’s 20 largest steel companies), national and regional steel industry associations and steel research institutes. worldsteel members represent around 85% of world steel production. worldsteel acts as the focal point for the steel industry, providing global leadership on all major strategic issues affecting the industry, particularly focusing on economic, environmental and social sustainability. worldsteel has taken all possible steps to check and confirm the facts contained in this book – however, some elements will inevitably be open to interpretation. worldsteel does not accept any liability for the accuracy of data, information, opinions or for any printing errors. The white book of steel © World Steel Association 2012 ISBN 978-2-930069-67-8 Design by double-id.com Copywriting by Pyramidion.be This publication is printed on MultiDesign paper. MultiDesign is certified by the Forestry Stewardship Council as environmentally-responsible paper. contEntS Steel before the 18th century 6 Amazing steel 18th to 19th centuries 12 Revolution! 20th century global expansion, 1900-1970s 20 Steel age End of 20th century, start of 21st 32 Going for growth: Innovation of scale Steel industry today & future developments 44 Sustainable steel Glossary 48 Website 50 Please refer to the glossary section on page 48 to find the definition of the words highlighted in blue throughout the book. Detail of India from Ptolemy’s world map. Iron was first found in meteorites (‘gift of the gods’) then thousands of years later was developed into steel, the discovery of which helped shape the ancient (and modern) world 6 Steel bEforE thE 18th cEntury Amazing steel Ever since our ancestors started to mine and smelt iron, they began producing steel. -
Damascus Steel
Damascus steel For Damascus Twist barrels, see Skelp. For the album of blades, and research now shows that carbon nanotubes the same name, see Damascus Steel (album). can be derived from plant fibers,[8] suggesting how the Damascus steel was a type of steel used in Middle East- nanotubes were formed in the steel. Some experts expect to discover such nanotubes in more relics as they are an- alyzed more closely.[6] The origin of the term Damascus steel is somewhat un- certain; it may either refer to swords made or sold in Damascus directly, or it may just refer to the aspect of the typical patterns, by comparison with Damask fabrics (which are in turn named after Damascus).[9][10] 1 History Close-up of an 18th-century Iranian forged Damascus steel sword ern swordmaking. These swords are characterized by dis- tinctive patterns of banding and mottling reminiscent of flowing water. Such blades were reputed to be tough, re- sistant to shattering and capable of being honed to a sharp, resilient edge.[1] Damascus steel was originally made from wootz steel, a steel developed in South India before the Common Era. The original method of producing Damascus steel is not known. Because of differences in raw materials and man- ufacturing techniques, modern attempts to duplicate the metal have not been entirely successful. Despite this, several individuals in modern times have claimed that they have rediscovered the methods by which the original Damascus steel was produced.[2][3] The reputation and history of Damascus steel has given rise to many legends, such as the ability to cut through a rifle barrel or to cut a hair falling across the blade,.[4] A research team in Germany published a report in 2006 re- vealing nanowires and carbon nanotubes in a blade forged A bladesmith from Damascus, ca. -
The Significance of Wootz Steel to the History of Materials Science Sharada Srinivasan and S Ranganathan
THE ORIGINS OF IRON AND STEEL MAKING IN THE SOUTHERN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT 1 The significance of wootz steel to the history of materials science Sharada Srinivasan and S Ranganathan Introduction The melting of steel proved to be a challenge in antiquity on account of the high melting point of iron. In the 1740s Benjamin Huntsman successfully developed a technique of producing steel that allowed it to be made on a much larger commercial scale and was credited with the discovery of crucible steel. However, Cyril Stanley Smith brought to wider attention an older tradition of crucible steel from India, i.e. wootz or Damascus steel, which he hailed as one of the four metallurgical achievements of antiquity. Known by its anglicized name, wootz from India has attracted world attention. Not so well known is the fact that the modern edifice of metallurgy and materials science was built on European efforts to unravel the mystery of this steel over the past three centuries. Wootz steel was highly prized across several regions of the world over nearly two millennia and one typical product made of this Indian steel came to be known as the Damascus swords. Figure 1 shows a splendid example of the sword of Tipu Sultan. Wootz steel as an advanced material dominated several landscapes: the geographic, spanning Asia, Europe and the Americas; the historic, stretching over two millennia as maps of nations were redrawn and kingdoms rose and fell; and the literary landscape, as celebrated in myths, legends, poetry, drama, movies and plays in western and eastern languages including Sanskrit, Arabic, Urdu, Japanese, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada. -
The Madras Presidency, with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States
