Downloaded from Brill.Com09/28/2021 01:32:55PM Via Free Access

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Downloaded from Brill.Com09/28/2021 01:32:55PM Via Free Access climate law 7 (2017) 150-184 brill.com/clla An Analysis of China’s Legal and Policy Framework for the Sustainability of Foreign Forest Carbon Projects Yixin Xu Southwest University of Political Science and Law [email protected] Abstract China’s policymakers regard forest carbon sequestration as one of the most cost- effective ways to combat climate change. Yet, scholars argue that foreign forest carbon projects in developing countries are environmentally and socially unsustainable. This paper explores China’s policy and legal framework for the sustainability of forest car- bon projects that utilize international carbon-certification schemes. It finds that while China’s government has set ambitious climate goals for the forest sector, the appli- cable regulations are not comprehensively developed, and risks of unsustainability ex- ist in practice. The government should undertake comprehensive institutional reform, including reform to establish implementation regulations for redd projects, adjust laws on forest and land to address climate risks, set up regulatory social-impact as- sessments, and create a greater demand for private forest sustainability assessments.1 Keywords cdm and redd in China – foreign investment in forest carbon projects – sustainability assessment 1 1 The field study for this research was conducted with financial support from the China Schol- arship Council while undertaking my doctorate at Erasmus School of Law. I am deeply grate- ful for the support of my supervisors: Professors Michael Faure and Yuwen Li. I would like to express my appreciation for my interviewees for their time and invaluable insights. I am also grateful to Alexander Zahar and to four anonymous referees of this journal for their feedback on earlier versions of this article. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2017 | doi 10.1163/18786561-00702004Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 01:32:55PM via free access <UN> FOREST CARBON PROJECTS IN CHINA 151 1 Introduction In the lead-up to the unfccc’s cop in 2015, China pledged to considerably re- duce carbon emissions in order to combat climate change.2 Chinese policymak- ers consider forest carbon sequestration to be one of the most cost -effective ways to reduce greenhouse gases to combat climate change.3 However, the im- plementation of forest carbon projects in other developing countries has given rise to significant environmental and social sustainability problems.4 Environ- mental issues mainly revolve around the planting of trees that replace natural forests. This results in a deterioration of the local environment and threatens biodiversity.5 Socially, certain projects make the poor even poorer, and projects sometimes exclude local people from their own land.6 This study assesses the extent to which China’s policies and legal frame- work can deliver sustainable forest carbon projects with foreign investment. I consider three aspects of sustainable development and forest sustainabil- 2 3 4 5 ity:6 economic, environmental, and social. This three-pillar approach is also 2 Kate Sheppard, ‘United States, China Announce Deepened Partnership on Climate’, The Huffington Post, 27 September 2015. 3 Zigui Zhou, Yong Zhang, Lanying Li, Tusheng Li, Jun Ru, and Yanfeng Bai, ‘Development Status, Problems and Suggestions for Forestry Carbon Sequestration in Zhejiang Province’ (浙江省林业碳汇发展现状, 存在问题及对策建议), 1(7) Journal of Zhejiang Agricul- tural Sciences 980 (2014), at 980. 4 A forest carbon project refers to a project implementing forest plantation or forest manage- ment activities with the objective to mitigate or to adapt to climate change. 5 Manny Mogato, ‘Calls on Asian Nations to End Deforestation’, 20 June 2008, <www.reuters. com/article/us-philippines-biodiversity-idUSMAN18800220080620>; ‘Open Letter to Hon- duran dna: Approval of Project 3197, Aguán Biogas Recovery from Palm Oil Mill Effluent’, Carbon Market Watch, 17 February 2012; ‘Press Release: un’s Offsetting Project Barro Blan- co Hampers Panama Peace-Talks’, Carbon Market Watch, 15 March 2012; fern, Sinking the Kyoto Protocol: The links between forests, plantations and carbon sinks (Moreton-in-Marsh, uk: fern, 2000), <www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/pubs/briefs/sinking.pdf>, at 9–11; fern, fern’s Contribution to 2015 Climate Change Agreement: Shaping International Climate Policy Beyond 2020 (Brussels: fern, 2013), <www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/Response%20to%20 2015%20Climate%20consultation_Final.pdf>, at 4–5; and Toby A. Gardner, Neil D. Burgess, Naikoa Aguilar-Amuchastegui, Jos Barlow, Erika Berenguer, Tom Clements, Finn Danielsen, et al., ‘A Framework for Integrating Biodiversity Concerns into National redd+ Programmes’, 154 Biological Conservation 61 (2012), at 62. 