Fm 100-10 Combàt Service Support

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HEADQuXpTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY %

COMBÀT SERVICE SUPPORT

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Pontagon Library (AKIR-PL) ATTN: Military Docurf»nte Section Rcom 1A518, Pentagom Washington, DC 20310H

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ' ''•v

P s ¿ f^ield Manual /ff FM 100-10 Vo. 1 00-10 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 18 February 1988

MBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Table of Contents

Page

Preface .. iii

PART ONE-CONCEPT FOR SUSTAINMENT Chapter 1. Principles and Organikation for Battle Support 1-1 The Mission \ 1-2 The Supported 1-2 The Environment .V 1-6 Combat Service Support Tasks\. 1-8 The Sustainment Imperatives .. \ 1-9 Concept for Sustainment \ 1-10 Organization for Sustainment \ 1-11 The Sustainment System .V 1-15 Sustainment from Other Sources .V 1-20

Chapter 2. Battlefield Sustainment V 2-1 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield 2-1 Operational Sustainment,;. \ 2-2 Tactical Sustainment V 2-5 Contingency Operations Sustainment \ 2-15 Special Support Requirements \. 2-15

PART TWO-MANNING THE FORCE Chapter 3. Health Service Support 'S-l HSS in the AirLand Battle 3^ Levels of Health Services 3-î Patient Care and Movement 3-6 Organizations and Functions 3-7 Medical Resource Managers 3-13

*Thit manual supersedes FM 100-10,1 March 1983 ^■^oVotoso

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FM 100-10

Chapter 4. Personnel Service Support 4-1 Personnel and Administration Services 4-2 Finance Services 4-9 Chaplain A ctivities 4-10 Public Affairs 4-11 Legal Service Support 4-11

Chapter 5. Field Services and Supply Support for Soldiers 5-1 Food 5-1 Water 5-3 Persona! Welfare and Comfort Items 5-3 ■ Clothing and Soldier Equipment 5-4 Laundry, Bath, and Renovation 5-4 Graves Registration 5-4

PART THREE-SUSTAINING THE SYSTEMS Chapter 6. Arming the Force 6-1 Conventional Ammunition 6-2 Enhanced Lethality Munitions 6-4 Nuclear Ammunition 6-5 Chemical Ammunition 6-7 Missile Ammunition 6-7 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Support 6-8 Chapter 7. Fueling the Force 7-1 Bulk Fuel 7-1 Packaged Products 7-4 Chapter 8. Fixing the Force 8-1 The Maintenance System 8-2 Forward Support 8-3 Conventional Equipment Maintenance 8-5 Army Aircraft Maintenance 8-7 Army Watercraft Maintenance 8-9 Missile System Maintenance 8-10 Communications-Security Equipment Maintenance 8-12 Medical Equipment Maintenance 8-13 Communications-Electronics Maintenance 8-13 TMDE Support 8-14 i i

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Repair Parts Supply 8-15 Maintenance in an NBC Environment 8-18 Equipment Replacement 8-19 Salvage—Captured and Found Materiel 8-20 Chapter 9. Moving the Force 9-1 The Movement Concept 9-1 Movement Functions 9-3 Transportation Operations 9-6 Glossary Glossary-1 References References-1 Index Index-1

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À PREFACE

The purpose of this manual is to depict the Army CSS organizations and describe how they support commanders at all echelons by manning, arming, fueling, fixing, and moving their forces. It will thus provide the basis for subordinate CSS doctrine, materiel, training, and organizational development. The intended audience of the manual is threefold: combat and combat support commanders and staffs to provide a more universal understanding of how CSS is organized and provided; CSS commanders and staffs to institutionalize the integration of CSS into the total Army mission; and students to provide a broad knowledge of the CSS structure and of how it operates. The goal of Army combat service support is to enable the maneuver commander to conduct combat operations. CSS doctrine is a major component of Air Land Battle doctrine as described in FM 100-5. FM 100-10 is the Army’s keystone manual for combat service support of maneuver and combat support forces. It explains how Army CSS elements sustain forces in conducting campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It serves as the basis for subordinate CSS doctrine, force design, materiel acquisition, professional education, and individual and unit training. It applies to Army forces worldwide, but must be adapted to the specific requirements of each theater. While emphasizing sustainment of conventional operations in a mid-intensity conflict, it recognizes that Army CSS forces must be capable of supporting operations in any battlefield environment, including low-intensity conflict, and on the nuclear and chemical battlefield. Likewise, Army CSS forces must be prepared to support other services and allies. These elements of joint and combined logistics doctrine are incorporated. This manual uses the term combat service support to describe the various functions described individually herein. For purposes of this manual, combat service support is considered to include the full range of health services and personnel services functions as well as the traditional logistics functions of supply, maintenance, field services, and transportation. It includes those functions and services (whether provided by US Army, host nation, or contracted support) required to man, arm, fuel, fix, and move the Army in combat operations. 1

FM 100-10

While this manual prescribes CSS doctrine for all organizations, its division-level focus is on the heavy divisions and their CSS structure. Details of CSS doctrine for all divisions are contained in 71-series field manuals and in 63-series field manuals which prescribe doctrine for echelon CSS headquarters units. Users of this publication are encouraged to recommend changes which will improve its clarity and utility. Changes and comments should be forwarded to the Commander, US Army Logistics Center, ATCL-CLE, Fort Lee, Virginia, 23801-6000, using DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms). Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine or feminine gender is used, both men and women are included.

v —t FM 100-10

PART ONE

CONCEPT FOR SUSTAINMENT Combat service support is an integral part of a fighting force. Knowledge of the principles of its provision and of the way it is organized is an essential item of the body of knowledge which successful leaders should possess. The role of combat service support as an integrated component of combat power deserves study so that its capabilities and limitations are known and considered in analysis and planning. This part of FM 100-10 describes the principles upon which the Army’s CSS system operates and the ways in which the system is organized. It further describes the ways in which CSS elements support the major operational variations. CHAPTER 1 Principles and Organization for Battle Support

The need for integration of effort in the US defense structure is greater than ever before. In any major war the US Army is likely to fight as part of a combined force. It will CONTENTS almost always fight as part of a joint force, PAGE and the Army will always fight as a com- The Mission 1-2 bined arms team. Whatever force we field will The Supported 1-2 be characterized by the integration of compo- The Environment 1-6 nents into a unified team. Combat Service Support Tasks 1-8 Sustainment is vital to success at both the The Sustainment Imperatives 1-9 operational and tactical levels of war, and it Concept for Sustainment 1-10 is a critical element of combat power on the AirLand Battlefield. At both the operational Organization for Sustainment 1-11 and tactical levels, the generation of combat The Sustainment System 1-15 power requires the conversion of the po- Sustainment from other tential of forces, resources, and tactical Sources 1-20 opportunity into actual capability through violent and coordinated action concentrated at the decisive time and place. The ability to planning; therefore, there exists an insepar- provide and sustain support for combat opera- able relationship between operations/tactics tions is predicated on thorough, integrated and sustainment on the AirLand Battlefield.

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i FM 100-10

THE MISSION The overriding mission of US forces is to vironment and win. The basic mission of deter war. In support of this mission, Army combat service support is to sustain the forces must be able to meet worldwide battle. The CSS system’s sole purpose is to strategic challenges against the full range of maintain and support our soldiers and their threats in low- to high-intensity operations. weapon systems in operations on the The nature of modern battle and the broad AirLand Battlefield. CSS planning must geographical range of US interests make it focus on sustaining the maneuver force as it imperative that Army units be prepared to executes the commander’s intent while con- participate in both joint and combined opera- ducting deep, rear, and close operations. tions anywhere in the world. The capability to sustain our Army in those operations is The sole measurement of successful sus- crucial to their contribution to deterrence. tainment has always been the generation of The AirLand Battlefield will be a de- combat power at the decisive time and place. manding environment. The field commander The mission of CSS is to facilitate the will be hard pressed to meet its many commander’s ability to so generate combat demands. His challenge is to fight, often power. CSS must allow the commander to outnumbered, in an extremely hostile en- achieve the tenets of AirLand Battle.

THE SUPPORTED The maneuver units and their combat sustainment. Most require ammunition and support are the major focus of CSS opera- fuel. Most require maintenance support tions. In the frontline combat battalion task outside their own capabilities. All require force area, there are many functions being medical and personnel service support. performed by combat support units—division and corps artillery (the major tonnage con- When fighting as part of a joint force and in many places as part of a combined force, sumers), division and corps engineers, military intelligence units, and signal teams. Army organizations will frequently support There are more combat support units in the other services or allied forces. This support may range from POL distribution to US Air brigade area; for example, air defense, FARPs for division and corps helicopters Force bases to emergency distribution of (another large-tonnage consumer), and engi- ammunition to allied artillery units. neers. There may be still more maneuver and Figures 1-1 through 1-3 illustrate the combat support formations in the division magnitude of the sustainment mission by rear area. In the corps rear area, reserve portraying typical troop populations in divisions and brigades, air defense, aviation, various areas of the battlefield. These figures command and control, and CSS organiza- illustrate the magnitude of the CSS- tions themselves will require CSS. consuming force forward of the division rear boundary. In the corps rear and in the All organizations require food, clothing, COMMZ, the numbers of consumers are even water, and the other essentials for human greater.

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Figure 1-3. Nondivision Units Requiring Combat Service Support

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THE ENVIRONMENT THE BATTLEFIELD It is useful at this point to elaborate briefly Soldiers and their weapon systems create on the environment of the AirLand maj or demands for combat service support in Battlefield. Nonlinear operations and un- this environment. High casualty rates will precedented demand for resources are its require an efficient personnel management most salient features. In this section, we will system and extraordinary support by mobile also introduce the implications of chemical health care organizations to save lives and and nuclear operations and the special preserve fighting strength. Likewise, the requirements in low-intensity conflict. demand for trained replacements will be constant. Weapon systems will use a variety To operate on this fluid AirLand of enhanced lethality munitions to better Battlefield, forces must possess a higher influence the battle. Traditional methods of degree of self-sustainability than ever before. ammunition resupply will not be responsive They must be sustained by a support struc- enough to supply the variety and quantities ture with mobility and speed which ap- of munitions needed at the time and place for proaches their own. Units operating in decisive action. We must move all types of brigade, division, and corps rear areas must conventional munitions to the brigade sup- be capable of great flexibility in supporting port areas for transfer to the maneuver, maneuver forces which will be constantly aviation, artillery, and engineer units. changing direction and tactics, moving from Scarce, enhanced lethality munitions can attack to defense and back in order to seize frequently be moved there by air. and exploit opportunities. CSS organizations may task-organize as frequently as the units Fuel consumption will be dramatically they support in order to bring to the field a higher than it has ever been. A modern US sustainment effort geared to the essential heavy division may well consume more fuel needs of the maneuver force. than a World War II corps. The task of fueling will be more difficult than ever before not just Units located in rear areas will likely be because of the high consumption but also subjected to enemy action as never before. because mobile, fast-moving combat dictates They will not always be separated from that fuels, like munitions, must be delivered hostile forces by belts of friendly forces in the forward to the maneuver and combat support covering force and at the FLOT. They must battalions. always be prepared to fight to protect them- Class IV and V barrier materials become selves and the critical services and materiel critical as maneuver forces seek to impede they provide. The division and corps rear enemy movement and to make the enemy areas and perhaps the COMMZ may be the move to positions favorable to us. CSS organi- scene of major engagements if large forces zations must package and deliver them to the penetrate friendly defenses. These penetra- sites required with responsiveness seldom tions can be air or waterborne in addition to needed heretofore. possible ground penetrations. Units with habitual relationships may become sepa- All units must bring well-maintained, rated from each other. Units located in rear combat-ready weapon systems and equip- areas must be prepared to meet the twin ment to the battle. To keep systems avail- challenges of providing support and sur- ability high, maintainers will repair disabled viving on this nonlinear battlefield. and battle-damaged equipment using battle

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COMMAND AND CONTROL damage assessment and repair techniques Command and control will present great and component replacement as near to the challenges to leaders at all levels. The nature user as possible and evacuate equipment that of the battlefield will provide the greatest cannot be ñxed on site. Suppliers must ensure obstacles to directing the activities of that the right components for those repairs maneuver and sustainment forces. The are provided at the right place and time. fluidity of battle will demand constant Together, their goal is to maintain the changes to both combat and sustainment fighting strength of the equipment com- plans and operations. The dispersion re- ponent of the weapon systems. quired will lengthen distances over which communications must flow. Interruptions in Transportation is the glue which binds communications will demand that all leaders the personnel and equipment distribution develop the ability to act on their own in systems together—whether munitions, fuel, carrying out the commander’s intent. repair parts, or equipment replacements. History shows that transportation is a tradi- CSS leaders must develop and practice tional limiting factor on armies. The lethal, innovative techniques to convey information nonlinear battlefield will demand more and orders. Decentralized execution of tasks flexible control of transport assets so as to must be the practice; for example, placing respond to changing support requirements. transportation truck units in direct support Likewise, transportation’s role in managing of ammunition resupply from GS and DS road nets has become critical to facilitating ammunition facilities in the corps. The Army maneuver and movement of forces as well as CSS command and control systems must be supplies. integrated into the joint and combined support systems, especially in the COMMZ, to The integration of all these tasks at the facilitate the management of common-use lowest level is weapon system replenishment. resources. Fuel and ammunition are replenished; maintenance is accomplished rapidly; wounded crewmen are treated; water and CHEMICAL WARFARE food are provided; and replacements are The potential for chemical use on the effectively fitted into the team or crew. AirLand Battlefield poses a great challenge to the support infrastructure. First, logistics activities provide lucrative targets with their THE AIR DIMENSION stockpiles of critical supplies and important component repair activities that can be In order to move critical sustainment denied to the force without being destroyed. resources quickly to the point of need, air— Second, the constraints that chemical both Army and Air Force—must increasingly warfare impose on logisticians are consider- be used as a method of transportation for able. At worst, chemical munitions would personnel, supplies, and equipment. In many bring sustainment to a halt; at best, they instances air will be the only route to sup- could severely curtail it. ported maneuver forces. It will be relied on as never before to evacuate wounded soldiers to Contaminated equipment must either be medical facilities so that they may be repaired as is or decontaminated and then eventually returned to the battle. repaired. Fixing contaminated equipment is

1-7 FM 100-10

slow and laborious because the repairer must materiel and facilities is a large part of work in protective gear. Decontamination is protecting the entire force and is critical to equally slow. Soldiers in MOPP gear will the sustainment effort. exhibit increased stress, early fatigue, and LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT marked performance degradation. Even the threat of chemical use will have psycho- Low-intensity conflict presents many logical effects on soldiers adding to the stress unique sustainment challenges not faced in casualty work load of medical units and the mid- and high-intensity conflicts. High on demands placed on replacement systems and the list of sustainment challenges is CSS chaplain services. readiness. Some LIC operations are ongoing. The CSS structure is in place and operates NUCLEAR WARFARE routinely. Others will be characterized by short-notice, hastily executed deployments The specter of nuclear warfare will con- into bare base environments. The key to tinue to shadow the battlefield. Tactical successful sustainment in these operations employment of nuclear weapons will will be readiness. CSS teams and units will be magnify the destructive character of opera- faced with the requirement to support an tions on the AirLand Battlefield. The ex- Army, a joint force, or even a combined posure of all forces to nuclear fires and their contingent on little notice. associated hazards will require unprecedented reconstitution efforts in returning CSS will be provided by an element heavily damaged and attrited units to the tailored to the mission. Leaders and all battle. members of the element must be innovative and aggressive in seeking solutions to Sustainment efforts will be hampered by problems. They must be flexible in dealing the effects of nuclear weapons. Supply lines with unforeseen problems. They will rely on could be blocked by tree blowdown miles from available civilian resources in order to reduce ground zero. Terrain, equipment, and person- requirements on transportation and other nel otherwise unscathed by blast, heat, and Army or other service resources. They will be light may encounter radiological contami- capable of dealing with the indigenous nation. The electromagnetic pulse effect population in finding and securing goods might make CSS communications more diffi- and services. cult at just the time they are needed most. Medical resources might be overwhelmed. UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE AND COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT TERRORISM TASKS Units, sustainment facilities, and installations can suffer catastrophic damage at the The foregoing description of the AirLand hands of even clumsy, untrained terrorists, Battlefield sustainment environment points let alone highly trained, skilled unconven- out many of the CSS tasks. Following is a tional warfare forces. Critical commodities more precise description of those tasks in the and facilities can be destroyed or rendered terms used in the remainder of this manual. useless at low cost to the enemy. Security of The CSS tasks, like the CSS mission, are

1-8 FM 100-10

simply expressed and challenging to achieve. provision of repair parts at the right place They are to man, arm, fuel, fix, and move the and time and all the actions taken before, supported force and to protect the sustain- during, and after battle to keep equipment ment force. operational. Maintenance battle damage repair and the other fixing tasks are combat Manning includes the support provided to multipliers because they make up for smaller the individual soldier as well as the provision numbers of equipment items. of healthy, fit soldiers to units. Manning support includes rations, clothing, and indi- Moving consists not only of the actual vidual equipment. The soldier must also be transportation of people and materiel from provided the essential field services such as one place to another but also of the manage- clothing exchange and bath. All soldiers will ment function which seeks to use resources, be provided the full range of CSS services to including road networks, most efficiently include chaplain, finance, and legal support. and to greatest effect. It includes terminal Arming is the provision of munitions to transfer operations and highway regulation. the weapon systems. It encompasses all Protecting includes those actions taken types of ammunition to include mines and by commanders and staffs to defend their demolition munitions. sustainment system. Fueling is the provision of required fuels Manning, arming, fueling, fixing, and to weapon systems and other equipment. In moving are the basic tasks of CSS. Each in modern battle, fuel is as important as itself is a difficult task, the integration of all ammunition. five into comprehensive, integrated battle Fixing transcends maintenance. Its pur- support is the major challenge of the CSS pose is to preserve the availability of weapon leader. Each of these tasks is discussed in systems and equipment. It includes the detail in subsequent chapters of this manual.