: TheMADRAS PRESIDENG 'ff^^^^I^t p WithMysore, CooRGAND the Associated States byB. THURSTON -...—.— .^ — finr i Tin- PROVINCIAL GEOGRAPHIES Of IN QJofttell HttinerHitg Blibracg CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 Digitized by Microsoft® Cornell University Library DS 485.M27T54 The Madras presidencypresidenc; with MysorMysore, Coor iliiiiliiiiiiilii 3 1924 021 471 002 Digitized by Microsoft® This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation witli Cornell University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in limited quantity for your personal purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partial versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commercial purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® Provincial Geographies of India General Editor Sir T. H. HOLLAND, K.C.LE., D.Sc, F.R.S. THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY WITH MYSORE, COORG AND THE ASSOCIATED STATES Digitized by Microsoft® CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS HonBnn: FETTER LANE, E.G. C. F. CLAY, Man^gek (EBiniurBi) : loo, PRINCES STREET Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. Ji-tipjifl: F. A. BROCKHAUS i^cto Sotfe: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS iBomlaj sriB Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. All rights reserved Digitized by Microsoft® THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY WITH MYSORE, COORG AND THE ASSOCIATED STATES BY EDGAR THURSTON, CLE. SOMETIME SUPERINTENDENT OF THE MADRAS GOVERNMENT MUSEUM Cambridge : at the University Press 1913 Digitized by Microsoft® ffiambttige: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. Digitized by Microsoft® EDITOR'S PREFACE "HE casual visitor to India, who limits his observations I of the country to the all-too-short cool season, is so impressed by the contrast between Indian life and that with which he has been previously acquainted that he seldom realises the great local diversity of language and ethnology. -
An Explanation of Possible Damascus Steel Manufacturing Based On
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICS An Explanation of Possible Damascus Steel Manufacturing Based on Duration of Transient Nucleate Boiling Process and Prediction of the Future of Controlled Continuous Casting NIKOLAI KOBASKO Intensive Technologies Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine and IQ Technologies Inc, Akron, USA Abstract - In the paper the new explanation in cementite microstructure were also found in the manufacturing of Damascus steel, based on discovered archeological items from Pol'tse, a settlement at Amur the specific characteristics of transient nucleate boiling river, V-IV century B.C. Raw materials and Damascus processes, is provided. Also, the future of continuous steel crafting instruction are not longer available. Details casting in the paper is discussed. According to of technology, which was used by the capable discovered characteristics, duration of transient nucleate metallurgists from Pol'tse, is not known [8]. The ancient boiling process is directly proportional to squared size of technique reached modern - day Turkmenistan and a steel part and inversely proportional to thermal Uzbekistan around 900 A.D., and then the Middle East diffusivity of material, depends on configuration and circa 1000 A.D. There are numerous publications where initial temperature of component, thermal properties of this matter is widely discussed [9 - 16]. It is underlined liquid. The surface temperature of steel part during that India has been reputed for its iron and steel since transient nucleate boiling process maintains at the level ancient times, the time of Alexander the Great (356 B.C. of boiling point of liquid and cannot be below it. Based - 323 B.C.) [5] . When Alexander the Great got to India on these characteristics, the new hypothesis regarding he ordered to be delivered to him “100 talents of Indian manufacturing of Damascus steel is proposed according steel” [5]. -
Formation of Faceted Excess Carbides in Damascus Steels Ledeburite Class
Journal of Materials Science and Engineering B 8 (1-2) (2018) 36-44 doi: 10.17265/2161-6221/2018.1-2.006 D DAVID PUBLISHING Formation of Faceted Excess Carbides in Damascus Steels Ledeburite Class Dmitry Sukhanov1 and Natalia Plotnikova2 1. ASK-MSC Company (Metallurgy), Moscow 117246, Russia 2. Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk 630073, Russia Abstract: In this research was developed stages of formation troostite-carbide structure into pure Damascus steel ledeburite class type BU22А obtained by vacuum melting. In the first stage of the technological process, continuous carbides sheath was formed along the boundaries of austenitic grains, which morphologically resembles the inclusion of ledeburite. In the second stage of the process, there is a seal and faceted large carbide formations of eutectic type. In the third stage of the technological process, troostite matrix is formed with a faceted eutectic carbide non-uniformly distributed in the direction of the deformation with size from 5.0 μm to 20 μm. It found that the stoichiometric composition of faceted eutectic carbides is in the range of 34 < C < 36 (atom %), which corresponds to -carbide type Fe2C with hexagonal close-packed lattice. Considering stages of transformation of metastable ledeburite in the faceted eutectic -carbides type Fe2C, it revealed that the duration of isothermal exposure during heating to the eutectic temperature, is an integral part of the process of formation of new excess carbides type Fe2C with a hexagonal close-packed lattice. It is shown that troostite-carbide structure Damascus steel ledeburite class (BU22А), with volume fraction of excess -carbide more than 20%, is fully consistent with the highest grades of Indian steels type Wootz. -