6 Markus Kröger, ‘The Expansion of Industrial Tree Plantations and Dispossession in Brazil’, 43 Development and Change 947 (2012), at 948; ‘The Mandate to Protect Human Rights in the cdm (Newsletter No. 17)’, Carbon Market Watch, 4 July 2011; and Esteve Corbera, Manuel Es- trada, Peter May, Guillermo Navarro, and Pablo Pacheco, ‘Rights to Land, Forests and Carbon in redd+: Insights from Mexico, Brazil and Costa Rica’, 2(1) Forests 301 (2011), at 305. climate law 7 (2017) 150-184 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 01:32:55PM via free access <UN> 152 Xu adopted in international standards and forest principles.7 Economically, I con- sider the direct economic returns of the projects’ contracting parties. Environ- mentally, I consider biodiversity conservation as the major criterion, because forests in developing countries possess most of the tropical forests and contain the world’s greatest territorial biodiversity.8 Furthermore, forests in developing countries are the livelihood of poor people;9 the survival of 1.6 billion people (some of whom are the world’s poorest) depends on forests.10 In terms of social sustainability, I consider poverty alleviation as a major element. This implies fairness and public participation in the project benefit-sharing and decision- making. Overall, laws and regulations regarding sustainable forest carbon proj- ects in developing countries should contribute to, or at least have no negative impact on, biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation in the local area. Even if, in some cases, the goal to mitigate climate change may conflict with the goal of sustainable development, I argue for the priority of sustainable use of natural resources in forests.11 Forest carbon projects in China can be divided into two groups: one uti- lizes domestic carbon-certification schemes (domestic forest carbon projects); the other relies on international carbon-certification schemes (foreign forest carbon projects).12 Sustainability issues are the same for both domestic and foreign projects. However, in order to receive internationally credible, trad- able forest-based carbon credits, foreign investors require that forest carbon 7 8 9 10 11 12 projects use international certification schemes. Such schemes may have 7 See, for example, cdm, ‘Voluntary Tool for Describing Sustainable Development Co-Benefits of cdm Project Activities or Programmes of Activities’, sd-tool01, Ver- sion 1.1, at 2; Report of The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, un General Assembly, the Forest Principles, A/conf.151/26 (Vol. iii) (1992); and oecd, ‘Guideline on Sustainability Impact Assessment’, 05 July 2010, <http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/9789264086913-en>, at 4. 8 Norman Myers et al., ‘Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities,’ 403(6772) Nature 853 (2000), at 855. 9 ‘90 percent of the world’s 1.1 billion poor—those living on 1 us dollar per day or less— depend on forests for at least some of their income’: United Nations Environment Pro- gramme and World Resources Institute in collaboration with United Nations Develop- ment Programme and World Bank, The Wealth of the Poor—Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty (Washington, dc: World Resources Institute, 2005), at 35. 10 Mogato, ‘u.n. Calls on Asian Nations to End Deforestation’, supra note 5. 11 For instance, tree species that absorb carbon faster may deteriorate the biodiversity of the project area. See Mingde Cao, ‘Forest Carbon Sink and Biodiversity Conservation: From Legal Perspective’, 1(2) Revista Catalana de Dret Ambiental 1 (2010), at 6–8. 12 International carbon-certification schemes include schemes for the international com- pliance and voluntary carbon markets, such as the cdm and the Verified Carbon Standard (vcs). climateDownloaded law from 7 Brill.com09/28/2021 (2017) 150-184 01:32:55PM via free access <UN> FOREST CARBON PROJECTS IN CHINA 153 special rules on sustainability and apply special implementing regulations in China. The foreign forest carbon projects need to comply with both interna- tional certification schemes and Chinese law. Sustainable development is a significant criterion for cdm forest car- bon projects, redd activities, and other international carbon-certification schemes.13 Previous literature has criticized the sustainability of forest carbon projects in developing countries.14 This literature, however, lacks a focus on, first, forest carbon projects, and, second, China’s national legal framework.15 This study aims to fill these gaps in the literature by focusing on forest proj- ects in China under the international climate change regime. It also aims to serve as a reference for other developing countries tackling similar problems in foreign forest carbon projects. Hence, I generalize the nature of the prob- lems of unsustainability to shed light on the necessary