THE SUSTAINMENT IMPERATIVES The tenets of AirLand Battle doctrine— opportunities to achieve tactical or opera- initiative, agility, depth, and synchroniza- tional advantage. tion—are basic to operational and tactical success on the battlefield and establish the Sustainment components of the force framework for arranging sustainment. Sus- must support the overall aims and plans of tainment must be carried out so as to the commander. Their function on the facilitate the ability of the maneuver com- battlefield is to enhance the commander’s mander to attain those tenets. CSS doctrine chance for success and to make his plan work then seeks to overcome the natural inhibiting with an aggressive determination even in the effects of the logistics “tail” and enable the presence of the unforeseen difficulties that maneuver commander to take advantage of are characteristic of war.

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Sustaining the battle will require com- Responsiveness is the ability to meet manders and staffs to adhere to what are changing requirements on short notice. termed the sustainment imperatives. These AirLand Battle doctrine relies on the ability are anticipation, integration, continuity, of the combat force to seize fleeting op- responsiveness, and improvisation. They are portunities. Sustainment elements of the discussed in detail in FM 100-5. command must be as opportunistic as the maneuver elements. Sustainment planners CSS leaders and staffs must anticipate and commanders must respond to the situa- future events and requirements by under- tion quickly so that momentum is retained. standing the commander’s plan and by Support must be responsive to changes. Bold foreseeing events as operations develop. and innovative methods of support will be While continuing to support current opera- required. tions, they plan for future operations, and Improvisation must be a hallmark of CSS. they attempt to foresee unexpected changes^, Supporters must seek new, innovative solu- in the course of the battle. For example, the tions to problems. The routine and the corps CSS leaders must focus on the period at traditional must be discarded if they will not least 48 to 72 hours in the future. They can do solve a problem. Extraordinary methods little to affect sustainment in earlier time may be necessary to get things done. periods. They also anticipate events by ensuring that the CSS structure constantly retains the flexibility to respond quickly to change. CONCEPT FOR CSS is an integral part of a fighting force SUSTAINMENT at all echelons. Integration of sustainment operations with the operations of the maneuver force is crucial. Support forces The AirLand Battle tenets of FM 100-5 must be organized to give the commander the and the sustainment imperatives previously greatest possible freedom of action. They discussed point out clear concepts by which must fit into the total force and the overall CSS must be provided. plan. They combine with the maneuver and SUPPORT THE COMMANDER’S combat support elements of the command to INTENT ensure unity of effort. Combat, combat support, and CSS ele- Continuity of sustainment is paramount ments of a command must focus their efforts to the continued success of the force. Pauses on what the commander intends to achieve. for rebuilding impede momentum and rob the To do this, they must all act in concert and all commander of the initiative. Continuity must understand his intent. The com- implies the responsibility to ensure that an mander’s intent is not always a constant operation is not affected by a lapse in support purpose; it may change as the situation or by unforeseen events. Continuity of sup- develops, particularly at the lower echelons. port lends depth to the commander’s opera- Leaders in all elements of the command tions and contributes to his retention of develop a feel for changes and prepare to momentum and the initiative. execute and support them.

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SUPPORT FORWARD Sustainment forces must be arrayed to— The CSS practitioner is a full partner of the tactician. He is trained with the same • Move supplies, replacements, and care and serious intent. He is well versed in weapon systems as far forward as the tactics of battle. He is tutored by his possible, normally to the field trains in seniors in the methods and procedures of the brigade support area. support, He seeks to understand the whys • Evacuate wounded soldiers and not and wherefores of tactics and conveys the easily reparable equipment from as far basics of support to his tactical peers and forward as possible, usually combat seniors. He is trained to respond to mission trains. orders, both stated and implied. He under- stands the tactician’s art because he must The guiding principle is that the combat support its practice. force should keep its own scarce CSS He is imbued with a broad understanding resources (trucks, recovery equipment, ambulances) to support its companies/ of the military art to completely understand his own support functions within the batteries and be ready to move quickly if the framework of the Army’s operations. While battle dictates. They should not have to use he may serve as a specialist in various organic assets to move to the rear (that is, assignments, his training should make him a division support area) to pick up supplies nor generalist in the military art. Command is to move back resources that can no longer the CSS leader’s most cherished assignment, contribute to combat power. That is the task and CSS command requires a multidis- of CSS organizations. The next chapter will ciplined officer well schooled in military elaborate on how the concept is put into doctrine, procedures, and philosophy. practice in CSS organizations. CSS warrant officers and noncommis- RELIANCE ON SUSTAINMENT FROM sioned officers are trained to execute the OTHER SOURCES responsibilities of specialists and leaders. The growing sophistication of equipment, We will conserve Army resources by management techniques, and overall tech- placing reliance on any other viable sources nology requires specialists and technicians, of support in preference to using Army units. but CSS WOs and NCOs must be leaders The most visible of these is host nation first. They must know and practice soldiering support. Others are the logistics civil augmen- and leadership. The technician and the tation program, DA and DOD civilians, and leader must be combined. captured enemy material. Such support is discussed in more detail later in this chapter. LEADERSHIP ORGANIZATION Last, but perhaps most important, the FOR SUSTAINMENT challenges to sustaining battle are met through leadership. Effective sustainment The organization and location of CSS can be carried out only through superior elements on the battlefield are determined by leadership and professionalism in the ranks the tasks performed, the echelons they sup- of the combat service support structure. port, and the areas in which they support.

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ORGANIZATION BY TASK First, CSS units are organized according designed to work on specific combat equip- to the task they are expected to perform. This ment such as engineer, artillery, aircraft, and is TOE organization. For example, a main- IEW equipment. These combat weapon sys- tenance company is organized (provided the tem teams are assigned to the maintenance proper MOS skills, tools, and equipment) to company as required. fix the equipment of the units it will Organization by task is not limited to habitually support. Thus, a division main- TOE design. Informal, ad hoc task organi- tenance company is organized to perform the zation is frequently employed. It is simply the task of keeping division equipment in the temporary grouping of CSS assets to support battle. It has the personnel skills, tools, a combat or combat support formation per- equipment, and components required to main- forming a specific mission. Organization by tain the equipment of division units it task is depicted in Figure 1-4. habitually supports. ORGANIZATION BY ECHELON While there are requirements for such fixed standard CSS units, there is also a Support is also organized by echelon of requirement for flexible CSS units. Using the support. The combat support and maneuver same maintenance example, a nondivision battalions have small support organizations maintenance company will be organized that provide minimal essential services (criti- with a base maintenance capability and with cal supplies such as fuel and ammunition, specialized maintenance support teams transportation, food service, personnel and

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Figure 1 -4. Organization By Task

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administrative service, and emergency medi- sustainment organization (supply, mainte- cal service). The brigade is supported by the nance, personnel, and medical). The brigade next echelon, which is the DISCOM forward does not have an organic sustainment capa- support battalion that generally operates in bility. It is supported by elements of the the brigade support area. At the next echelon, DISCOM—forward support battalions or the DISCOM supports the division as a separate maintenance, medical, and supply whole; similarly the COSCOM supports the companies—that generally can support the corps. brigade indefinitely as long as the flow of supplies and replacements from the rear Our approach to sustainment is based on continues and evacuation routes to the rear the premise that maneuver and combat remain open. Division and nondivision corps support elements should have an organic units are supported by the COSCOM. The sustainment capability commensurate with TAACOM and other theater-level CSS their missions. The company/battery fights organizations support all units in the engagements of short duration and so is COMMZ. provided with only the rudiments of a sustainment organization. The battalion fights or Figure 1-5 depicts sustainment organi- supports engagements of slightly longer zation by echelon from corps forward. duration and is provided a slightly greater

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1-13 X X 2 I - MSB HVY BAND 5—C POSTAL l(-) LT PS REPL SPT AG • • • SVC -xfTV- •'ríl''- COSCOM, Three organizations—corps, given area of responsibility. combat service sup- and division—provide of sustainment organi- depicts an example zation by area in the division rear. company in the corps or vision maintenance supports all units in its theater rear area rear area. Figure 1-6 port in the division 4 XX xx 7 STRESS SURG TRMT Figure 1 -6. Organization by Area AMB l(-) EVAC\ IN I - LT SVC RCVY ^<7 I - support to either division or corps units on an area basis. part of the corps reserve and will also issue to support units and organizations in reserve. tanks" holding to provide 100 percent of division ammunition requirements. ASPs will be "surge DS HRP EOD CEB goal is for ATPs 1 COSCOM units that provide support to division and corps units. NOTE: While the 2 Corps CSS units that provide support to division and corps units. provides 4 Division CSS units that provide support to division units. NOTE: Medical company 3 COSCOM units that provide support to corps units operating in division area. X BY AREA ORGANIZATION by area. CSS is Last, CSS is organized 3 a nondi- geographical area. For example, areas, and to other units in and field trains to division and nondivision CSS is provided support area and to units units in the division theater rear areas by in the corps and area. At higher levels, the brigade support company in the company provided to the battalion in the combat trains area, to the 1-14 FM 100-10 FM 100-10

THE SUSTAINMENT SYSTEM The Army’s system for providing combat Our initial go-to-war supply system in an service support is based on the requirements undeveloped theater is a push system. Pack- of the force and affordability. Overhead and ages of required supplies are sent to the unnecessary redundancy are reduced where theater to replenish expended supplies. As possible. The CSS system is based on pro- the supply system stabilizes, the overall viding adequate support to forces anywhere system becomes a pull system, although at in the world. The support base for all theaters battalion and brigade level supplies continue is the continental United States. Great depen- to be pushed to the user. The pull system is dence is placed on the transportation system, the normal process for a developed theater both surface and air. Deployed forces are with pre-positioned war reserve stocks and is sustained over long lines of communication. used from the beginning of hostilities. The Because of the possibility of interruptions in general flow of requisitions and supplies is materiel delivery, we routinely build varying depicted in Figure 1-7. It should be noted that levels of stocks to overcome any such Class VII supplies follow the same requi- interruptions. sition and supply flow. However, weapon

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LEGEND ► Normal material distribution flow — — Request/requisition flow — - —Throughput

Figure 1 -7. General Requisition and Supply Flow (Except Class V)

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systems such as tanks and helicopters so units need continuous ammunition resupply critical to battle success are intensively to support firing rates of up to 300 rounds per managed and are normally command- tube per day). LOGPACs for combat support controlled. units operating in a maneuver force area should be coordinated with and integrated into the maneuver force resupply schedule COMPANY/BATTERY ECHELON when possible. Ultimately, the most important sustainment is self-sustainment—that provided by BATTALION ECHELON soldiers. It includes “buddy-aid” for fellow soldiers, crew preventive maintenance and The preferred method of supporting the care of equipment and their own health, as battalion is through echeloned trains. Bat- well as maintenance of basic loads of talion trains are normally made up of supplies. battalion CSS assets and elements of the forward support battalion. The area occupied Preconfigured supply packages or by the battalion combat trains is generally LOGPACs are “supplied” by the battalion located between the brigade support area support platoon forward to maneuver com- and the company resupply points 10 to panies. A LOGPAC is used to simplify 12 kilometers from the FLOT. resupply by assembling all resupply vehicles in the field trains and sending them forward The battalion combat trains are super- to resupply the companies. vised by a combat trains CP in which are located the Si and the S4. The CSS resources A LOGPAC may include replacements which are immediately needed by the and/or retumed-to-duty soldiers, supplies, maneuver companies are located there. These and repair parts. Cargo trucks, fuel tankers, resources normally include the battalion aid and ammunition trucks transport LOGPACs. station, medical evacuation vehicles from the Issue procedures in the company area are FSB medical company, elements of the bat- tailored to the situation. talion maintenance platoon (MTs augmented CSS other than supplies is also provided. by MSTs from the FSB maintenance com- Aidmen from the battalion medical platoon pany) under the battalion maintenance habitually operate with the companies so officer, and elements of the battalion support that basic life-saving skills are constantly at platoon which carry uploaded supplies, hand and rapid evacuation to the battalion mainly fuel and ammunition. The main- aid station can be effected. A maintenance tenance elements normally operate sepa- team from the battalion maintenance pla- rately from the combat trains in a nearby toon normally operates with the company to UMCP. The combat trains provide the imme- fix forward and to assist the company in diate support for the maneuver companies. recovering inoperable equipment to the The Si and S4 continually coordinate with UMCP the companies to determine CSS status and with the field trains to ensure that required The same principle is employed by supplies and replacements will be obtained. artillery, engineer, and other combat support units in the brigade area although resupply is The battalion field trains are normally apt to be more frequent (for example, artillery located in the brigade support area where

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they serve as a link between the FSB and the The FSB maintenance company, which combat trains. The field trains are supervised consists of a base shop and mobile main- by the HHC commander. Field trains ele- tenance support teams, provides mainte- ments normally include the PAC, the maintenance support in the brigade area. Some of nance platoon (-), and the support platoon (-). the mobile MSTs operate forward in battalion combat trains or with DS artillery The CSS system in nonmaneuver bat- battalion maintenance platoons. The com- talions operates similarly. For example, pany repairs recovered equipment, arranges division and nondivision DS field artillery evacuation of major systems (like artillery) to batteries, which frequently operate in its location or to the DSA, and operates the maneuver battalion and brigade areas, are repair parts supply system for supported supported by their service batteries, which battalions. are organized much like the support elements of the maneuver battalions. Division and Health service support in the brigade area nondivision engineer battalions are also is provided by the medical company. Its organized for support along these lines. ambulances evacuate patients from battalion aid stations to its treatment platoon. BRIGADE ECHELON Divisional maneuver brigades have no DIVISION ECHELON organic CSS assets. An FSB from the The DISCOM provides division-level DISCOM provides dedicated CSS to each logistics and medical support to all organic maneuver brigade and its supporting DS and attached elements of the division. artillery battalion and to other units in the brigade area within its capability. The division support area is that portion of the division rear occupied by the DISCOM The brigade support area is generally command post and organic and attached located on an MSR near the brigade rear units. This area may also contain combat boundary. Selected COSCOM units may also support units (for example, signal, MP, heli- be located in the BSA to support nondivision copter, engineer) and COSCOM elements units operating in the brigade area (GS operating in support of division and non- artillery, DS/GS engineer, DS/GS MI, attack division combat support and combat service helicopter) as required. support units. The DSA is normally located The FSB supply company provides supply in the division rear adjacent to air-landing support in the brigade area. At its supply facilities and main supply routes. The precise points, it receives ammunition, POL, rations, location is contingent on tactical plans and and bulk Class IV delivered by corps trans- the factors of METT-T. port (normally truck and air, possibly rail) The DISCOM support operations section from corps GS or DS supply companies. It and MMC provide planning and coordi- receives other supplies and equipment from nation to ensure sustainment support for all the main support battalion in the division division and attached units and manage rear. The FSB supply company, when aug- reconstitution of units. mented, provides graves registration, clothing exchange and bath, and decontami- The MSB S&S company provides supply nation support. support for units in the division rear area and