Damascus Steel Part 3 4 Lanham Scrimshaw 4 WG Nessmuk 4 Unfinished Projects 4 No Meetings for Awhile
KNEWSLETTTER IN A KNUTSHELL 4 Damascus Steel Part 3 4 Lanham Scrimshaw 4 WG Nessmuk 4 Unfinished Projects 4 No meetings for awhile Our international membership is happily involved with “Anything that goes ‘cut’!” April 2021 Damascus Steel Part 3 Gene Martin So far we’ve talked about the origins and basics of making Damascus, or pattern welded, steel. Since there is a reason for it being called pattern welded steel, this missive will discuss Image 1580 - A low layer billet with reverse twist. Three pieces actually putting patterns in the steel. While the article about will be stacked to form the full billet. making Damascus was very broad and general, now we’re going to get much more specific. As we discussed before, a billet of pattern welded steel starts life as a stack of steel pieces of alternating types of steel. Forge welding that stack into a billet produces basic random pattern Image 1583 - A fold too far. The pattern is so fine it’s hard to see. Damascus. While random pattern can be really attractive, it is seldom exciting. Manipulating that pattern starts down the road towards exciting. Some of the basic patterns are ladder and twist pattern. Let’s discuss how those patterns are created. Ladder pattern is created by creating vertical grooves, hopefully evenly spaced, down the length of the billet. Those grooves can be created with a file, a grinder, or dies in a press or power hammer. More Image 1590 – A four bar composite pattern. Bought this from Tru-Grit from an estate. -
Jeff Wadsworth: Probed How Damascus Steel Swords Made (As Published in the Oak Ridger’S Historically Speaking Column on May 12, 2014)
Jeff Wadsworth: Probed how Damascus steel swords made (As published in The Oak Ridger’s Historically Speaking column on May 12, 2014) As Carolyn Krause continues to bring us superb insights into some of the key leaders of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, she has delved into the past to bring forward some astounding facts about Jeff Wadsworth, the metallurgist. He, being intrigued by the past art of sword making, learned the secret of the steel used in a most effective hand to hand combat weapon, the Damascus sword. … Al Trivelpiece pedals his unicycle without losing his balance. Bill Madia drives his motorcycle on Bethel Valley Road. In a demonstration Jeff Wadsworth splits a silk scarf midair using an ancient Damascus steel sword. These are my occasional visions of the past three directors of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In September 1981 Wadsworth’s metallurgical research at Stanford University was beginning to pay off. He and Oleg Sherby, a professor at Stanford and an authority on deformable metals, published a notable paper in the British scientific journal “Progress in Materials Science.” Even better, renowned science writer Walter Sullivan highlighted their research in his article “The Mystery of Damascus Steel Appears Solved” in the Sept. 29, 1981, issue of The New York Times. At one of the metallurgists’ presentations on their high-carbon steel, a sword enthusiast noted that Damascus steel was also rich in carbon. So, Sherby and Wadsworth decided to compare the composition of their own steel with that of ancient Damascus steel used for swords, shields and armor and prized for their wavy, watery “damask” patterns. -
A Basic Ovendew for Those Considering Making Their Own Damascus
By MattWalker A basic ovendew for those considering making their own Damascus SaysWalker, "This anvil knife is an experimentI made with the help of a couple of friends(Alan Longmireand Mike Adams).I had a bar that was a spare,so we made one of these knivesfor each of us-working together.I give creditto RobertMayo for the idea.I carrythis one daily.lt is not good for using,but cool for a blacksmithto have." knivesillustrated.com 52 KNIVES ILLUSTRATED . APRIL 2009 want to give an overviewof how I makeDamascus steel, along with someopinions and ideas about it. This is what works in my shopfor me. Making Damascusis almosta faith- basedpursuit for me. If you talk with severalpeople that areserious about Damascusyou will seewhy I sayit is somewhatlike religion-we areall trying to get to the sameplace, but often value differentformalities in the practiceof gettingthere. My advicefor anyonewanting to start makingDamascus is to learneverything you canand use what works for you.No- body is born knowing this stuff.At the end of this articleI will credit someof the peopleI havelearned from and mentionresources I value. Materials Matt Walkerin his shop Most steelsand even wrought iron, can be weldedand manipulated to createpat- I usenickel in my barsonly whenmy My personalrecommendation is 1084 terns.If you put wroughtiron, mild steel informedcustomers ask for it. Nickel re- and 15N20.This combinationprovides or nickelin theoriginal billet, you run the ally doesmake a piecepretty and, in my everythingI want for a piecethat I can risk of havinglayers that won't hardenor business,whoever is payingcan choose provideto otherswith confidence.The the lowercarbon layers robbing from the what materialthey want. -
Engineering Metallurgy Engineering