Recommended publications
  • Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
    Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115
    [Show full text]
  • Study on GIS Visualization in Evaluation of the Human Living Environment in Shenyang-Dalian Urban Agglomeration
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Scientifica Volume 2016, Article ID 7462832, 10 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7462832 Research Article Study on GIS Visualization in Evaluation of the Human Living Environment in Shenyang-Dalian Urban Agglomeration Kang Hou, Jieting Zhou, Xuxiang Li, and Shengbin Ge School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China Correspondence should be addressed to Xuxiang Li; [email protected] Received 7 December 2015; Revised 1 March 2016; Accepted 31 March 2016 Academic Editor: Francisco Ayuga Copyright © 2016 Kang Hou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Analysis of human living environmental quality of Shenyang-Dalian urban agglomerations has important theoretical and practical significance in rapid development region. A lot of investigations have been carried for Shenyang-Dalian urban agglomerations, including 38 counties. Based on the carrying capacity of resources, natural and socioeconomic environmental factors and regional changes of human living environmental evaluation are analyzed with the application of geographic information systems (GIS) software. By using principal component analysis (PCA) model and natural breaks classification (NBC) method, the evaluation results are divided into five categories. The results show thatuman theh living environmental evaluation (HLEE) indexes of Dalian, Shenyang, and Liaoyang are higher than other counties. Among these counties, the human living environmental evaluation (HLEE) indexes of coastal counties are significantly higher than inland counties. The range of the human living environmental evaluation index in most of the study area is at III, IV,and V levels, accounting for 80.01%.
    [Show full text]
  • CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM for SMALL-SCALE AFFORESTATION and REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM-SSC-AR-PDD) (Version 02)
    UNFCCC/CCNUCC ____________________________________________________________________________________ CDM – Executive Board PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM FOR SMALL-SCALE AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM-SSC-AR-PDD) - Version 02 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM FOR SMALL-SCALE AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM-SSC-AR-PDD) (Version 02) CONTENTS A. General description of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity B. Application of a baseline and monitoring methodology C. Estimation the net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks D. Environmental impacts of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity E. Socio-economic impacts of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity F. Stakeholders’ comments Annexes Annex 1: Contact information on participants in the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity Annex 2: Information regarding public funding Annex 3: Declaration on low-income communities Annex 4: Parcels and corner coordinates of the project lands This template shall not be altered. It shall be completed without modifying/adding headings or logo, format or font. UNFCCC/CCNUCC ____________________________________________________________________________________ CDM – Executive Board PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM FOR SMALL-SCALE AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION PROJECT ACTIVITIES (CDM-SSC-AR-PDD) - Version 02 SECTION A. General description of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity: A.1. Title of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity: >> Small-scale Afforestation for Desertification Combating at Kangping County, Liaoning Province, China. Version 1.0 Date: 10/11/2007 A.2. Description of the proposed small-scale A/R CDM project activity: >> The proposed A/R CDM project planned to establish 387.8 ha of shelter forest in Zhangjiayao Forestry Farm in the northwest of Kangping County of Liaoning Province, P.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Detailed Species Accounts from the Threatened Birds Of