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manages the division’s reserve supplies the division rear and augments forward (Classes I, II, III, and IV) to back up the FSB medical companies or battalion aid stations forward supply companies. The S&S com- as well as providing division-level medical pany of the MSB also provides clothing support to both division and nondivision exchange and bath and graves registration units in the division rear area. services when augmented. Salvage collection The AG element, which is organic to the is also provided by the S&S company. division headquarters, controls personnel MSB maintenance units perform division- replacement flow and coordinates other PSS wide maintenance tasks. The light mainte- for the division. Finance support units, under nance company repairs communications the command and control of a corps finance equipment and electronic components and group, provide finance services to the divi- maintains the main ASL repair parts. The sion. A PSC, under command of the corps heavy maintenance company supports the personnel group, provides other personnel division troop units from a base shop in the services to the division. DSA and with MSTs which work in the areas The COSCOM will also position DS units of supported units. The missile maintenance in the DSA to hold part of the corps reserve company provides reparable exchange and stocks (such as ammunition in ASPs and repair parts supply support (for missiles such major components and repair parts) and to as TOW and Dragon) for the FSB main- support nondivision units operating in the tenance companies. It also provides backup brigade and division areas. Close coordi- support to the FSB maintenance companies and repairs all other division missile systems nation will be established with the DISCOM. not organic to the brigades. CORPS ECHELON The aircraft maintenance company, a separate company within the DISCOM, pro- The COSCOM provides support to all vides aviation intermediate maintenance corps forces and, when directed, to forces of support for the division aviation brigade other services or countries. Corps CSS units aircraft, aircraft armament, avionics, and operate as far forward as necessary to sup- aircraft-peculiar items of ground support port the tactical plan, supporting units in equipment. The AMCO also provides aircraft their assigned area. repair parts (Class IXA), aircraft end item The COSCOM headquarters, with its support (Class VII), and backup aviation materiel management and movement control unit support. centers, is normally located in the corps rear The motor transport company of the MSB area. The corps headquarters and COSCOM provides transportation for personnel, sup- headquarters should be within reasonable plies, and equipment to support division per- surface travel distance of each other because sonnel and logistics support operations. It of their close relationship. also supplements corps transport in de- Corps support groups provide the com- livering supplies from corps GS/DS sources mand and control of the COSCOM’s logistics during surge periods. units with one corps support group normally The medical company in the DSA pro- supporting each committed division and one vides unit-level medical support to units in supporting the corps rear. Each CSG will

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have a mix of GS and DS resources, the latter weapons storage and distribution through a to support forward nondivision organiza- special ammunition brigade. tions and provide backup to the division The theater army commander may estab- units. Each CSG includes supply, service, lish one or more TAACOMs in the COMMZ to and IDSM units. provide— Under control of the MCC, corps trans- • Supply support to the corps for all portation units move ammunition, replace- supplies except those supplied to the ment equipment, and other supplies from GS corps direct from CONUS by DSS units to COSCOM and division DSUs. They ALOC. also move personnel to where they are needed. • Intermediate (GS) maintenance of components and overhaul of major Medical brigade treatment facilities treat items for return to the supply system. patients evacuated to them, holding them if they can return to duty within the time • Backup intermediate (DS) main- specified by evacuation policy or evacuating tenance support to the corps. them to COMMZ hospitals if recovery will • Logistics and personnel service sup- take longer. They also provide unit-level port to Army units located in or passing support in their assigned areas. through the COMMZ to include recep- Corps units provide personnel and tion, staging, and reconstitution. administrative services, finance support, aviation CSS, and CMO support in the corps The number of TAACOMs assigned to a rear area. The COSCOM provides supply theater depends on the size of the theater services, maintenance, transportation, and expressed in terms of the force in the theater, health services in the corps rear area. the work load, and the geographical area. The TAACOM, through its area support groups, provides DS-level logistics support, THEATER ARMY ECHELON less movement control and line-haul trans- In a single or multicorps theater, a theater portation, to units located in or passing army headquarters provides overall manage- through its assigned area. Not least among ment of CSS operations. It establishes these are reinforcing combat and combat priorities, assigns missions, and allocates support units which arrive in theater— resources in accordance with the TA com- personnel by air and equipment by sea—for mander’s concept of operations. It uses an deployment forward. The TAACOM, through MMC to manage supply and maintenance its area support groups, provides support to and a movement control agency to provide such units from arrival through personnel- theater-army-level movement management equipment linkup to entry into their eventual services. It has a theater army personnel area of operations. Support is also provided operations center at the PERSCOM to assist to formations which are undergoing exten- in the control and operation of theater-army- sive reconstitution. ASGs also support the wide personnel support and a theater finance corps with specified logistics support and the group which provides theater-level finance overall theater supply system through the support. It also directly controls special repair or overhaul of components and major

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end items as directed by the theater army Although CSS is normally a national MMC. A TAACOM finance group provides responsibility in combined operations, there finance services through a network of FSUs. are many instances in which the Army will A TAACOM personnel group provides per- provide CSS to allies. Our policy in this sonnel services through a network of PSCs regard is to provide that support specified in and other P&A elements. The TAACOM also formal agreements and any additional CSS coordinates area-related functions such as which facilitates operations. For example, an traffic circulation, population control, and allied division operating as part of a US corps rear operations with host nation elements. might well be provided fuel, food, and other common items of supply, particularly com- Each TAACOM is made up of only those mon ammunition items, for as long as it is units needed to provide support. The number operating with the corps. US formations and types of subordinate units depend on the operating under alliance commands may makeup, the number of corps supported, and similarly receive support from the allied the number of units located within its as- major command. signed area of the COMMZ. Mutual support is the most commonsense approach to allied and combined CSS. SUSTAINMENT TO OTHER Formal agreements are made at the national SERVICES AND ALLIES level for combined operations. Joint CSS Nearly all conceivable war scenarios are decisions are made at DOD and MACOM characterized by joint operations with the levels. They are further implemented in Air Force, the Navy, and the Marine Corps. contingency plans at all levels. In-the-field Most scenarios for war at the mid- to high- agreements are made and executed routinely intensity levels, particularly operations in with sister services and allies. developed theaters as a part of an alliance, involve combined operations. The Army will SUSTAINMENT routinely provide CSS to other services and allies and receive such support from them. FROM OTHER SOURCES The Army, with its much greater volume resources, might routinely provide fuel to the Air Force. It may also provide Class I supply While this manual has so far discussed support to the Air Force, to Marine am- the provision of sustainment by Army CSS phibious forces, and to Navy elements organizations, that, in fact, is the least prefer- operating ashore. It may also support those able way. The preferred technique is through elements with ground and some intratheater a combination of host nation, third country, air transportation. The list of CSS functions contractor, and US civilian resources. which conceivably may be performed by HOST NATION Army CSS elements for sister services is long. For example, Army finance units may The Army must have the capability to provide finance services to other US and conduct successful combat operations on any allied services. Similarly, the Army will battlefield. Host nation support assists in the receive air and sea transportation support accomplishment of missions and functions from the Air Force and Navy respectively. in support of US forces and enhances the

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capability of the Army to perform its wartime not an absolut e requirement. All forms of role. It is US Army policy to obtain host peacetime, transition to wartime, and nation support for appropriate CSS functions wartime host nation support should be in the corps and TAACOM in preference to included in the planning process. Host using Army CSS units. When requirements nation support includes— for US personnel, materiel, and services are • Government agency support. Host reduced in one theater, it allows for flexibility nation government agencies build, in assigning forces to other missions or other operate, and maintain facilities and theaters and reduces strategic sealift and systems such as utilities and telephone airlift requirements, thus allowing more networks and provide their services in combat power to be deployed. Host nation support of US needs. Police, fire com- support may be appropriate at all echelons panies, and border patrols may be from the combat zone through the COMMZ. available to support US forces. Factors which must be considered in determining suitability of using host nation • Contractor support. Host country, resources to accomplish specific missions third country, or US contractors located and functions include— in the theater of operations, using host nation or third country personnel, pro- • The capability, dependability, and vide supplies and services such as willingness of the host nation to provide laundry, bath, bakery, transportation, and sustain identifled resource needs. labor, and construction. The theater commander and the Army • Host nation civilians. Host nation component commander will seek to skills required include laborers, ste- arrange as much support as is practical, vedores, and truck drivers as well as pressing the host nation in peacetime to technicians and managers. conclude the necessary agreements to ensure capability and dependability. • Host nation military units. Host nation military or paramilitary units • The effect on security and reliability support US needs in wartime with func- of support. tions such as traffic control, convoy • The risk associated with host nation escort, installation security, cargo and support being available in wartime in troop transport, POL storage and distri- the type and quantity agreed upon. bution, and rear operations. • Host nation facilities. US forces Host nation support is normally based on use host nation buildings or facilities for agreements that commit the host nation to hospitals, headquarters, billets, mainte- provide specific support according to pre- nance shops, or other activities. Host scribed conditions. Agreements occur at nation facilities may be nationalized, various levels, to include nation to nation; come under host country government between component commands, major com- control, or be provided by a contractual mands, and services; as well as in lower agreement. levels between units. Although formal agreements are the preferred means of obtaining • Function or area support. A host and documenting host nation support, that is nation performs a particular function in

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a designated area or for particular orga- agreement in coordination with the SJA. CA nizations within national boundaries. personnel aid this civil-military cooperation Some examples are rail operations, by providing an interface with indigenous convoy scheduling, air traffic control, authorities or military forces. and harbor pilot services. • Services. Host nation facilities and LOGISTICS CIVIL AUGMENTATION personnel can satisfy many admin- PROGRAM istrative services and morale, welfare, The logistics civil augmentation program and recreation demands. HN personnel covers the planning process for the use of can be used as clerks and couriers, for civilian contractors during wartime situa- example. Use of local gymnasiums and tions much as we did during the Vietnam war other sports and recreation facilities can for transportation, construction, and a reduce requirements for US resources variety of other services. The objective is to and increase the quality of service plan for the use of civilian contractors to available. perform selected services in wartime to aug- • Supplies and equipment. Supplies ment Army forces—either US, host country, and equipment needed for mission ac- or third country. Using civilian contractors complishment may be acquired locally, in a theater of operations releases military precluding or reducing materiel ship- units for other missions or fills shortfalls. ments from CONUS. This provides the Army with an additional means to adequately support the current and US personnel will command US military programed force. Specific advanced acqui- units. However, US units may be placed sition planning objectives are— under operational control of host nation commanders when the situation dictates. • To resolve the combat support and combat service support unit shortfalls The degree of command and control represented in operations plans and in exercised by US forces over host nation the Army program. support depends on the type of support, location, tactical situation, political environ- • To consider conversion of existing ment, and provisions of umbrella and tech- support units based upon availability of nical agreements. Communications channels contract support in wartime. are established. Language-proficient person- • To provide rapid contracting capa- nel are required to provide interface between bility for contingencies not covered by US Army and host nation elements. Im- global OPLANs. Finance units will play plementing plans must include request pro- a major role in supporting logistics units cedures and legal restrictions imposed by the to provide this procurement capability. host nation but should be directed toward ensuring the availability of the support. • To provide for contract augmentation in CONUS during mobilization. In a friendly country, control of host nation resources is accomplished through LOGC AP is designed primarily to be used coordination with local officials, when pos- in areas where no multilateral or bilateral sible, and is covered by a treaty or HNS agreements or treaties exist. However,

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LOGCAP is applicable to areas with formal assistance force), and continuing their host nation support agreements, where essential peacetime CSS functions. Civilian contractors are involved or peacetime support personnel management is an important contracts exist. LOGCAP is also applicable wartime PSS function. during CONUS mobilization to assist the CONUS support base and help units get CAPTURED MATERIEL ready for war. This source of materiel can contribute to DA CIVILIANS the retention of momentum by maneuver forces and provide a decreased need to The third source of support has in- consume our own supply stocks and to creasingly become the highly competent DA transport them to using units. Obvious civilian staff members who have signed sources are captured or overrun enemy fuel agreements to remain in place in oversea supply points and materiel which may be activities in wartime. They will perform used for barrier and fortification construc- critical functions especially in the COMMZ tion. Food and medical supplies may be used in supervising or working in intermediate to feed and treat EPWs and civilians. Such (GS) maintenance, identifying and solving use will reduce the work load and the materiel weapon system problems (AMC logistics requirements of our own force.

Our principles and organization for battle support derive from the requirements which Airland Battle doctrine imposes on the sustainment system. They have kept pace with the evolution of tactical doctrine and support its requirements. The requirement to man, arm, fuel, fix, and move forces has not changed; the "how" of doing it has changed to reflect more responsive and aggressive support of the battle. Both the principles of support and our internal support organizations have evolved with the development of Airland Battle doctrine. The remaining chapters outline battle support principles and the support structure used to sustain maneuver and combat support elements in normal operational variations and in special missions. For specific details on how each CSS element functions, readers should consult the appropriate functional manuals.

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CHAPTER 2 Battlefield Sustainment

The preceding chapter addressed the environment in which CSS forces will sustain CONTENTS the force and the organization of these PAGE elements to best accomplish the sustainment Intelligence Preperetion of the mission. The purpose of this chapter is to Battlefield 2-1 draw the components together into an integrated whole and to provide guidelines as Operational Sustainment 2-2 to how the component parts of the CSS Tactical Sustainment 2-5 system combine to support the commander’s Contingency Operations operational variations. Further, it discusses Sustainment 2-15 special CSS missions. Special Support Requirements 2-15

INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD Good intelligence is critical to any the locations of CSS facilities, to include military activity. IPB for CSS purposes headquarters, critical storage sites, ports and considers those facets of intelligence which airfields, and transportation routes. It also may have special significance for support influences the decision as to whether to operations. IPB is concerned with infor- conduct extensive CSS activities at night. mation concerning the enemy, weather, and The enemy’s doctrine makes easier the assess- terrain. CSS leaders and soldiers are attuned ment of his intent to conduct extensive deep to the value of timely intelligence and use it to battle and covert behind-the-lines activities their advantage. It is most important that to disrupt our CSS. His predicted use of CSS leaders and staffs make known their chemical munitions affects the stockage of requirements for intelligence in the form of protective and decontamination gear. priority intelligence requirements provided continuously to intelligence elements. Sound THE WEATHER intelligence is equally important at both the operational and tactical levels. A complete knowledge of the weather in the area of operations is of great assistance in making and executing CSS plans. The THE ENEMY prevailing weather in an area dictates Enemy intentions and capabilities affect supply, transportation, maintenance, per- CSS operations just as they do combat sonnel, and medical decisions. Areas which operations. There are many aspects of the habitually have heavy fog will slow ground enemy’s makeup and actions that should be movement of personnel and supplies and considered in making and executing CSS make aerial resupply virtually impossible. plans. The enemy’s air capability influences Heavy seasonal rain and flooding can

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disrupt supply lines. Variations in weather along them. The supply staff officer looks for can cause damage to materiel and personnel. storage facilities and staging areas. The Extremely hot weather can increase re- medical officer looks for possible hospital quirements for water, lubricants, and vehicle facilities and air evacuation sites. All CSS coolants and can cause heat-related ca- leaders and staff officers need to have a sualties. Arctic environments require dif- comprehensive knowledge of the geography ferent lubricants, and they slow mainte- of the terrain to recognize potential inhibitors nance operations. They greatly affect trans- to their mission accomplishment. All seek portation and supply operations. Both knowledge of the populace of the area. The extremes in weather have different effects on attitudes and feelings of the indigenous soldiers and require special medical con- people are important since they are possible siderations. Knowledge of prevailing wind sources of labor, transportation, and some patterns is necessary for predicting items of supply. Their attitudes may also downwind hazards of contamination. dictate the degree of self-protective measures which CSS units must take.