PITMAN METALLURGY SERIES FRANK T. SISCO, Advisory Editor Engineering Metallurgy Engineering pitman PUBLISHING CORPORATION >* Metallurgy By THE COMMITTEE ON METALLURGY -4 collaborative writing group of metallurgy professors. NEW YORK • TORONTO • LONDON Copyright ©, 1957 BY PITMAN PUBLISHING CORPORATION All rights reserved. No part of this book may l>e reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. 1.2 Associated Companies Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. London Mcllraurne Johannesburg Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons (Canada), Ltd. Toronto / t &9 / QOZAfcl- , COTA PRINTED in the United States of America Coauthors Theodore Allen, Jr., M.S.M.E., Associate Professor of Mechanical En- gineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas; Engineer Associated with Anderson, Greenwood and Co., Bellaire, Texas Lee L. Amidon, M.S.M.E., Professor and Head, Department of Mechani- cal Engineering, South Dakota State College, Brookings, South Dakota John K. Anthony. M.S.. Associate Professor of Physical Metallurgy, Uni- versity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Robert E. Bannon, S.M., Professor of Metallurgy, Newark College of Engineering, Newark, New Jersey Francis William Brown, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Clarkson College of Technology, Potsdam, New York Frederick Leo Coonan, D.Sc, Professor and Chairman, Department of Metallurgy and Chemistry, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California Howard P. Davis, M.S., Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming Harold Vincent Fairbanks, M.S., Professor of Metallurgical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia Mars G. Fontana, Ph.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of Metal- lurgical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Arthur R. Foster, M.Eng., Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineer- ing, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts Arthur C. -
South Indian Iron Age Iron and Higher Carbon Steel: with Reference to Kadebakele and Comparative Insights from Mel-Siruvalur Sharada Srinivasan, Carla M
South Indian Iron Age iron and higher carbon steel: with reference to Kadebakele and comparative insights from Mel-siruvalur Sharada Srinivasan, Carla M. Sinopoli, Kathleen D. Morrison, Rangaiah Gopal and Srinivasa Ranganathan ABSTRACT This paper is based on studies of the use and modes of production of higher carbon iron alloys in relation to surface finds from Iron Age and early historic sites in southern India, in particular the site of Kadebakele where recent excavations have revealed finds of iron and steel, some of which according to preliminary studies, seem to be of a higher carbon content. Preliminary comparative studies are also made on surface finds of crucibles related to high carbon steel production at Mel-siruvalur.1 Introduction the related Tamil word uruku, meaning to make molten. It could also be related to ekku, the old Tamil word for sharp- The iron and steel artefacts uncovered from the site of ness/sharp spear.3 Kadebakele, Karnataka in southern India span the early According to Smith (1960: 14–16; 1981: 67, 72) Indian phases of occupation carbon dated from 800 to 400 BC. wootz ingots were used to forge oriental Damascus swords This site has been excavated by a collaborative team from found to be of a high (1.5–2%) carbon content with a the Karnataka Department of Archaeology, the University of typical ‘watered silk’ pattern. Damascus blades, made in Michigan, and the University of Chicago. The site was oc- Khorasan and Isfahan in Persia from south Indian wootz cupied from at least the early 1st millennium BC until the from Golconda were thought to have been the finest weap- early centuries AD. -
“Damascus” Steel
53_57_Feuerbach.qxd 1/11/08 3:01 PM Page 53 Rethinking “Damascus” Steel Dr. Ann Feuerbach INTRODUCTION Historical accounts testify that for thousands of years, in Central Asian, Middle Eastern, and Indian cultures, crucible steel was the most sought-after type of steel because it was used to produce so-called “Damascus” steel objects. Damascus steel objects, particularly swords, were famous for their attrac- tive surface pattern which was said to resemble flowing water. The Damascus pattern was considered a trademark advertising quality, cost, and status, as well as being an important religious symbol with special magical qualities. The crucible Damascus steel sword was not merely a military accoutrement, nor just a decorative fashion accessory. It had the distinctive position of being a secular and sacred object, in addition to being an emblematic one. Having such an important role in society, been written on this topic, we would think that we would there is a great deal of historical literature written on the man- know more about it than we actually do. It is commonly ufacture and trade of crucible steel swords and other objects. repeated in the literature that crucible Damascus steel was only Although often associated with Islam, textual and archaeologi- produced in India and Sri Lanka, from so-called wootz ingots, cal evidence indicates that it was produced and used in Central and its appearance in locations outside of this area was due to Asia and the Middle East before the advent of Islam. The fol- trade. Secondly, it is commonly believed that the term lowing paper will discuss how cultural aspects may have influ- “Damascus” steel refers to the place of manufacture and that enced the production, trade and use of crucible Damascus the crusaders coined the term.