    Threatened Birds of Asia: The BirdLife International Red Data Book Editors N. J. COLLAR (Editor-in-chief), A. V. ANDREEV, S. CHAN, M. J. CROSBY, S. SUBRAMANYA and J. A. TOBIAS Maps by RUDYANTO and M. J. CROSBY Principal compilers and data contributors ■ BANGLADESH P. Thompson ■ BHUTAN R. Pradhan; C. Inskipp, T. Inskipp ■ CAMBODIA Sun Hean; C. M. Poole ■ CHINA ■ MAINLAND CHINA Zheng Guangmei; Ding Changqing, Gao Wei, Gao Yuren, Li Fulai, Liu Naifa, Ma Zhijun, the late Tan Yaokuang, Wang Qishan, Xu Weishu, Yang Lan, Yu Zhiwei, Zhang Zhengwang. ■ HONG KONG Hong Kong Bird Watching Society (BirdLife Affiliate); H. F. Cheung; F. N. Y. Lock, C. K. W. Ma, Y. T. Yu. ■ TAIWAN Wild Bird Federation of Taiwan (BirdLife Partner); L. Liu Severinghaus; Chang Chin-lung, Chiang Ming-liang, Fang Woei-horng, Ho Yi-hsian, Hwang Kwang-yin, Lin Wei-yuan, Lin Wen-horn, Lo Hung-ren, Sha Chian-chung, Yau Cheng-teh. ■ INDIA Bombay Natural History Society (BirdLife Partner Designate) and Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History; L. Vijayan and V. S. Vijayan; S. Balachandran, R. Bhargava, P. C. Bhattacharjee, S. Bhupathy, A. Chaudhury, P. Gole, S. A. Hussain, R. Kaul, U. Lachungpa, R. Naroji, S. Pandey, A. Pittie, V. Prakash, A. Rahmani, P. Saikia, R. Sankaran, P. Singh, R. Sugathan, Zafar-ul Islam ■ INDONESIA BirdLife International Indonesia Country Programme; Ria Saryanthi; D. Agista, S. van Balen, Y. Cahyadin, R. F. A. Grimmett, F. R. Lambert, M. Poulsen, Rudyanto, I. Setiawan, C. Trainor ■ JAPAN Wild Bird Society of Japan (BirdLife Partner); Y. Fujimaki; Y. Kanai, H.
    [Show full text]
  • China – Shenyang City – Longshan – Reform Through Labour – “Brainwashing Centres” – Detention Centres – Sujiatun Detention Centre
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: CHN33720 Country: China Date: 1 September 2008 Keywords: China – Shenyang City – Longshan – Reform through Labour – “Brainwashing centres” – Detention centres – Sujiatun Detention Centre This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Please provide any information regarding a “brain washing” facility in or near Loang Shan. 2. Please provide any information regarding a detention centre called Wen Chan Chu, at Suijatin near Shen Yang. RESPONSE 1. Please provide any information regarding a brain washing facility in or near Loang Shan. A search of the sources consulted found no reference to a place named Loang Shan or Loangshan, nor any reference to a brainwashing facility, detention centre or prison of that name. References were found, however, to the locality of Longshan in Shenyang city and to a facility or facilities variously referred to as the Longshan Brainwashing Center, Longshan Reeducation Center, Longshan Reeducation Through Labor Camp and Longshan Forced Labor Camp in Shenyang. Information regarding these follows. The Laogai Handbook refers to the Longshan Reeducation Through Labor Camp (RTL) as one of four camps – the others being the Yijia, Zhangshi and Wangjiazhuang RTLs – which are part of the Shenyang RTL in Shenyang City (Laogai Research Foundation 2006, Laogai Handbook: 2005-2006, p.428 http://www.laogai.org/news2/book/handbook05-06.pdf – Accessed 29 August 2008 – Attachment 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Research on Countermeasures to Advance the Construction of Characteristic Townships in Shenyang
    Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 82 International Conference on Management, Education Technology and Economics (ICMETE 2019) Research on Countermeasures to Advance the Construction of Characteristic Townships in Shenyang Hou Wei Shenyang Jianzhu University Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China Abstract—In order to improve the construction level of Combining the actual situation of Shenyang City, the characteristic townships in Shenyang city, this paper analyzes the Shenyang Municipal Government formulated the existing problems of characteristic township construction in "Implementation Plan for the Construction of Characteristic Shenyang city from the aspects of government role, market Townships in Shenyang City (2017-2020)" in 2017. By 2020, operation, innovation consciousness, characteristic culture the plan plans to strive to build seven types of special development, etc., and puts forward the premise that the existing townships with distinctive industrial characteristics, complete problems should be under the premise of strengthening the infrastructure, strong cultural atmosphere, beautiful ecological macro guidance of the government. We will improve the environment, and flexible institutional mechanisms[3], to construction level of Shenyang's characteristic townships based achieve overall development of urban and rural areas. Among on the characteristics of the industry, clarify the government's them, there are 9 areas in the area including Weinan District, function, and increase the introduction of talents. Yuhong District, Shenbei New District, Sujiatun District, Keywords—Shenyang City; Characteristic township Xinmin City, Faku County, Kangping County, and Shenyang construction; Macro guidance; Specific measures Economic and Technological Development Zone. I. INTRODUCTION III. PROBLEMS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHARACTERISTIC TOWNSHIPS IN SHENYANG In order to implement the spirit of the Nineteenth National Congress of the CPC and promote the development of A.