Weather figured prominently in the June 1944 invasion of Normandy. Once OPERATIONAL postponed by weather, the invasion was made possible by a short break in the weather SUSTAINMENT that enabled the Allies to get sufficient forces ashore to establish a beachhead for the Sustainment at the operational level com- enormous quantities of men and materiel which had to be landed. Fortunately, enough prises the logistics and support activities supplies and equipment were landed so that required to sustain campaigns and major the subsequent storm destruction of operations. It differs from tactical sustain- specially built floating piers did not fatally ment only in that a longer planning and affect the operation. preparation period is normally available and that the supported operation normally lasts over a longer time period. Its effects are measured over longer periods—weeks and THE TERRAIN even months rather than over hours and Intelligence concerning the environment days. Like tactical sustainment, operational of present and future areas of operations is sustainment is concerned with the three equally important to the CSS leader and staff aspects of battle—close, deep, and rear officer. They make and maintain a con- operations. The theater commander must tinuous assessment of the terrain of present conduct close operations to defeat the main and future areas of operations. The avail- enemy force, deep operations to thwart the ability and condition of transportation enemy’s future plans, and rear operations to networks and facilities are of vital interest. protect his own sustainment base. The sup- The transporter seeks to determine whether port element must sustain those three aspects port facilities are available and if they are of the battle. usable with his equipment. He identifies Operational sustainment is largely a CSS potential supply routes and choke points command and staff function because the

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actual physical work is performed by com- Planning for campaigns and major opera- panies to which moving supplies or main- tions, like that for tactical battles and taining equipment is the same at either the engagements, considers all eventualities tactical or operational level. It is normally which can be foreseen. It considers opera- planned and controlled at echelons above tions throughout the depth of the planned corps. Operational sustainment planning is area of operations. based on the commander’s concept of how the campaign or major operation is to be con- Operational sustainment is almost ducted. It must be done concurrently with always a joint effort. It is often a combined operations planning lest commanders and effort, like the invasion of Normandy. operations officers (G3s) plan what cannot be Because it is normally joint or combined in sustained with available resources; for nature, agreement between services and example, CSS forces, supplies, and facilities. allies should be well established and prac- Sustainment planners must consider a host ticed in peacetime as well as in war. of factors and variations to plans. Their goal Operational CSS planning begins with is to make the commander’s intent achiev- the commander’s statement of his intent in able from a CSS standpoint. conducting the campaign. CSS staffs then analyze existing information from past and current intelligence summaries and coor- The 1944 Allied invasion of Normandy dinate with all other staff sections to devise a and the subsequent breakout into Germany concept of operations. Then the specifics of was a campaign designed to further the the sustainment plan can be developed and strategic objective of destroying the Axis revised as more information becomes avail- armed forces and restoring the freedom of able. CSS staffs are chiefly concerned with Western Europe. It was a classic example of the troop list and the area of operations. With the offensive campaign at the operational the troop list they can make rough estimates level. The sustainment effort for the campaign was enormous in magnitude. It was of supply tonnages required within desig- characterized by intensive preparation and nated time periods. They can also estimate was of long duration. It was a model of the CSS organization requirements. With the operational level sustainment for future CSS commander’s concept and an analysis of leaders. The campaign consisted of the intelligence data, they can select locations establishment of a secure lodgment on the for such CSS facilities as staging areas; continent of Europe and the advance across supply depots; hospitals; replacement cen- France and the low countries into Germany. ters; and air, rail, road, and water terminals. The major sustainment effort was to amass They can also select and designate supply adequate emounts of equipment and sup- routes through the duration of the campaign. plies to support the initial landing and breakout and the requirements of reinforcing Initially, CSS efforts are concentrated on combat and combat support commands. making the force ready for the campaign. Although beset by a number of difficulties, The personnel system ensures that units and the CSS structure was successful in weapon systems are manned with qualified mounting the most extensive single sus- soldiers. Medical organizations work toward tainment effort of World War II. returning sick and wounded soldiers to duty. Transportation organizations are deployed

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to best support the movement requirements support and make enemy interdiction of the force. Maintainers bring equipment up efforts more difficult. to the highest state of readiness. Supplies in sufficient quantities are marshalled. • Staging. The many activities associated with staging may occur during As the operation unfolds, CSS leaders different phases of operations. An initial stay abreast of the situation, ready to staging area may be located outside the reinforce successes with priority of support. area of operations as it was in the Shifts in tactical lines of thrust are an- United Kingdom before OVERLORD. It ticipated and supported. Forward bases of may also occur at a later stage of a support are established as the force advances campaign as forces advance and LOCs and lines of support are extended ac- are extended. This latter occurrence cordingly. As earlier support plans are might require the establishment of rendered obsolete by tactical developments, forward support bases along with the new ones are formulated. The CSS system many CSS tasks associated with such remains flexible enough to support the com- staging; for example, improvement of mander’s revised guidance. When it appears roads, railways, and storage facilities; that routine CSS may inhibit a commander’s movement of equipment, units, and options, extraordinary and innovative mea- supplies; and movement control. sures are taken to limit the inhibiting Staging forward or rearward from estab- conditions. lished bases may, especially in fast- moving operations, inhibit combat Of special note in sustaining forces at the operations because CSS in movement is operational level are— not optimum support. A decision to not stage support forward can result in • Lines of support. Lines of support longer LOCs with attendant increased must be selected before further CSS requirements for transportation and plans can be completed. There are decreased responsiveness. The decision- advantages and disadvantages to both making process involves constant interior and exterior lines of support. awareness of CSS status (supply levels, Interior lines of support allow the transportation resource availability, location of large, key CSS facilities at availability and condition of LOCs, and central points. Interior lines normally personnel resources). It is a continuous require fewer transportation resources process, and it involves continuous since distances are shorter between dialogue between staff sections and the support bases and the supported combat commander. formations. Disadvantages include the heightened vulnerability of centrally • Altering lines of communication. located facilities. Exterior lines of sup- The fluid, high-speed nature of the port orginate from multiple support modern battlefield will provide unprec- bases and normally require a greater edented opportunities to exploit enemy redundancy of CS and CSS units and weaknesses. It may also create situa- facilities. On the plus side, those units tions in which our weaknesses must be and facilities provide redundancy of shored up. Often these situations require

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shifting LOCs. The decision to shift facilities. The CSS system, then, must LOCs is normally an operational de- be flexible enough to rapidly change its cision, but it has great implications for focus. Sustainment priorities also go CSS leaders. Shifting requires very beyond priorities among organizations. careful planning and intensively For example, equipment shortages managed execution. There is the normal mandate maintenance priorities at both problem of continuing to provide sup- IDSM and IGSM levels. Priorities are port while moving support resources. In normally established to manage any addition, there is a major movement critical asset. Transportation priorities control effort when maneuver units use are established and maintained at all routes over which support normally levels. Assigning or shifting priorities flows. Highway control plans must be always involves disadvantages and carefully made and stringently en- risks. The disadvantage is that lower forced. Fueling resources may have to be priority organizations will be hampered moved quickly to support maneuver in their operations. Support priority units. Many CSS facilities, to include decisions are, then, carefully considered ASPs, may have to be moved, creating and risks are identified. the potential for gaps in ammunition flow and an unexpected stress on the transportation system. The best method TACTICAL of supporting LOC shifts is to be aware of their likely occurrence and have SUSTAINMENT continuously revised plans ready. Sustainment at the tactical level com- • Sustainment priorities. It is rare prises the logistics and support activities that armies have enough of everything, required to sustain battles and engagements. particularly on such a resource-hungry It normally comprises support to corps and battlefield as that we are likely to face in smaller formations. It is more immediate the future. To ensure depth in opera- than operational sustainment. While battles tions, commanders must establish and, may last for weeks, they are normally at times, ruthlessly enforce support measured in days or even in hours. Tactical priorities. Support priorities are nor- sustainment involves the range of CSS mally given to the most vital organi- elements from maneuver battalion support zational entity involved in the elements to corps support commands. It may operation. The corps making the main involve support by echelons-above-corps CSS attack might be given priority for sup- elements. port. Further development of the situation might then cause a shift in priority Flexibility and innovation characterize to another corps having unusual suc- tactical sustainment. Task organizations are cess. At the operational level, assign- formed and reformed to support the tactical ment and shifting of priorities drive commander’s plans. The execution of tactical CSS operations. Shifts of priorities sustainment should enhance, not slow, the between corps may involve shifting of commander’s momentum. Weapon systems LOCs and relocation of CSS units and should be fueled, armed, and manned at a

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place and time most supportive of force must be given to the nature of offensive operations. The aim of tactical sustainment operations as it affects CSS operations. High is the removal of inhibitors to the tactical fuel consumption will dictate that provision commander’s scheme of operations. is made to build up quantities in forward locations—while avoiding signaling our Tactical sustainment, like operational intentions to the enemy—and ensure that sustainment, includes support to the three Class III supply elements can move forward elements of the battle—close, deep, and rear. as the attack develops. Just as the tactical commander is responsible for conducting operations throughout the Ammunition expenditure is typically less depth of his area of responsibility, the CSS in offensive operations than in heavy de- commander is responsible for sustaining the fensive combat and is lowest in light de- battle in those three areas. While CSS sustain- fensive actions. However, responsive support ment principles remain the same in sup- for offensive operations is especially critical porting the various forms of maneuver, and is made more difficult by lengthening of different techniques are used in each. supply lines and by critical requirements for SUSTAINING CLOSE OPERATIONS user resupply vehicles to stay close to firing elements. In preparing for the attack, the Offense following must be considered: An offense may be launched at any time • Ammunition is placed close to the and with minimum advance warning. user. Therefore, CSS planners must continuously • ASPs and ATPs must be prepared to keep informed of operational plans and rapidly displace forward as the attack anticipate offensive operations even while advances. supporting other types of operations. Similarly, the combat operations planner • Artillery ammunition is stockpiled at must be kept apprised of the CSS situation so designated firing positions. that he does not plan what cannnot be • Provisions are made to move am- supported either logistically or with per- munition forward with advancing ele- sonnel. The ACofS, Gl, G4, and G5 at corps ments to ensure that basic loads can be and division serve as principal links between replenished quickly. operations planners and CSS operators. The objective of CSS in support of offensive • Weapon systems are fully armed prior operations is to maintain the momentum by to the attack. supporting as far forward as possible. While Classes III and V are the most Supply. To prepare for an attack, CSS important supplies in the offense, consid- elements ensure that all support equipment is eration must be given to all classes. For ready and that supplies are best located for example, while the need for barrier and support. They also ensure that sufficient fortification material decreases, the require- transportation is available to support the ment for obstacle breaching and bridging tactical and logistics plans and that all CSS material may increase. These supplies must elements are informed of their respon- be available immediately if the momentum of sibilities in the operation. Consideration the offense is to be maintained.

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Weapon system replacement require- ensure that the most essential commodities ments may be higher since weapon systems are moved to the areas of greatest need. are subjected to increased exposure to fire Class III bulk transporter assets during offensive operations. throughout the theater must be intensely managed, particularly if the attack is highly The fundamental principle of supply sup- successful and results in exploitation or port in the offense is responsiveness to the pursuit. The attack and the general offense user. Supplies must be provided when they will require the most efficient use of fuel are needed. Planning; coordination; com- transporters from battalion to theater army munications; and, above all, flexibility are levels. key elements to be considered. Supply is more difficult in the offense than in the defense The requirement for all types of trans- simply because of the ever-changing loca- portation can be expected to be extensive tions of units and their support areas. The throughout the theater. Supply lines to concept of forward support becomes even combat and combat support forces lengthen more important and increasingly difficult in during offensive operations, and rearward the offense. likewise, CSS planners have to bases of supply and other facilities and units coordinate preparations with deception plans must be moved forward. to avoid giving away the element of surprise. Maintenance. Since momentum and Transportation. Transportation re- massing at critical points are crucial in the sources can be expected to be heavily taxed. attack, maintenance operations must be Wide dispersion of units and lengthening planned to support those concepts. Momen- lines of communication, coupled with an tum can best be maintained by repairing at increased requirement for personnel replace- the point of malfunction or damage. Momen- ments and some classes of supply; for tum is enhanced when the maximum number example, fuel and weapon systems, will of weapon systems can be kept operable and demand the closest coordination and mobile. Therefore, mechanics must be able to planning for the use of transportation assets. perform their mission in the forward area. Resources, to include pipelines, railroads, and waterways which may be secure in the There is an increased demand on unit and more stable environment of defense, cannot IDSM resources. Unit mechanics must be depended upon in the offense. accompany or follow the most forward attacking elements. IDSM elements in the The mobility of offensive operations form of maintenance support teams may also dictates that primary reliance must be placed operate with the spearhead of the attack. on motor and air transport. When con- Plans must be made to recover systems and sidering the air transport mode, the planner components which cannot be quickly re- must also consider airdrop. The DTO’s and paired on the spot and to evacuate them to corps MMCs must coordinate closely with the where they can be repaired. Emphasis is corps MCC to ensure that movement require- placed on battle damage assessment and ments and transportation assets are repair to rapidly return disabled equipment balanced to ensure optimum support. Priori- to the commander by expeditously fixing, ties must be established and followed to bypassing, or jury-rigging components.

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MSTs and other elements must be required, placing an even greater demand on properly configured (MOS and quantity), the transportation system. equipped (transportation, common tools, spe- During the offense, medical facilities cial tools, TMDE, and communications), and usually displace forward by echelon so that supplied (components, assemblies, and repair the forward location is operational before the parts) to perform their missions. Highly rear location is closed. trained mechanics must make hasty, but informed, decisions as to— Field Services. The main logistics effort in the offense will be to provide only the most • What can be repaired on the spot. critically needed support to the attacking • What should be evacuated. force. Therefore, most field service support functions will play a minor role and some will • What should be cannibalized. probably be suspended until a more stable • What should be abandoned after it is environment is achieved. made useless to the enemy, if opera- Graves registration is a major exception. tional necessity and damage require it. It will continue and may intensify. Graves registration units must maintain close com- Guidelines based on time required to munications with P&A elements to verify return the system to use may be established. casualty data, aid in the identification of For example, what cannot be repaired on the remains, and assist in the reconciliation of spot within a certain number of hours should strength and personnel data. Airdrop is also be evacuated or reported to the next higher a primary field service which will be in level and left to be repaired by following greater demand due to the mobility of units. MSTs must report the location of items offensive operations. left in the field to their parent maintenance control element which will coordinate re- Personnel Services. The forward move- covery and evacuation. ment of maneuver units may decrease or curtail PSS elements’ ability to support the Medical. Offensive operations will also force. As advancing combat formations increase the burden on medical resources. extend control of the battle area and lulls in The deliberate attack, particularly, can be the battle occur, PSS elements must con- expected to result in high casualty rates. solidate P&A data and reconcile command Therefore, medical treatment and evacuation and control, strength management, and resources may be extended to their limits. personnel management data. PSS support to Corps hospitals are displaced forward in units is provided on a direct or area support preparation for the initiation of offensive basis. operations to provide maximum treatment and holding facilities when they are most Defense needed. Generally, CSS in support of the defense has several characteristics, among which Increased demands on the evacuation are— system can be expected. When organic medical evacuation resources are exceeded, • Supply activity will be greatest in the nonmedical transportation assets may be preparation stage. Stockpiling should

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be far forward and at successive de- supplies may also be placed on successive fensive positions. While many supplies— defensive positions both for easy access and especially munitions and barrier to lessen transportation problems during the material—must be kept far forward, withdrawal to those positions. The defense these assets should have as much usually requires a greater volume of Class V mobility as possible to allow continuous supply than does the offense. Class IV and V support as combat power is shifted in supply requirements, especially mines and response to enemy attacks. barrier materials, are heaviest during the preparation for defense. Both Class IV and V • Positioning of facilities/installations barrier supplies should be moved from corps should be far enough in the rear to be out GS supply and ammunition companies by of the flow of battle and relatively secure corps trucks as close to the barrier sites as but not so far as to render the logistics possible to minimize handling and facilitate effort less effective. rapid installation of barriers. Actions must • Maintenance teams should be placed be initiated to increase the flow of these well forward to return the maximum materials as soon as the intention to defend is number of weapon systems to the battle known. as soon as possible. Likewise, critical Transportation. Transportation re- components such as gun tubes, track, sources are also most critically needed in the and other high-bulk items should be preparation stage of the defense. They are placed forward to overcome the effects required for the stockpiling of supplies of combat wear and damage. discussed previously. They may also be required to shift personnel, weapon systems, • Personnel replacements must be packaged as squads, teams, and crews (when and supplies laterally or in depth to meet the possible) to facilitate movement to units. probable points of enemy attack. Even as Linking replacement activities and support of the defense continues, planning for subsequent offensive or retrograde equipment issue points requires close coordination between medical, logistics, operations is to our advantage. and personnel managers. Maintenance. The primary thrust of the maintenance effort in the defense should be CSS units are located, where possible, out to have the maximum number of weapon of the reach of possible penetrations in systems ready before the battle. Also, once protected and concealed locations. They are the defensive battle begins, the thrust is to serviced by good road nets. Maximum use of repair the maximum number of damaged/ built-up areas is made. Dispersion is made inoperable systems and return them to the consistent with support requirements, con- battle in the least time. This makes it trol, and local security. Passive security mandatory that maintenance be provided at, measures are emphasized. CSS operations or as near as possible to, the intended area of are routinely carried out at night. operation of the system. This means main- Supply. ASPs and ATPs should be located tenance forward by whatever combination of to provide the most rapid and responsive personnel, equipment, and parts is required. support. Using units may stockpile Class V Consideration should be given to aug- supplies in excess of their basic loads. Class V menting maintenance to covering force

