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Precision in the Global War on Terror: Inciting Muslims Through the War of Ideas

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Precision in the Global War on Terror: Inciting Muslims Through the War of Ideas PRECISION IN THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR: INCITING MUSLIMS THROUGH THE WAR OF IDEAS Sherifa Zuhur April 2008 Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. As such, it is in the public domain, and under the provisions of Title 17, United States Code, Section 105, it may not be copyrighted. ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** I want to thank many individuals for their assistance including SSI production staff, Liz Hall, W. Andrew Terrill, LTC Charles Wilson II, CH (COL) Kenneth Sampson and his colleagues at the Army Chaplains' first world religions conference, as well as various colleagues who study Islamism, and K. El Helbawy, H. Youssef, N. al-Shaer, H. Qafishah, and my many other interlocuters in the various periods of field research drawn on in this monograph. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave, Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. ***** All Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) publications are available on the SSI homepage for electronic dissemination. Hard copies of this report also may be ordered from our homepage. SSI’s homepage address is: www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil. ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please subscribe on our homepage at www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army. mil/newsletter/. ISBN 1-58487-353-1 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ..........................................................................v Biographical Sketch of the Author..............................vii Summary .........................................................................ix Introduction .....................................................................1 Pathologizing ...................................................................2 Area Experts vs. Strategic Experts? ............................. 4 Islam as the Enemy? ...................................................... 5 Takfir American-Style .................................................... 7 Defining the Enemy ........................................................8 Theologocentrism, Ideology, and Essentializing .................................................................. 9 Islamofascism ................................................................ 11 Islamism ..........................................................................13 Parallelism ......................................................................14 “Selling” the War of Ideas ............................................15 Salafism .......................................................................... 15 Strategic Messages about Violent Muslims ...............17 Blurring ...........................................................................18 Ending Resistance .........................................................19 Zealous Transformation ...............................................20 A is for Allah ..................................................................22 A is for Apostasy ...........................................................24 B is for Bast .....................................................................28 B is for Bin Ladin ...........................................................29 C is for the Caliphate ....................................................31 C is for the Crusaders ...................................................34 D is for Democracy .......................................................35 E is for Education (Islamic) ..........................................40 E is for Epidemiology ...................................................43 E is for Europe ...............................................................44 F is for Fitna ....................................................................48 G is for Guantanamo (and Renditions) ......................49 H is for Hakmiyya ..........................................................52 iii H is for Haram ................................................................54 I is for Ijtihad ...................................................................55 I is for the Internet .........................................................56 I is for Iraq and Insurgency ..........................................58 I is for Islamofascism (see also p. 11) ..........................61 J is for Jihad .....................................................................63 J is for Justice ..................................................................67 K is for Karbala ..............................................................69 K is for the Khawarij (Kharijites) .................................70 K is for Kufr ....................................................................71 L is for Law (Islamic) ....................................................73 M is for Mahdism ..........................................................75 M is for Martyrdom ......................................................78 M is for the Moderates .................................................79 M is for Muslim Americans .........................................82 N is for the New Middle East ......................................85 O is for (New) Orientalism ..........................................86 P is for the Palestinians ................................................88 P is for Preachers ...........................................................92 Q is for the Qur’an .........................................................95 S is for Secularism .........................................................97 S is for Sectarianism ......................................................99 T is for Takfir ................................................................100 T is for Tawhid ..............................................................101 T is for Torture .............................................................103 U is for the ‛Ulama .......................................................104 U is for the Ummah ......................................................105 V is for the Veil ............................................................107 V is for Violence ..........................................................109 W is for Wahhabism ...................................................110 W is for Women ...........................................................112 Z is for Zakat .................................................................114 Conclusion and Recommendations ..........................115 Endnotes .......................................................................119 iv FOREWORD The ideology of violent extremists has been dis- cussed frequently since the tragic events of September 11, 2001 (9/11). It is clear that an ideology of Islamist or Islamic political opposition and radicalism has been key to understanding various events and movements that go back even further, to the Islamic Revolution in Iran, for example. Some policy analysts and public figures have challenged Muslims to change or reform aspects of their beliefs based on the aspects identified as “extremist.” However, there are many interpretations and misinterpretations of what those elements are, and how Muslims should go about reforming their faith. Just as controversial is the idea that there is a “war within Islam” and that the United States should be promoting one army in that war—ideological moderates—so they will defeat their foes. The author of this monograph, Dr. Sherifa Zuhur, takes issue with some of these assumptions, views, and attacks on basic precepts. She identifies a trend of pathologizing beliefs and practices that are at the core of Islam. That pathologizing impulse may be beneficial in rallying Americans to the defense of their nation, but it might impede the international cooperation necessary to that endeavor. She also aims to educate the reader about the value inherent in particular concepts that may well be unpopular or two-edged, but are part of the historical legacy of Muslims. v The Strategic Studies Institute is pleased to offer this monograph as a contribution to the national security debate over this timely and important subject. DOUGLAS C. LOVELACE, JR. Director Strategic Studies Institute vi BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR SHERIFA ZUHUR is Research Professor of Islamic and Regional Studies at the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. She has lectured internationally, has been the recipient of a Fulbright Senior Scholar Regional Research award, and has been a faculty member at various universities including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the University of California, Berkeley, and The American University in Cairo. One of her research areas is the ideology and development of contemporary Islamist movements. She
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