    [Show full text]
  • RESETTLEMENT PLAN Central Heating
    RP590 V3 REV World Bank Loan- Infrastructure Energy Project in Medium-size Cities of Liaoning Public Disclosure Authorized RESETTLEMENT PLAN Central Heating Project Public Disclosure Authorized in the Urban Area of Kangping Chief Expert: Shen Dianzhong Public Disclosure Authorized Project Team Leader: Shen Xinxin Project Team Members: Hua Yujie and Mei Zhanjun Written by: Institute of Sociology Liaoning Academy of Social Science (LASS) Time: December 2010 Public Disclosure Authorized 1 CONTENT 1 Project Introduction ......................................................................................... 4 1.1 Background Information ............................................................................... 4 1.2 Project Description ....................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Project Compents and Area of Land Acquisition .................................... 4 1.2.2 Socio-economic Benefits of the Projects ............................................... 5 1.2.3 Project Impact ....................................................................................... 5 1.2.4 Investment Calculation and Implementation Plan .................................. 5 1.2.5 Identification of Co-Projects .................................................................. 5 2 Project Impact ................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Measures of Advoidance and Minimization for Land Acquisition .................. 7 2.1.1 Principles of Project
    [Show full text]
  • Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020
    Minimum Wage Standards in China August 11, 2020 Contents Heilongjiang ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Jilin ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 Liaoning ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ........................................................................................................... 7 Beijing......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Hebei ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 Henan .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Shandong .................................................................................................................................................... 14 Shanxi ......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Shaanxi ......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Air Quality Improvement in the Greater Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region—China National Investment and Guaranty Corporation’S Green Financing Platform Project
    Environmental and Social Management System Implementation Report # 4 Semestral Report July 2019 People’s Republic of China: Air Quality Improvement in the Greater Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region—China National Investment and Guaranty Corporation’s Green Financing Platform Project Prepared by China National Investment and Guaranty Corporation for the Asian Development Bank. This environmental and social management system monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ESMS Implementation Report No. Subprojects 1 Shenyang Kanghe Straw Biomass Utilization Subproject 2 Zhalaiteqi Diwo Straw Biomass Utilization Subproject Item Details, comments Institutional Aspects: Whether there have been any changes to the No change to the ESMS, staffing of ESMS, staffing of environment unit at I&G, budget environment unit at I&G, and budget available for ESMS implementation. available for ESMS implementation. Whether there has been any major difficulties in No major difficulties in implementing implementing ESMS and if so the remedial actions ESMS. taken. Two environmental and social Due diligence and/or audits undertaken during the safeguard due diligence activities were year conducted for the subprojects. IEE (List the number and type of investigations reports were prepared and submitted to undertaken.) ADB as required.