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elements when they return to the MBA so the retrograde will normally be planned as that they may more rapidly be returned to an orderly phased operation. Thus, when fighting condition. planning support for the all inclusive operation, the CSS staff officer will be planning for Medical. The task of front-line medical the support of at least three phases or for units is to stabilize the wounded, sort them, support in three distinct areas. and evacuate patients who cannot be immediately returned to duty. Priorities for While plans and orders are being de- evacuation must be established based on the veloped for the actual retrograde, support location of the probable enemy main effort. elements must continue to support the cur- Clearing facilities are located away from rent operation. Next, CSS elements must points of possible penetrations. Additional support the retrograde—the delaying forces helicopter evacuation capability may be and the forces out of contact moving to the required for peak loads. rear. Finally, the CSS elements must provide support at the new position for units as they Field Services. The field service functions arrive at their new locations and for the of laundry, bath, clothing exchange, and entire force upon completion of the retrograde bakeries operate routinely where the tactical operation. The CSS staff officer must plan for situation permits. Care should be taken to support of the old defense, the retrograde ensure that such facilities are located out of operation, the new defense, and the tran- the way of tactical units. Graves registration sition to and conduct of new offensive units evacuate the dead quickly. operations. Personnel Services. The depth and dis- Centralized control is a characteristic of persion of the defense may create significant retrograde operations—centralized control of time and distance problems in PSS. Forward the combat, combat support, and combat area acquisition of information may be service support operations. This is necessary complicated by enemy action and the initial due to the complex nature of retrograde direction of the maneuver. Increased work operations. A multiplicity of missions, the load among exposed PSS elements/units will movement of large forces, and time and space reduce their support capability. Maneuver phasing all contribute to the requirement for forces may be forced to rapidly displace while enhanced centralized control. simultaneously carrying current command and control strength management data to Within the logistics area this control is the rear. accomplished first through detailed planning Retrograde and then through precise management of plan execution. The logistics staff and the Planning the CSS support for a corps- management centers (materiel and move- sized force is a challenge in itself. Planning ment) must supervise priority shifts to accom- the support for a corps retrograde operation modate the corps/division retrograde plans. is particularly complex and challenging. Units and materiel must be moved in A retrograde operation is rarely an end in strict compliance with preestablished sched- itself. Normally retrograde operations will ules. Medical support—allocation of hos- culminate in the establishment of the defense pitals, evacuation policy—must be tied in a new area. Additionally, at the corps level closely to the retrograde plans to ensure

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preservation of support capabilities for suc- Consideration should be made to having ceeding operations. limited, mobile supply forward to support the covering force. This, of course, will put a It is especially important that com- strain on limited transportation resources. munications between supported and sup- Consideration should be made to providing porting elements be maintained so that the fuel forward on fuel trucks or rail tank cars to supporters are continuously aware of the avoid last-minute evacuation of empty fuel changing situation and the requirements of bladders. If sufficient tractor trailers are not the supported elements. The personal involve- available for mobile Class V supply points, ment and “on the scene” appraisal of the ammunition may be placed “on the ground.” situation by CSS leaders is just as important Ammunition may be placed throughout the to mission accomplishment as is the personal delaying or covering force area so that forces involvement of combat leaders and staff. can “fall back” on a continuous supply.

Supply. Supply efforts during the retro- Transportation. The transportation sys- grade must be concentrated on the most tem will be severely strained to support corps- critical supplies: Classes III, V, and IX. The sized retrograde operations. It will be key to providing responsive supply support required to continue to move essential sup- during the retrograde is to project force plies forward and evacuate supplies, mate- supply requirements throughout the opera- riel, and personnel rearward. It will also have tion and to distribute these supplies ac- to support corps elements which are not cording to the projections. When projections 100-percent mobile with organic vehicles. It are made, provisions are made to supply is therefore absolutely essential that all forward only essential supplies. All other available transportation—watercraft, rail, supplies are moved rearward to the new air, and truck—be carefully managed and support areas. used to the maximum.

It will also be necessary to divert the All movements must be programed resupply entering the corps area to the new throughout the entire retrograde period to positions. To reduce the amount of supplies eliminate unnecessary surge periods. Con- that must be relocated from the forward tinuous management by the MCC and close areas to the new rear supply areas, a tech- coordination with the MMC for movement nique of “drying up” the forward supply requirements are essential. Priorities must be points may be used. Supplies should be established and adhered to so that essential shipped to forward supply points only until movements can be accomplished in a timely the forward stocks approximate what is manner. Highway movements must be required in the forward areas to support the regulated (transportation function) and then delaying forces. When this balance is controlled (provost marshal function) to achieved, the supplies are diverted to the rear avoid highway congestion. Traffic circula- areas. The delaying forces will then be tion must be designed, evacuation routes supplied from these forward supply points must be identified, and movement schedules until stocks are depleted, thus avoiding a last must be published. minute requirement to retrograde remaining supplies. Maintenance. Continuous maintenance

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support throughout the retrograde operation suspend nonessential services, those re- will be essential to keep the maximum sources may be used to support a deception number of weapon systems operational. operation or aid other units in movement. Therefore, the maintenance planning effort must concentrate on providing essential SUSTAINING DEEP OPERATIONS support forward while moving the bulk of the maintenance units to the rear. Deep operations can be executed in two ways—deep fires and deep maneuver. The IDSM teams should be organized to pro- former is sustained as described in the close vide support to major weapon systems in the operations discussion. Deep maneuver forward areas—on site if feasible. Mainte- demands especially detailed sustainment nance efforts should concentrate on the planning because of its great risks. There are “quick fix” items using assemblies brought two ways in which deep maneuver can be forward to facilitate “quick change” (replace- sustained. The force can carry with it all the ment rather than repair). Controlled ex- resources needed throughout the mission, or change and cannibalization should be it can be sustained over a line of com- maximized in the forward support concept. munications. Both methods have strengths and weaknesses. In each case, early in the Medical. While hospitals are being moved, planning for deep maneuver, the CSS they temporarily lose their bed capacity. planner must describe for the commander the Thus, during the retrograde period there may CSS assets available, their likely usage and not be enough beds to accommodate patients. replenishment prospects, and likely con- If temporary facilities (civilian facilities) sequences for the supported force. Such an cannot be obtained, additional patients must assessment assists the commander in be evacuated to theater army or CONUS assessing the risks involved. hospitals.

The patient evacuation capability of the Self-Sustainment corps will be strained due to the additional The concept of self-sustaining deep opera- requirement to move patients during the tions forces is situationally dependent. The displacement of the hospitals. It may be depth and duration of the operation, the size necessary to request nonmedical transpor- and organization of the force, the enemy tation (truck, rail, and air) for the movement situation, and the weather and terrain are all of the less severely wounded personnel variables which must be considered. during this period. HNS transportation should also be used when possible. The division is generally considered to be the smallest force which is capable of con- Field Services. The logistics staff officer ducting deep operations. The division can will be faced with the decision as to what field sustain itself for only a few days without services will be required during the retro- external support. It can carry little other than grade operation. If services such as bakery or its basic load. Therefore, the depth and laundry are determined nonessential, person- duration of the operation are factors in nel and facilities to perform these functions deciding on self-sustainment as the prefer- should be evacuated early and established in able option. While limited self-sustainment is the new area. If the decision is made to possible through foraging for some supplies

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(principally POL), the uncertainty of ob- of forces needed to protect the supply con- taining those supplies argues against re- voys. Sustainment over a surface LOC can be liance on foraging. made less difficult by staging supplies near the FLOT. Supply vehicles directly sup- Another technique of self-sustainment is porting the force will have shorter distances the attachment of a support task force to the to traverse. Conversely, the staging element maneuver force. It is feasible, for example, to is placed at risk, and combat elements are task-organize a CSS force comprised of corps usually required to secure it. assets to accompany a division force on a deep operation. While sustainment is en- Sustainment over an air LOC has the hanced, the maneuver force may be slowed advantage of being fast and responsive. It down by the support force which will not has the same disadvantage as sustainment have the cross-country mobility or the surviv- over a surface LOC. The LOC must be either ability of the combat force. The combat force temporarily or continuously secured. This may be further hindered by the requirement implies a requirement for temporary or con- to secure the support force which will detract tinuing air superiority or, at least, parity. from the total combat power of the force. These conditions require close interservice cooperation because much of the airlift Sustainment Over a Line of capability will be Air Force. The operation Communications will require priority for use of tactical aircraft A force conducting a deep operation providing security and for logistics aircraft should be sustained through both a surface carrying cargo. Army aircraft—especially and an air LOC. Both offer advantages and CH-47 and CH-60—will be used intensively, disadvantages. Both are also dependent on but they have less tonnage capability than the situation. Air Force airlift. Air LOC sustainment can be carried out through air-landing, airdrop, or Sustainment over a surface LOC has the by a combination of the two. Air-landing advantage of the capability to carry large requires that landing fields be obtained and tonnages of supplies and equipment to secured. Airdrop in the tonnages required for specific destinations. It is less subject to the such an operation requires large quantities of vagaries of weather, than air LOCs. A airdrop and ground support equipment disadvantage is that the LOC extends far which, if recovered, will be difficult to return beyond the FLOT into territory that is to the support base for re-use. Army airlift subject to enemy influence and control. The has the advantage of far greater flexibility LOC must be either temporarily or con- requiring no airfields, requiring little rigging tinuously secured. Continuous security will equipment, and giving faster response to allow the uninterrupted flow of supplies and emergency requirements. equipment to the deep operations force. The price is tying up scarce combat and combat Planning and Execution support resources required to secure long lines of communication. Temporary security A high degree of risk is nearly always of the LOC means that it must be opened, inherent in the support of deep operations. allowed to close, and reopened each time However, the risks must be taken because supply convoys go forward or return to the often the advantages obtained by successful support base. This is also expensive in terms deep operations may far outweigh the risks.

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The CSS commander, in concert with the • Ensure freedom of action in close and tactical commander, must simply devise the deep operations. best support plan possible and execute it to the best ability of his command. Since deep The rear operations goal is to provide operations are risky and so dependent on the security of rear area facilities, installations, factors of METT-T, bold, innovative ap- and forces to ensure unimpeded operations in proaches must be taken in supporting them. the rear area. Without that security and Risks must be identified and conveyed to the freedom of action in the rear, the force operational commander in terms that are conducting close and deep operations cannot meaningful to him. Then risks are reduced to be sustained. the minimum by careful planning and bold execution. CSS organizations are normally the units least capable of self-defense and are often the Sustainment to Special Operations targets of enemy action. Time and effort used Forces to defend themselves and to support the total rear operations effort degrade their ability to Although special operations forces will perform their primary mission. However, not always conduct deep operations, many of enemy doctrine stresses their own operations their objectives will be the same as those of in their enemy’s rear area. Our CSS assets conventional maneuver forces conducting must be secured. deep operations. This, then, is a convenient place to acknowledge the CSS requirement to Doctrine for conducting rear operations support special operations forces. Although focuses on avoidance, dispersion, self- they have some unique requirements, they defense, and mutual defense. Control and are generally supported in the same manner coordination of rear operations focuses on as other force components. The source of three areas: division rear area, corps rear, support will vary with the situation. The and COMMZ. The rear command posts at methods used may well require local imagina- division and corps control rear operations in tion and innovation. It is incumbent on the those areas; the TAACOM headquarters special operations forces logistics staff to have COMMZ responsibility. Responsibility make requirements known and to coordinate in the corps rear area and COMMZ is further with the CSS providers the details of those subdivided to support groups for their requirements. It is the responsibility of CSS geographic areas. elements to provide support according to command policy and directives. The rear operations officer at all echelons is assisted either by a RAOC or by an internal SUSTAINING REAR OPERATIONS staff element which serves as his command and control headquarters for rear operations. Rear operations are conducted in the rear RAOCs or rear operations staff sections area of all echelons. The purposes of rear perform centralized planning, coordination, operations are to— and supervision of rear operations. The RAOC/staff section is structured to plan, • Secure the force. coordinate, and supervise rear operations • Neutralize or defeat enemy operations and to provide advice and assistance to those in the rear area. units which will execute them.

i 2-14 FM 100-10

Coordination and clear lines of authority port will be reduced to the essentials— are crucial to rear operations success. The initially food, ammunition, and fuels. The rear operations officer needs tasking au- initial support package must be carefully thority within the entire area. Depending on tailored to ensure that projected require- the factors of METT-T, the rear operations ments and critical support to include units is officer may need, for example, to task MP and provided. Based on the local support that can engineer forces operating in the area. The be obtained, careful attention must then be echelon commander must take care to given to the phasing in of follow-on CSS delegate the authority required and to make resources. Support elements will make op- that decision known to all. timum use of local resources such as fuel, transportation, facilities, labor, and services. Rear operations doctrine rests on the ability of all units to provide themselves with Qualified personnel authorized to pur- a degree of self-defense capability. All units chase goods and services or to let contracts should be able to defend against Level I and to render payment should be deployed activities. They should be able to impede early. Use of local resources reduces the Level II attacks to buy time for assistance to requirement to deploy CSS assets. Main- arrive. No CSS unit can sustain a defense tenance policy should be directed at reducing against a determined Level II or III attack, the requirement to deploy an extensive but it can impede both and buy time. maintenance force structure. PLL and ASL stockage criteria should focus on essentials. The medical evacuation policy should mini- CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS mize a wounded soldier’s stay in the area and the requirement for a large medical SUSTAINMENT contingent. Major commands and corps continually plan for foreseeable contingencies. At that As defined by FM 100-5, contingency level, CSS staffing levels are normally operations are military actions requiring adequate for that task. FM 63-3J contains rapid deployment to perform military tasks detailed staff guidance on support of con- in support of national policy. Once deployed, tingency operations. Many of the details the Army force will conduct operations in therein are applicable to staff and unit accordance with our general warfighting procedures at battalion, brigade, and doctrine. Sustainment of the force follows the division level. same pattern. Once the force and its support package are deployed, sustainment will be conducted by the system described elsewhere SPECIAL SUPPORT in this manual. There are, however, unique factors involved in sustaining contingency REQUIREMENTS operations. Contingency forces will normally rely on While CSS focuses on supporting ma- airlift for initial deployment of the force and neuver and combat support elements in for support. Emphasis will be placed on conducting rear, close, and deep operations, deploying maximum combat capability. Sup- there are special support requirements which

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deserve discussion. Some are directly related near the port. Weapon systems are then to supporting battle but occur throughout the transported to corps or division. spectrum of rear, close, and deep operations. Some are not direct battle support but are Those weapon systems stored in theater tasks which must be accomplished. war reserve stocks must be at a low level of preservation so they can be made ready for WEAPON SYSTEM REPLACEMENT issue within a few hours, not the several days OPERATIONS required to deprocess from Level A storage. Weapon system replacement operations is Rail is used to the maximum extent a method to supply the combat commander possible. If rail is not available, shipment with fully operational replacement weapon will be by heavy equipment transporter. New systems. WSRO is simply a procedure for crews arrive in theater at the rear of the corps bringing a weapon system to a ready-to-fight and are transported forward to the division condition and handing it off to the combat support area by the most expeditious means. unit. It involves deprocessing the vehicle Ready-to-fight weapon systems are normally from a storage or transport configuration, transported to battalion by HETs. They may making it ready to issue, and marrying it to a be driven under their own power, but this is complete crew which makes it ready to fight. far less desirable. If ready-to-fight weapon It is discussed here as a special support effort systems are formed at COSCOM, they may only because the WSRO system has become travel from corps to division by rail or HET an intensively managed process for pro- and are normally transported to battalion by viding the commander with usable weapon HETs. systems in the shortest possible time. The primary linkup points for weapon WSRO must be managed at each level of systems (tank with crew) are in the division command to ensure maximum use of the support area or in assembly areas for for- major weapon systems. Management pro- mations in reserve. The DISCOM/support cedures for all critical weapon systems and group commander organizes the linkup point their crews must be developed on an in- and provides personnel to make the weapon dividual basis applicable to the organization system ready for issue. The crew, working concerned. In order to manage weapon with division elements, makes the weapon systems, a common weapon system manager system ready to fight. is required. A WSM is designated at each level of command. The mission of the WSM is Conditions permitting, some familiar- to maximize the number of operational ization training may be provided to crews in weapon systems in accordance with the the linkup area. It is better accomplished in commander’s priorities. WSMs at all levels the COMMZ after initial reception. Such are charged with “quick-fix” responsibility, training should include refresher gunnery, matching serviceable vehicles and surviving tactical driving, enemy and allied vehicle crews. identification, passive air defense procedures, local SOPs, and any other subjects Incoming weapon systems (for example, appropriate to the operational area. New tanks) are deprocessed by a heavy materiel tankers can join a partial tank crew (those supply company or other suitable unit in the whose tanks have been destroyed or TAACOM or COSCOM. This occurs at or evacuated to ISDM) at linkup points to form