    [Show full text]
  • Minghui Report: 129 Known Cases of Chinese Judges Receiving Retribution for Their Role in the Persecution of Falun Gong
    Minghui Report: 129 Known Cases of Chinese Judges Receiving Retribution for Their Role in the Persecution of Falun Gong Appendix 1: Select Cases of Chinese Judges Prosecuted, Fired or Demoted Heads of Wuhan City Intermediate Court, Hubei Province Many officials and judges from Wuhan City Intermediate Court have been prosecuted over the years. Liu Yawen and Zhou Wenxuan, who both once served as court presidents, were sentenced to prison for corruption. Zhou Wenxuan received ten years in jail. In 2000, three judge were arrested for dereliction of duty, and another 53 judges were investigated for corruption. In 2004, court vice presidents Ke Changxin and Hu Changyou were sentenced to 13 years and 6.5 years in jail, respectively. Other personnel involved included three associate presiding judges, seven judges and one secretary who were given prison sentences with terms between two and 13 years. Another nine judges were given punishments and 30 officers of the court were transferred. Yang Lianzhong: former Deputy head of Pinggu District Court, Beijing Yang Lianzhong, former deputy head of Pinggu District Court, was arrested in the summer of 2015 for embezzlement and corruption. He was expelled from the CCP and removed from his post. Not long after, his wife Li Xiaoling, who was working in the transportation bureau suffered a brain hemorrhage and his father-in-law passed away. During the few years when Yang was in charge of the criminal court in Beijing, more than a dozen Falun Gong practitioners were illegally sentenced to prison. Mr. Wang Zicheng were put into prison three times, with a total of 14 years; his wife Zhang Aiping was also put into prison twice, for a total of eight and a half years; Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Bank Loan Kangping County District Central Heating Network Project
    E1714 V18 REV Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Loan Kangping County District Central Heating Network Project Environmental Management Plan Public Disclosure Authorized (EMP) Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared by: Shenyang Academy of Environmental Sciences November 2013 Public Disclosure Authorized CONTENT 1 Project Overview…………………………………………………………………………………….2 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND………………… ……………… …………………………………2 1.2 PROJECT NAME, CHARACTER AND CONSTRUCTION LOCALE ..................................................................3 1.3 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION CONTENT .......................................................................................................3 2 Basis of Compilation…………………………………………………………………………………5 2.1 OPERATIONAL STANDARD ......................................................................................................................5 2.2 BASIS OF COMPILATION ..........................................................................................................................6 3. Pollutant Emissions……………………………………………………… …………………... 7 3.1 WASTE WATER ........................................................................................................................................7 3.2 SOLID WASTE .........................................................................................................................................7 3.3 POLLUTANT EMISSIONS AROUND ALTERNATIVE SOURCE AND REGIONAL POLLUTANTS INCREASE AND DECREASE ..............................................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Area Comprehensive Score 1990 2000 2010 Heping District 0.307
    Comprehensive score of aging level in 1990, 2000 and 2010 Comprehensive score Area 1990 2000 2010 Heping District 0.307 0.572 0.792 Shenhe District 0.319 0.554 0.774 Dadong District 0.275 0.558 0.803 Huanggu District 0.262 0.542 0.777 Tiexi District (Shenyang) 0.252 0.611 0.800 Sujiatun District 0.202 0.409 0.699 Dongling District 0.202 0.370 0.512 Shenbei New District 0.196 0.388 0.534 Yuhong District 0.197 0.364 0.593 Liaozhong County 0.187 0.351 0.627 Kangping County 0.165 0.318 0.604 Faku County 0.195 0.354 0.653 Xinmin City 0.177 0.351 0.627 Zhongshan District 0.336 0.592 0.888 Xigang District 0.327 0.605 0.860 Shahekou District 0.284 0.534 0.770 Ganjingzi District 0.242 0.381 0.557 Lushunkou District 0.302 0.427 0.668 Jinzhou District 0.267 0.360 0.531 Changhai County 0.215 0.314 0.638 Wafangdian City 0.218 0.431 0.799 Pulandian City 0.243 0.440 0.812 Zhuanghe City 0.224 0.460 0.778 Tiedong District 0.230 0.541 0.831 Tiexi District (Anshan) 0.234 0.514 0.896 Lishan District 0.198 0.540 0.950 Qianshan District 0.215 0.399 0.721 Tai'an County 0.187 0.355 0.613 Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County 0.171 0.349 0.620 Haicheng City 0.191 0.321 0.573 Xinfu District 0.245 0.517 0.853 Dongzhou District 0.230 0.551 1.000 Wanghua District 0.206 0.464 0.814 Shuncheng District 0.195 0.479 0.819 Fushun County 0.256 0.401 0.701 Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County 0.110 0.298 0.615 Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County 0.124 0.318 0.618 Pingshan District 0.208 0.475 0.778 Xihu District 0.217 0.497 0.829 Mingshan District 0.186 0.440 0.743 Nanfen District 0.196
    [Show full text]