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complete crews. There they pick up a replace- replacement. Regeneration is more difficult ment tank, make it ready to fight, and rejoin to execute because it requires a greater their unit or join another unit as directed. amount of effort, coordination, training, and consumption of materiel. Regeneration is Whenever possible, experienced soldiers normally accomplished by the echelon two should be mixed with replacement soldiers to above the organization to be regenerated— form complete crews, teams, or squads. brigade by corps, division by theater army. Training of replacement crews for nondi- The corps or theater army provides needed vision units may be accomplished by corps. It resources by changing priorities for supplies, is not intended that such wartime training equipment, and other CSS and tasking an should be elaborate or substitute for crew organization to provide direct support to the qualification. The intent is to familiarize organization being regenerated. crews with operating conditions in the combat area. CSS elements play a large role in regenera- RECONSTITUTION tion because of the requirement to replace Reconstitution will be performed in sup- personnel, equipment, and supply resources port of rear, close, and deep operations. While and to treat casualties. A CSS element it will most frequently be accomplished in location might well be the site selected for support of close operations, units returning regeneration because supplies and equip- from deep operations may require it, and rear ment are stored there. A divisional brigade units suffering catastrophic losses may also would undergo regeneration with the direct require reconstitution. Although reconstitu- support of a corps support group. Likewise, a tion is largely a command and operations TAACOM area support group would coor- (G3) function, the actual refitting, supply, dinate the regeneration of a division. The personnel fill, and medical actions are con- location should be near sources of supply ducted by CSS elements. and/or maintenance facilities. It should be served by an established transportation There are two methods for conducting network. Medical and personnel service reconstitution—reorganization and regenera- resources should be readily available. tion. Reorganization is action taken to shift internal resources within a degraded unit to All elements of the command must be increase its level of combat effectiveness. prepared to participate in regeneration tasks. Regeneration is action taken to reconstitute a Being prepared implies planning. While the unit through large-scale replacement of per- identity of units candidate for regeneration sonnel, equipment, and supplies; reestablish- cannot always be predicted, the general ment of essential command and control; and requirement for reconstitution can be. If a the conduct of mission-essential training— general plan exists and is well understood, its all directed toward restoring the organi- execution can be tailored to the particular zation’s cohesion, discipline, and fighting requirement. CSS reconstitution planning effectiveness. should include such considerations as— Reorganization is normally done at unit • Location(s) for reconstitution. level and does not require extensive external support beyond supply replenishment, main- • Equipment requirements. What tenance assistance, and limited personnel are the most likely candidate items of

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replacement equipment? Will they be Even before an attrited unit arrives in the available? reconstitution site, restorative efforts begin. They are accomplished within the unit and • Supply replenishment. What by external resources. If feasible, basic loads types of supply will be needed? Will they are replenished at the battle location and be available? enroute to the reconstitution site. Class III • Personnel replacements. What resupply may be critical to moving the unit to individual (by MOS) and small unit the reconstitution site. Class V should be (team, crew, squad, section) replace- uploaded to provide the unit a self-defense ments are most likely to be required? capability. Water, rations, and critical repair parts may also be needed immediately. • Transportation. What are the Recovery and evacuation begin immediately. transportation requirements for moving Emergency medical treatment begins im- the unit and its equipment to the recon- mediately and continues into the reconstitution site and/or for moving replace- stitution site. All these efforts require close ment equipment and personnel and coordination and quick reaction among a replenishment supplies to the site? number of assisting elements. • Decontamination. If decontami- Once the unit reaches the reconstitution nation must be done, who will do it? site, all classes of supply are replenished. Where? Among the more critical will be Class VII, particularly weapon systems. Class VII will • Medical requirements. Will medi- come from a number of sources; for example, cal treatment be provided at the site or PWRMS, if still available; evacuated and will further evacuation be required? Are repaired equipment; redistributed assets; and there sufficient resources to treat the equipment received through the normal numerous battle fatigue casualties replacement supply system. All assets should likely to be present in the unit? be made as ready-to-issue and ready-to-fight • Maintenance. What type of mainte- as possible. nance support teams/units are likely to be required? What repair parts and what External as well as internal transpor- types of equipment will be required? tation assets will be required during all stages of regeneration. Medical evacuation 9 Morale, welfare, and recreation. requirements in excess of the medical system What M WR resources can be provided to capability must be satisfied. Transportation allow soldiers even a short respite? resources will be required to evacuate dis- MWR is especially important when a abled and damaged equipment and to surge unit has taken major losses and is supplies, equipment, and personnel to the awaiting reconstitution. reconstitution site. The above considerations are not all Unit and IDSM personnel will be con- inclusive and are all situationally dependent. cerned with getting the maximum amount of What is important is that they should be equipment to enroute maintenance sites and considered beforehand in a reconstitution to the reconstitution site. They will con- plan that is adaptable to changing situations. centrate on restoring equipment to at least

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minimal operational capability for return to Sustainment engineering supports the the unit. Emphasis is placed on the repair of deployed force in rear, close, and deep opera- end items critical to the unit’s effectiveness tions by the construction, maintenance, and and according to the commander’s priorities. repair of LOCs and dismantling of forti- fications. The relative portion of engineer Emergency medical treatment begins as effort devoted to each category depends upon soon as possible and as far forward as the level of conflict, the maturity of the possible and continues rearward. Triage theater’s infrastructure, and the size of com- procedures are used for the greatest benefit of mitted forces. For example, a mature theater the force. Soldiers with minimal injuries and in a high-intensity conflict will need more wounds are returned to duty as soon as repair work than new construction. Con- practicable. Combat stress is treated as soon versely, a low-intensity conflict in a less as possible. developed theater may need a large amount GRREG assets will be in demand along of new construction to provide the minimum the route to and at the reconstitution site. essential facilities and supply routes. Clothing exchange and bath services should Specific sustainment engineering tasks be available. Decontamination units may be vary throughout the theater. In the COMMZ, needed; however, decontamination should be port and base camp construction provide the done enroute in selected decontamination facilities for off-loading and storage of sup- sites, if possible. Pastoral care and religious plies and the reception and staging of services should be available. reinforcements. Pipeline and railroad construction enhance the capacity of existing Individual replacements will come from systems to move large tonnages of supplies the replacement system, medical returns, forward. Air-base damage repair keeps and from redistributed assets. Individual airfields open to support both Army and Air replacements generally take time to be Force missions. Moving into the corps rear integrated into units and to train. Replace- area, roads and forward airstrips assume ment personnel are oriented to the unit and greater importance for tactical flexibility to provided initial training in the positions they sustain the fight, as does the hardening of will ultimately fill. support facilities against enemy attack. Thus, earthmoving and fixed bridging SUSTAINMENT ENGINEERING capabilities, already in high demand in the COMMZ, continue to increase in importance. Sustainment of deployed forces is heavily Mine-clearing operations free up previously dependent upon the facilities and commu- restricted areas and lessen the hazard to unit nications networks that give physical struc- operations in the rear. Moving forward into ture to the lines of communication. These set the division area, engineers continuously the upper limit on the capacity of CSS emplace tactical bridging to expeditiously organizations to provide materiel and ser- reopen damaged supply routes and to quickly vices to the theater and subordinate com- replace assault bridging used in close manders. Engineer organizations from combat. theater down to battalion/task force level keep the LOCs open and viable by per- The engineering challenge is immense forming sustainment engineering tasks. and demands capable systems that are

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available in sufñcient numbers to meet the elements of the TAACOM assigned respon- need. These systems are found in the sibility for the area in which APODs, SPODs, engineer organizations spread from the equipment storage sites, and marshaling COMMZ forward to the FLOT. areas are located. The theater engineer command orches- TAACOM and TRANSCOM elements trates the sustainment engineering effort. Its will be heavily involved in clearing PODs, subordinate brigade and group headquarters transporting personnel and equipment to control a variety of engineer battalions, marshaling areas, and in matching unit separate companies, and specialized detach- personnel to their equipment. TAACOM ments to support the COMMZ. The corps units are responsible for the full range of engineer brigade performs the same function logistics support to arriving units. They will for the corps rear and assists the division normally coordinate for short-term billeting engineer battalions in carrying out sustain- and feeding. They will also provide essential ment engineering tasks in the division area. supplies and services and backup IDSM, recovery, and evacuation services. TRANSCOM elements assist with port RECEPTION AND PREPARATION OF clearance and transportation from POD to REINFORCEMENTS POMCUS or marshaling sites. Medical elements providing area support In all theaters there will exist a require- assist with medical problems and may pro- ment to receive and prepare reinforcing units vide most medical support to the arriving for further deployment and employment. units. PERSCOM elements assist with per- This is particularly true in those areas in sonnel service support and personnel which forward deployed forces are stationed accountability. in peacetime. Normally reinforcing units will deploy personnel by air and equipment by Reception of reinforcing units is com- sea. Once unit personnel and equipment plicated and demanding. Further compli- arrive, they must be united and prepared for cating the problem is the fact that the onward movement to their parent organi- TAACOM and its subordinate elements must zations. Typically, though not always, simultaneously continue their chief mission arrival sites are located in the COMMZ. of supporting the forward corps. FMs 54-40, Thus, the CSS requirements for supporting 63-4, and 63-5 provide more details on this these operations normally are assigned to critical requirement. TAACOMs supported by MEDCOM and PERSCOM resources. NONCOMBATANT EVACUATION Upon arrival in theater, reinforcing units OPERATIONS come under the operational command of the theater army commander. As the Army The requirement to evacuate noncom- support commander in the theater, he is batants from an area of a theater or from the responsible for receiving, equipping, and theater itself can arise in war or in low- assisting deploying units to achieve opera- intensity conflict. In several areas of the tional readiness. The reception and prepa- world the US has considerable numbers of ration tasks are normally carried out by forward deployed forces. They are often

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accompanied by dependents. In even more groups are likely candidates to provide es- areas, there are US government civilian sential supplies and shelter. Medical organi- employees and private citizens in large zations operating on an area basis will numbers. These personnel need to be provide medical support. Movement control evacuated before or as soon as hostilities resources, working in close coordination with commence. support groups and transportation mode operators, will plan transportation and task Advance warning time of situations operators to provide it. Host nation resources which may require NEO may be short. NEO will be used to the maximum extent feasible. will compete with force readiness activities Military police will provide security within for resources such as transportation and resources. facilities. Therefore, NEO must figure prominently in all theater plans, particularly NEO is locale- and situation-dependent. in transition-to-war plans. Only extensive, Each theater makes its own plans. What is detailed planning and realistic rehearsals important is that the requirement is recog- can minimize evacuation time. nized, workable procedures are established and rehearsed, and the operation is executed CSS elements will play a large part in as quickly and as humanely as possible. NEO. Both corps and TAACOM support

Effective battlefield sustainment demands that the separate elements of the CSS system unite to perform required logistics and support functions at both the operational and tactical levels. Sound intelligence information is vital at both levels. Additionally, CSS forces must meet special support requirements to ensure that battle support is maintained. Weapon systems must be kept operational. Reconstitution actions must be supported, vital sustainment engineering tasks must be accomplished, and reinforcing units must be deployed and employed. Noncombatants may have to be evacuated. CSS elements must be prepared to support all these activities.

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FM 100-10

PART TWO

MANNING THE FORCE Manning, arming, fueling, fixing, and moving the force are the CSS tasks. This part of the manual describes the all important subfunctions of manning the force. Those subfunctions are important from two viewpoints. First, they support the commander by preserving his fighting strength. Second, they contribute to the health, morale, and welfare of the individual soldier. The three chapters in this part discuss health service support, personnel service support, and field services and supply as they support the commander and the individual soldier.

CHAPTER 3 Health Service Support

Health service support plays a fundamental role in developing and maintaining combat power. Sustaining the health of CONTENTS fighting forces is a critical factor in the PAGE success or failure of the Army. It is vitally important that AMEDD resource managers HSS in the AirLandBattle 3-2 participate with combat commanders in the Levels of Health Services 3-3 battle planning process from the beginning. Patient Care and Movement 3-6 Organizations and Functions 3-7 The medical system to support the US Army at war is a continuum from the FLOT Medical Resource Managers 3-13 through the CONUS base and serves as a primary source of trained replacements during the early stages of a major conflict. The medical system is designed to op- Beginning at the FLOT in all combat environ- timize the return to duty of the maximum ments, the most effective, least expensive number of trained combat soldiers at the means of providing the combat commander lowest possible level. Accumulation of with the maximum number of healthy patients within the battle area impacts on vigorous soldiers is prevention. The pre- treatment capabilities and can affect the vention of illness and disease is accom- success of the battle itself—becoming a plished through increased command em- potential “war stopper.” Here again, the phasis, individual training, and sustainment importance of AMEDD participation in training conducted by unit personnel. planning with combat commanders cannot

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be overemphasized. Far-forward stabiliza- and to survive NBC strikes while continuing tion helps maintain the physiology of injured to support the operation. Health service soldiers unlikely to return to duty and allows support must be included in rear operations for their rapid evacuation from the battlefield and area damage control planning. without needless sacrifice of life or function. Mental flexibility and flexible organizations are required to provide HSS on the HSS IN THE dynamic battlefield. Agility on the battlefield requires organizations and leaders who can AIRLAND BATTLE act faster than the enemy. Synchronization means more than coordi- Planning must be proactive rather than nated action. It results from an all-prevailing reactive. Commanders must be able to unity of effort throughout the force. There reallocate medical resources as tactical can be no waste. The actions of each element situations change. Health service support within a command must flow from an units will be required to move rapidly to understanding of the higher commander’s provide the required support needed to concept and intent. protect and sustain the force and to preserve Due to the mass destruction and the the initiative. disabling capabilities of modern conven- In many cases, small units and task forces tional and NBC weapon systems, medical will operate independently. Units will fre- units can anticipate situations in which large quently be cross-attached to react to the flow numbers of patients are produced in a of the battle or to meet requirements for relatively short period of time. These mass reconstitution. Personnel reconstitution of casualty situations will probably exceed the units operating forward is partially accom- capabilities of local medical units. plished through maximizing the RTD rate of Key factors for effective mass casualty combat soldiers. Resources for the recon- management are on-site triage and emer- stitution of medical units, either partially or gency care, effective communications, and totally attrited through combat, normally skillful evacuation by ground and air re- come from the next higher level of HSS. Each sources. Medical units within the theater, level is designed under the modular medical while maintaining safe standards of care, system to reconstitute, within limitations, must be prepared to alter the scope of medical the next lower level. Cross-leveling of treatment with the objective of providing the medical assets within the same command greatest good for the greatest number and may also serve as a means of reconstitution maximizing return to duty. and reinforcement. Nonmedical personnel will have to per- Health service support personnel may be form first aid, rescue operations, and other required, within their limitations, to defend tasks vital to the sufficient handling of large themselves and the patients under their care. numbers of casualties. Mass casualty situa- Due to the depth of the battlefield, HSS units tions will require that all personnel unite in the rear area must be able to defend their efforts to bridge the gap between casual- against enemy airborne and airmobile forces ties and medical capabilities. Nonmedical

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personnel will have to perform patient decon- • Rapid reinforcement of medical tamination, rescue operations, and other supplies. tasks vital to the efficient handling of large • Rapid replenishment of patient numbers of casualties. Effective self-aid, evacuation resources. buddy aid, and combat lifesaver functions will be critical factors that will enhance the survivability of the wounded soldier. The The successful execution of the AirLand human element—the soldier’s training, Battle offers significant challenges to the courage, and leadership—will impact more commander and the planner. As the bat- heavily than any other single element in the tlefield becomes increasingly incapacitating, AirLand Battle. sustaining the health of the fighting forces Knowledge, involvement, and emphasis becomes a critical factor in the success or at all levels of command are required to failure of friendly forces. Proper planning ensure that critical medical resources are enhances the capability of medical units to managed properly and are available to pro- provide effective health service support and vide care to the maximum number feasible. ultimately increases the chances for survival The following principles should be followed of the soldier on the battlefield. when planning for and supporting a mass Forward support characterizes the role casualty situation: that health service support must assume. The • Rapid reinforcement by mobile medi- thrust of HSS is to maximize the RTD rate in cal treatment squads and surgical order to conserve the human component of teams or squads. the combat commander’s weapon systems.

LEVELS OF HEALTH SERVICES Health service support within a theater of interchangeably with the term "level.” See operations is organized into levels which Figure 3-1. extend rearward throughout the theater. The objective of health services is to Each level is designed to meet the needs of the conserve trained manpower. The tailored operational environment and play a specific and phased HSS system will ensure the early part in the progressive (phased) treatment, RTD of patients as far forward as possible. hospitalization, and evacuation of the sick, Medical resources will be employed to provide injured, or wounded soldier. Each higher the utmost benefit to the maximum number level of support contains the same treatment of personnel in the area of operations. capabilities as lower levels plus a new level (echelon) of treatment which sets it apart Each command level has the same from the lower level of support. “Echelon” of capability as the lower commands. For care is av NATO term which can be used example, in the COMMZ, all four levels of

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NOTE: Convalescent centers may or may not be employed in the theater of operetions.

* Field hospital may be employed in the corps.

US Army Emphasis of Medicel Centers % treatment

US Army MEDDAC Hospitals General Hospitals Other Federal (Level IV) Hospitals

Area Support Hospitals Civihen Hospitals (MASH/CSH/ Hospitals * % EVAC) % (Level III) (Station/Field) (Level III) (Level IV) (Level III)

Med Bn Medical Medical Forward Company Company Medical (Separate) (Corps) Company Clinics & (Level II) (Level II) & Dispensaries Medical (Level I) Aid Stations/ Aid Stations/ Support Bn/Sqdn (Level II) Dispensaries Dispensaries Company Aid Stations (Level I) (Level I) (Level II) (Level I)

Co Aid Post DEFINITIVE & DEFINITIVE RESUSCITATIVE RESUSCITATION EMERGENCY Co Aldman RESTORATIVE CARE SURGERY & EMERGENCY i $EDlfeAL All Soldiers CARE i;í “CARE TREATMENT/ CARE FIRST AID SELF-AID BUDDY,AID

Figure 3-1. Levels of Health Service Support.

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health service support are provided. The one person per squad, crew, team, or following levels of health care will have equivalent-sized unit is trained. direct impact on patients from the FLOT to All combat units, as well as some combat the COMMZ as they are treated and/or support and combat service support units, evacuated. have combat lifesavers. The primary duty of the combat lifesaver does not change. The LEVEL I additional duty of combat lifesaver is performed when the situation permits. Medical support and treatment are provided by designated individuals or elements Combat Medic organic to combat, combat support, and This is the first individual in the health designated medical units. Major emphasis is service support chain who makes medically placed on those measures (maintain airway, substantiated decisions based on medical stop bleeding, prevent shock) necessary to MOS-specific training. stabilize and allow for the evacuation of the patient to the next level of care. Unit-level Treatment Squad (Aid Station) medical support also includes medical This element is trained and equipped to evacuation from supported units to sup- provide physician-directed advanced trauma porting medical treatment. life support to battlefield casualties and Individual routine sick call when not engaged in combat. Like elements provide this level of This immediate far-forward care consists care in division, corps, and COMMZ units. of those lifesaving steps that do not require the knowledge and skill of a physician. Three LEVEL II different skill levels of personnel provide the Level II care is rendered at the clearing care required in the forward area and form a station (division or corps). Here the casualty major source of returned-to-duty individuals. is examined. His wounds and general status Self-Aid, Buddy Aid are evaluated to determine his priority, as a single casualty among other casualties, for Each soldier is trained to be proficient in a continued evacuation to the rear. Emergency variety of specific first aid procedures, to care, including beginning resuscitation, is include aid for chemical casualties, with continued; and, if necessary, additional emer- particular emphasis on lifesaving tasks. This gency measures are instituted. However, training enables the soldier or a buddy to they do not go beyond the measures dictated apply immediate care to alleviate a life- by the immediate treatment. threatening situation. These functions are performed typically Combat Lifesaver by company-sized medical units at brigades, The unit commander selects nonmedical in divisions, and by similar units in the corps unit members to receive additional training and COMMZ. These Level II units are located to increase medical skills beyond basic first in the combat zone (brigade support area), aid procedures. After training, these per- division support area, corps support area, sonnel are called combat lifesavers. At least and the COMMZ. Initial surgical capability

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LEVEL IV is organic to airborne and air assault In Level IV medical care, the casualty is divisions. Other divisions (light, motorized, treated in a hospital staffed and equipped for mechanized, and armored) are augmented general and specialized medical and surgical with this capability as required. care and reconditioning rehabilitation for LEVEL III return to duty. CONUS-BASED SUPPORT In Level III care, the casualty is treated in a medical facility staffed and equipped to Further health service support is found in provide resuscitation, initial wound surgery, the hospitals of the CONUS base. Mobili- and postoperative treatment. Casualties zation requires expansion of military hos- whose wounds are life-threatening receive pital capacities and the inclusion of Veterans surgical care in a hospital close to the Administration and civilian hospital beds in clearing station. Those whose injuries permit order to meet the increased demands created additional transportation without detriment by evacuation of patients from the theater of receive surgical care in a hospital farther to operations. the rear.

PATIENT CARE AND MOVEMENT Patients with wounds of lesser severity It is important to remember that there are may not need to be passed through all levels logistics problems in the care of all battle and are returned to duty at the lowest level casualties. Military medical facilities must that meets the needs of the patient. Condition always be in a state of readiness to move of the patient, threat, time, distance, and according to the dictates of the tactical terrain obstacles are important factors to be situation. However, this necessity in no way considered when selecting the mode of lessens the responsibility for providing for evacuation. the medical care and disposition of casualties. Optimization is best gained through cen- Despite the exceedingly unfavorable cir- tralized management and matching the cumstances of war, movement of casualties patient’s condition and urgency of movement from one level to the level in the forward area with the mode of transport. In the division usually is accomplished within a matter of area, Level I and II treatment facilities will hours. Distances vary with the local tactical not be bypassed unless the patient has been situation, but, generally speaking, casualties treated at a medical treatment facility and travel a distance of many miles between the stabilized for flight; for example, Level II in battlefront and a hospital. the BSA and DSA. This also provides the opportunity to further refine and designate Modern concepts of increased mobility for the mode of transportation that will be used all fighting units, as well as the vulnerability for further evacuation to the rear. of even remote areas to aerial or missile

3-6 FM 100-10

attacks, require that all medical units, require. In modern warfare, the battlefront is wherever they are located and regardless of likely to be highly fluid. Medical personnel their primary mission, must be prepared to must be prepared to adjust to urgent needs as receive and treat casualties as circumstances they arise.

ORGANIZATIONS AND FUNCTIONS There are numerous medical treatment point, the patient is evacuated to the bat- units operating at the various levels which talion medical platoon or section treatment are part of the Army treatment and evac- squad (battalion aid station) and then to the uation system. In the theater of operations, medical company treatment platoon hospitals and units are numbered, designed, (division-level clearing station). organized, staffed, and equipped according The modular medical support system is to regularly established TOEs which pre- built around six modules. They are oriented scribe the mission, organizational structure, to forward casualty assessment, collection, and personnel and equipment authoriza- evacuation, treatment, and initial emergency tions. Federal and civilian hospitals in the surgery. When effectively employed, they CONUS are the final medical facilities in the provide greater flexibility, mobility, and system. At any point in the treatment and patient care capabilities than have been evacuation system, a patient is returned to available previously. duty whenever possible. Combat Medic Module MODULAR MEDICAL SUPPORT The combat medic module consists of one (LEVELS I AND II) combat medical specialist and his prescribed Level I and II health service support is load of medical supplies and equipment. The provided by a modular support system that combat medic is organic to the medical standardizes all medical subunits within the platoon or section of the combat or combat division. The modular design enables the support battalion and is attached to platoons medical resource manager to rapidly tailor, or companies of the battalion. augment, reinforce, or reconstitute the Treatment Squad Module battlefield in areas of most critical need. This system is designed to acquire, receive, and This module consists of a primary care sort casualties and to provide emergency physician, a physician’s assistant, and six medical treatment and ATLS for personnel medical specialists. The squad is trained and in divisions. equipped to provide ATLS to the battlefield casualty. ATLS is emergency care designed Medical support originates in the forward to resuscitate and stabilize the patient for areas with the combat medic supporting each evacuation to the next level of medical care or combat platoon or company team. From this treat and return the patient to duty.

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To maintain contact with the combat holding squad with which the surgical maneuver elements, each squad has two module will colocate, with intensive nursing emergency treatment vehicles. Each squad care provided by the nurses of the surgical can split into two treatment teams. These module. squads are organic to medical platoons or Surgical squads are organic to the sections in maneuver battalions and desig- medical battalion of the airborne and air nated combat support units and medical assault divisions. Surgical squads will companies of divisions and separate bri- normally be employed in the DSA but may be gades. They may be employed anywhere on employed in the BSA during brigade task the battlefield. force operations. Area Support Squad Module Ambulance Squad Module This module is comprised of one dentist An ambulance squad module is comprised trained in ATLS, a dental specialist, an X-ray of four medical specialists and two am- specialist, and a medical laboratory spe- bulances. The squad provides evacuation of cialist. The squad is organic to the medical casualties throughout the division and en- companies of separate brigades and sures continuity of care en route. Ambulance divisions. squads are organic to the medical platoon or Patient Holding Squad Module section in maneuver battalions, to selected combat support units, and to medical com- This module consists of two practical panies of the division support command. nurses and two medical specialists. It is capable of holding and providing minimal Medical company ambulance squads will care for up to 40 patients who will be returned be located in the BSA and DSA. They provide to duty. This squad is organic to the medical area support to assigned division sectors. companies of divisions and separate The maneuver battalion medical platoon’s brigades. ambulance squads are located with the Medical Detachment (Surgical Squad) treatment squad (BAS) and further attached Module to the companies of the maneuver battalions. This module is composed of a general surgeon and an orthopedic surgeon, two PATIENT EVACUATION nurse anesthetists, two operating room Patient evacuation is the timely, efficient specialists, one medical or surgical nurse, movement and en route care of wounded, and two practical nurses. It is organized to injured, or ill persons from the battlefield and provide initial surgery for seriously wounded other locations to medical treatment fa- or injured casualties, to save life, and to cilities. It is the responsibility of the gaining preserve physical function. level to evacuate from the lower level of Initial surgery will be performed medical support. Evacuation begins at the whenever a likely delay in the evacuation of a location where the injury or illness occurs casualty threatens life or the quality of and continues as far rearward as the recovery. Post-surgical patients awaiting patient’s medical condition dictates or the evacuation will be held by the patient military situation requires.

3-8 FM 100-10

The theater evacuation policy is estab- uation of patients within the theater of lished by the Secretary of Defense with the operations. Additionally, this company pro- advice of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and upon vides emergency movement of medical per- the recommendation of the theater com- sonnel, equipment, supplies, and blood mander. The policy establishes, in number of products. It is assigned to the evacuation days, the maximum period of noneffective- battalion for command and control. It is ness (hospitalization or convalescence) that tactically located where it can best control its patients may be held within the theater for assets and execute its aeromedical evac- treatment. uation mission. This policy does not mean that a patient The company is organized into a company will be held in the theater for the entire period headquarters, a flight operations platoon, an of noneffectiveness. A patient who is not aircraft maintenance platoon, and an air expected to be ready for return to duty within ambulance platoon with a total of 15 aircraft. the number of days established in the theater This company provides aeromedical evac- evacuation policy is evacuated to CONUS or uation of all categories of patients, consistent some other safe area. This is done as soon as with evacuation priorities and other opera- treating physicians determine that such tional considerations. evacuation will not aggravate the patient’s Evacuation is effected from as far forward disabilities or medical condition. This policy as the tactical situation permits to division is not a substitute for clinical judgment in the medical treatment facilities, from division management of individual patients. MTFs to and between corps-level hospitals, Subordinate commands may establish and from Level I and II MTFs in the corps intratheater patient evacuation policies support area to hospitals. within the limits of the theater patient evacuation policy and subject to approval by Ground Ambulance Medical Company the theater commander. For example, a short The mission of the ground ambulance evacuation policy is established for corps medical company is to provide ground evac- hospitals to maintain their mobility and uation of patients within the theater of their capability to accommodate surges of operations. It is assigned to the evacuation patients. battalion for command and control and is tactically located where it can best control its The intratheater evacuation policy, assets and execute its patient evacuation usually stated in days at the corps level, mission. represents the maximum period of allowable hospitalization in corps hospitals. This company is organized into a com- Intratheater evacuation policies may differ pany headquarters section and four am- among hospitals depending on their location, bulance platoons. Each ambulance platoon facilities, staff, and the types of patients consists of a platoon headquarters and five received. ambulance squads of two ambulances each. Air Ambulance Medical Company The ground ambulance medical company serves as one of the primary means of The mission of the air ambulance medical evacuating patients from the division and company is to provide aeromedical evac- from MTFs within the corps and COMMZ.

3-9 FM 100-10

MEDICAL REGULATING Medical regulating is the coordinated The main medical treatment facilities in movement of patients to MTFs which are the COMMZ are the general hospital, the best able to provide timely and required care. station hospital, and the field hospital. The This system is designed to ensure the ef- general hospital provides definitive treat- ficient and safe movement of patients, often ment and receives patients from the combat over great distances, in such a manner that zone and COMMZ medical facilities who are the welfare of the patient is second only to the not evacuated directly to CONUS or to a success of the tactical mission. Rigid control convalescent center. The station hospital is maintained on the evacuation of patients provides hospitalization on an area basis to to prevent surgical backlogs and ensure even relatively stable troop concentrations in the distribution of patients in all hospital COMMZ. The field hospital provides hos- facilities. pitalization on an area basis for temporary troop concentrations, prisoners of war, and Automated information systems provide civilian internees. rapid assessment and visibility of all intratheater hospital beds and designate the Short-distance movement of patients appropriate facility to be used. Intratheater (from MTF to MTF) within the COMMZ is evacuation from corps to COMMZ is trans- accomplished by buses and ground and air mitted to the J oint Medical Regulating Office ambulances. Long-distance movement of of the unified command headquarters, patients within the COMMZ and movement thereby using hospital capabilities of all of patients from the COMMZ to CONUS is services to the maximum. accomplished by using the US Air Force Intratheater patient movement from aeromedical evacuation system. corps-level hospitals to COMMZ-level hospitals or to hospitals of other services is COMBAT STRESS CONTROL normally accomplished by the US Air Force. Intertheater regulating and evacuation are Sustained operations, weapons of coordinated by the JMRO with the Armed awesome mass destruction, and the potential Services Medical Regulating Office for desig- for forces to become intermingled in high- nation of sustaining base hospital beds. intensity conflict make temporary battle fatigue casualties inevitable. In low- HOSPITALIZATION intensity conflict, the guerrilla threat counts on psychological stress to disable the Currently, the three hospital units in the defender. corps are the mobile army surgical hospital, the combat support hospital, and the evac- Mental health sections organic to divi- uation hospital. All hospitals provide initial sions function integrally with other Level II surgical care and medical treatment. The treatment, command, and control elements. CSH and evacuation hospitals also provide Combat stress control elements provide definitive medical treatment. The basic assistance to units which are withdrawn difference in the care which these hospitals temporarily from combat for reconstitution. provide as opposed to division-level medical Neuropsychiatrie triage and treatment of care is the scope of the surgical and medical battle fatigue casualties will take place as far care provided. forward as the operational situation permits.

3-10 FM 100-10

DENTAL SERVICES Management and treatment of battle fatigue Dental services are provided to enhance casualties consist of— the combat readiness of troops in a theater of operations by maintaining their oral health. • Rest. Providing dental services as far forward as • Reassurance. feasible minimizes the amount of time a soldier is away from his primary duties. To • Brief behavioral, pharmacologic, and maximize efficiency, mobility, and flexibility, psychotherapeutic treatment. dental support in a theater of operations • Military activities in a nonpatient employs high-technology equipment and is care setting. structured in the modular configuration. • A positive expectation of a rapid Dental service in a theater of operations is retum-to-duty rate. divided into three categories of care: emergency, sustaining, and maintaining. Only those services that are mission-essential are PREVENTIVE MEDICINE SERVICES provided at each level. The prevention of illness and disease is • Emergency care is intended to relieve the most effective, least expensive means of pain. Examples are the use of medi- providing the combat commander with the cations and simple procedures such as maximum number of healthy, vigorous sol- temporary fillings. diers. Preventive medicine support for combat operations must be considered as a • Sustaining care is designed to provide wholly integrated system from the individual the level of treatment necessary to keep soldier through the theater level to be the soldier functioning in the division effective and minimize diseasé and environ- area. It consists of procedures such as mental injury among combat forces. To simple restorations and denture repairs. assist in this effort, small mobile preventive medicine detachments are assigned area • Maintaining care is more involved support missions within the combat zone or and more resource dependent. This COMMZ. category consists of definitive dental care including routine dental pro- Additional detachments are assigned for cedures, prosthodontic appliances the preventive medicine support of special (dentures), oral surgical procedures, and needs, such as enemy prisoner of war camps a preventive dentistry program. and refugee relocation centers. These detachments provide advice and assistance in A fourth category of elective and highly the areas of sanitation, as well as other specialized care, to include maxillofacial preventive medicine measures to protect reconstructive surgery and other complex personnel against food-, water-, and vector- dental services, is normally accomplished by borne diseases and other environmental facilities in CONUS. This category of care, injuries (heat and cold injuries). Selected termed “comprehensive care,” is essential to detachments are staffed and equipped to the overall health, morale, and combat provide additional entomological control strength of the US Army, but does not have to capabilities. be performed in a theater of operations except

3-11 FM 100-10

in certain emergency life-threatening medical company. A medical laboratory situations. specialist in the area support squad (division VETERINARY SERVICES clearing station) performs procedures in direct support of ATLS activities. These The US Army is the Department of procedures provide limited laboratory data. Defense executive agent for providing veterinary support to all services and other Laboratory assets are standardized for all DOD and federal agencies worldwide. These corps and COMMZ hospitals. Limited pro- services include— cedures are performed in biochemistry, hematology, and urinalysis. Sophisticated • Inspection of foods for wholesomeness and time-consuming procedures are reduced and quality assurance. to those tests that can be conducted and • Sanitary inspection of those facilities evaluated during a patient’s stay. supplying foods to DOD components. At echelons above corps, laboratory sup- • Comprehensive veterinary medical port found in the general hospital is similar care for government-owned animals. to that of hospitals at corps level. Also located at EAC is a theater area medical • Prevention and control of those laboratory that supports the theater of opera- animal diseases communicable to man. tions with consultative, investigative, and These services are in direct support of specialized definitive services. These capa- logistics subsistence organizations, military bilities require highly skilled personnel, police units, or civic action programs. sophisticated equipment, and a larger Veterinary units afford the needed flexibility amount of supplies. The theater area medical to meet such broad-based requirements. laboratory also has the capability to analyze Other veterinary service personnel in sup- samples from any source for identification of port of battlefield operations may be as- biological warfare agents. It also provides signed to civil affairs units, area medical analyses of samples from patients to assist laboratories, and units employing military treatment of chemical agent effects. It pro-; working dogs. vides analyses of food and water samples and animal specimens to assist ^veterinary LABORATORY SERVICES and preventive medicine personnel in identifi- Medical laboratory assets provide pro- cation and assessment of NBC agents. cedures that support rapid return to duty or evacuation efforts. Procedures that are time and labor intensive, plus those procedures HEALTH SERVICE LOGISTICS that are not compatible with the theater of Medical logistics support inclùdes— operations evacuation policy, are not found on the battlefield. They are replaced with • Class VIII supplies. rapid, field-expedient techniques that can be • Biomedical maintenance. accomplished with lightweight and readily transportable equipment. • Optical fabrication. Division-level laboratory support is a • Blood processing, storage, and responsibility of the treatment platoon of a distribution.

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There are medical logistics activities at an area support mission to resupply corps division, corps, and COMMZ levels. The hospitals and other medical elements division medical supply office provides operating in the corps sector. It is also the Class VIII supply management and bio- blood management office for the corps. In the medical maintenance support to the division. mature theater, COMMZ-level medical Resupply to the division is provided by a logistics is also provided by the MEDSOM corps MEDSOM battalion. This unit also has battalion.

MEDICAL RESOURCE MANAGERS Overall planning, determining require- The theater surgeon is overall medical ments, and coordinating health service sup- resource manager for the theater. He advises port for the division are staff responsibilities the theater army commander in developing of the division surgeon. He is the single health service logistics plans, recommending medical resource manager of the division. policies, and establishing priorities. He plans and supervises technical inspections of the. At corps level, the COSCOM surgeon medical system. He determines theater (medical brigade commander) is the single requirements for medical equipment and medical resource manager. He has the supplies and exercises staff supervision over overall responsibility for planning, deter- the requisition, procurement, storage, mainte- mining requirements, and coordinating nance, distribution, and documentation of health service support for the corps. these supplies and equipment.

Sustaining the health of fighting forces is critical to success on the Airland Battlefield. To this end, the health service support system is designed to provide the utmost benefit to soldiers in the area of operations. Preventive medicine support, medical regulating, and patient care and movement are all necessary functions required to return to duty the maximum number of trained combat soldiers.

3-13

FM 100-10

CHAPTER 4 Personnel Service Support

Personnel service support is a major element in the task of manning the force. It is CONTENTS one of the major categories of CSS discussed PAGE in this manual. PSS includes the following Personnel and Administretion major functional areas: Services 4-2 • Personnel and administration Finance Services 4-9 services. Chaplain Activities 4-10 • Finance services. Public Affairs 4-11 Legal Service Support 4-11 • Chaplain activities. • Public affairs. administration center and unit ministry team at battalion level are examples of • Legal service support. embedded elements. PSS elements provide a Personnel service support is provided wide range of support to commanders and by MTOE units and by embedded elements soldiers. Table 4-1 shows some examples of on the battlefield. The personnel and this dual focus of PSS support.

Table 4-1. PSS Support MAJOR FUNCTION COMMAND SUPPORT SOLDIER SUPPORT P&A Services Casualty Management Enlisted Evaluations Replacement Operations Officer Evaluations Enlisted Accessions Enlisted Promotions Officer Procurement Officer Promotions Official Mail Personal Mail Strength Accounting Awards and Decorations Finance Services Commercial Accounts Military Pay Chaplain Activities Chaplain's Advice Pastoral Counseling UMT Management Administering Secrements Conduct of Worship Services Battle Fatigue Treetment

Public Affairs Command/Public Information Hometown News Release

Legal Service Support Contract Law Legal Assistance

4-1 FM 100-10

PERSONNEL AND ADMINISTRATION SERVICES A personnel group is assigned to each The C2SRS reports provide commanders corps and TAACOM. It provides services at all levels with information on unit through subordinate units which include strength, shortages, and requirements and personnel service companies, replacement assist him in assessing the combat capability companies, and postal platoons. of his own and his subordinate units. These reports are the— STRENGTH MANAGEMENT • Battle roster. The battle roster is the basic driver of the C2SRS. Strength management is accounting for the force on the basis of rapidly reported • Personnel summary. The person- numerical strength information. Com- nel summary is a “snap shot” of a unit’s manders depend on this information to fight personnel strength. It breaks down the present, and plan future, battles. Strength unit’s current operating strength by management includes— officer, warrant, and enlisted personnel. • Collecting, consolidating, analyzing, • Personnel requirements report. and reporting the information. The PRR lists a unit’s personnel/ replacement requirements by grade and • Assessing combat capabilities. MOS/SSI, based on comparison of • Establishing replacement priorities. required versus assigned strength. • Allocating replacements. • Command and control task force personnel summary. This report • Reporting combat power of crews and provides C2SRS information on soldiers teams. that are part of a task force. Strength management data is collected as Strength management on the battlefield quickly and accurately as possible to enhance is a major category of work for commanders the tactical decision-making process. It is the and P&A elements of all echelons. Strength commander’s “troops available” part of the METT-T formula. Strength management management reports interface with replacement operations, casualty operations, pro- enables commanders to determine their motions, postal operations, accessions, capabilities from a personnel viewpoint. weapon system replacement operations, and Commanders can identify units which are at acceptable strength levels overall, but which reconstitution. are not operationally effective because of The strength management system is shortages of key personnel. Strength manage- oriented toward the battlefield, military ment data is also used as the basis of issue for personnel, and TOE units. It is used to rations and other supplies. account for civilian, other service, and non- US (allied and local national) personnel in On the battlefield, units will use the situations where they are part of reporting Command and Control Strength Reporting organizations. System to provide commanders with the most current strength management infor- Figure 4-1 depicts the flow of strength mation. This system allows commanders to management data within a division force. view the strength status of subordinate units. The flow is similar for a nondivision element.

4-2 FM 100-10

• 0000 XXX

+ + PERS GP

PS V HQDA

XXXX XXX XX

STRENGTH REPORTS

Strength status and requirements

Information/coordination

Figure 4-1. Strength Management Data Flow

REPLACEMENT OPERATIONS The wartime personnel replacement sys- multiplier effect through the use of cohesive tem provides personnel replacements to sus- small unit replacements. The goal of the tain the combat capability of US Army replacement system is to provide personnel forces. Personnel replacements include indi- replacements as far forward as the battlefield viduals and small units with leaders. These situation permits. small units are cohesive squads, crews, teams, and platoons. The unit replacement Although not always possible, gaining capability takes advantage of the combat units should ensure that replacements are

4-3 FM 100-10

trained and acclimated to their new units push package replacement system, and pro- before going into combat. Ideally they should jects transportation requirements for move- be assigned when the unit is in reserve, ment of replacements. If there is no certainly when it is not engaged. As a PERSCOM in the theater, elements from the minimum, new replacements should become personnel group operate the theater replace- familiar with the mission; the situation; their ment system. new officers, NCOs, and fellow soldiers; the The PERSCOM provides command and unit’s traditions; and the unit SOP. control of replacement battalions. The replacement battalion commands and controls organ- In World War II, the Army experienced ic general support replacement companies serious problems in its replacement system. and manages the inventory of replacements Replacements were not properly prepared moving through its replacement channels. for combat and, in many instances, were not The replacement battalion— thoroughly trained or indoctrinated in the unit's traditions. In Normandy, the com- • Coordinates transportation of replace- mander of the beleaguered 4th Division ments moving from the APOD to the refused to accept 400 replacements because corps replacement company, division they lacked proper infantry skills or were not replacement section, or theater units. thoroughly trained. At Schmidt the 112th Infantry Regiment, which had suffered more • Positions assigned replacement com- casualties (1,549) than any other regiment panies near APODs. participating in the fighting, refused 260 • Coordinates with medical facilities. replacements for similar reasons. The replacement company receives in- The US Army Training and Doctrine coming replacements, provides temporary Command operates the CONUS replacement billeting service and personnel accounting of system. CONUS replacement centers coor- replacements, and coordinates transporta- dinate the movement of ready-to-fight sol- tion of replacements to their assigned units. diers to the theater of operations. CRCs Replacement companies at EAC perform operate a staging facility to process indi- both GS and DS roles. The replacement vidual and unit replacements. CRCs verify company coordinates transportation of replace- preparation of replacements for overseas ments to assigned theater units, to the corps movement qualifications and coordinate replacement company, or to the division with the host installation for issue of indi- replacement section. See Figure 4-2. The vidual clothing, organizational clothing and replacement company maintains liaison with individual equipment, individual weapons, supporting hospitals to ensure that retum-to- and chemical protective masks and clothing. duty soldiers quickly return to their original units when possible. It also coordinates with The theater army personnel command the appropriate corps or TAACOM supply operates the OCONUS replacement system. activity to provide individual clothing, PERSCOM maintains theater army strength weapons, and equipment for retum-to-duty data, prepares loss estimates, identifies crit- soldiers. ical shortages by grade and MOS, prepares shelf requisitions to support operations of the The division replacement section receives,

4-4 FM 100-10

0000 XXX xx

+ + XXX XX

PERSCOM CORPS G1 DIV G1/AG

BSA REPLBN PERS GP

CPOC

REPL REPL CO REPLSEC BN S1-PAC CO HQ POD CO GS/DS

CORPS DIV UNITS UNITS CONUS

EAC UNITS

Deliver replecement personnel es fer forward as battlefield situation permits. Optimal point for divisional replacements is to the division rear. Divisional transport will move them to their units.

Replacement flow — — — — Allocation instructions Figure 4-2. Personnel/Replacement Flow

controls, and coordinates transportation of The delivery of replacements often must replacements received from the theater replace- be synchronized with the delivery of equipment company to their ultimate assigned ment and major weapon systems. Replace- units. The replacement section maintains ment operations are a critical factor in the liaison with supporting corps hospitals to reconstitution effort. WSRO supports intensi- ensure that return-to-duty soldiers return to fied management of crew members and their original units when possible. The replace- major weapons. WSRO provides weapon ment section coordinates with the DISCOM systems to combat forces at battalion level in to reequip RTD soldiers. ready-to-fight condition.

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CASUALTY OPERATIONS Commanders will account for, report, and cerning disposition of remains, personal record all casualties. The casualty operations effects and military equipment, and the system is a by-name personnel accounting current status of all casualties. On the system that begins at unit level with the battlefield, high casualty rates should be person who has knowledge of a casualty. expected. All echelons must be prepared to Casualty reports provide essential infor- rapidly report and process casualty information to the casualty estimation process mation. Casualty data flow for a division which assists commanders in planning and force is at Figure 4-3. adjusting future operations. Casualty operations include— POSTAL OPERATIONS • Reporting and recording casualties. The personnel system will operate a postal network on the battlefield to deliver • Reconciling multiple sources of data official and personal mail. The postal concerning the status of soldiers. delivery network will connect command and • Managing casualty case files at all control headquarters and the postal units echelons from battalion to HQDA for with daily delivery service. Official mail will missing and evacuated soldiers. be the PSS primary data transmission backup link within the theater of operations • Conducting liaison with medical, law and from the theater to CONUS. Personal enforcement, intelligence, and graves mail is distributed through a postal unit to a registration activities. network of unit mail clerks. Mail is delivered • Analyzing actual casualty data in to committed units through the LOGPAC. comparison with casualty projections. Postal units will maintain contact with appropriate personnel organizations to • Providing updates to the postal ensure that personal mail redirect services locator. are accomplished based on the best available Casualty operations require 100-percent information. personnel accounting reconciliation. This PROMOTIONS AND REDUCTIONS accuracy requirement makes casualty management the most precise P&A work cate- The promotion process exists to support gory. It has an importance and urgency not the needs of the Army by achieving the inherent in other P&A tasks. Casualty opera- following general objectives: tions have far-reaching effects on the morale • Fill authorized spaces with qualified of military and civilian populations, the soldiers (select the best to lead). Army’s image, and other P&A work categories. • Recognize and reward the highest caliber of soldier. Although the management of casualty • Identify substandard soldiers and reporting is a P&A function, coordination take appropriate actions. among the entire casualty and memorial affairs network is critical to the overall Promotion processes must be admin- success of the system. Logistics, medical, and istered in a manner to meet the objectives other agencies must coordinate closely con- stated above. Decentralized promotions are

4-6 FM 100-10

- 0000 XXX xx _mx XXX XX DIV TA G1 BDE SI f G1/AG

\ + + BN PS PERSCOM ^ S1-PAC v H PERS y CASUALTY HQDA N FEEDER POSTAL REPORTS GRREG HOSPITAL STRAGGLER INTEL MP

^ By-name casualty data flow

— — ^ Infoimation/coordinatlon Figure 4-3. Casualty Management Data Flow

made on the battlefield by the commander record that recognition for historical pur- having promotion authority. Reduction poses. This program provides tangible and serves as an important means of maintaining prompt recognition for acts of valor, ex- discipline and the quality of the force. Promo- ceptional service or achievement, special tions and reductions have a direct impact on skills or qualifications, and acts of heroism strength management in wartime. Therefore, not involving actual combat. Beyond recogni- close coordination must be maintained tion, awards should provide incentives to between these interrelated functions. perform military missions under difficult or dangerous conditions and to foster pride, AWARDS morale, esprit de corps, unit identification, The awards program is intended to recog- and a sense of commonality with the goals nize soldiers’ valor and achievement and to and interests of the Army and the nation.

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Administrative procedures are important Paper records will not be taken by units only as they contribute to the program’s deploying for sustained operations, but will purposes and record information for future be placed in a central location prior to reference. Handwritten recommendations deployment. Personnel records are retained will be the norm below division level. Awards at the CONUS home station during contin- affect not only the recipients, but every gency and training operations. Copies of soldier having knowledge of the act, service, paper records which must be generated on achievement, or award. the battlefield will be filed by the PSC. OFFICER ACCESSIONS Electronic personnel management data important to the battle and/or individual soldier Commanders will appoint enlisted sol- will continue to require maintenance and diers as commissioned officers or warrant resources. Commanders and personnel officers on the battlefield. Battlefield officer managers will have ready access to personnel accessions exist to support the needs of the management information. Army. like promotions or eliminations, officer accessions are an important element in ensuring the strength, readiness, and com- MORALE, WELFARE, AND petence of the officer corps. Only enlisted RECREATION soldiers fully qualified to serve as officers will Morale, welfare, and recreation services be appointed. are a concern of leaders at every echelon of EVALUATIONS command. Soldiers must be afforded a respite from mental and physical fatigue. Com- The performance of soldiers on the manders are responsible for the following battlefield will be evaluated and recorded. minimum essential morale support services The evaluation is used in conjunction with as the tactical situation permits: other factors as a basis for such actions as promotion, school selection, assignment, • A safe area for soldier rest. specialty designation, and elimination. • A program to distribute books, Evaluations must be accurate and provide magazines, and athletic or recreation complete descriptions of a soldier’s duty equipment. performance, professionalism, and potential. • Motion picture service. RECORDING INFORMATION • A live entertainment program, in- The P&A system will record information cluding soldier and touring shows. to support personnel management and for As the theater matures, programs will be historical purposes. The goal of a paperless expanded. The PERSCOM will operate battlefield does not preclude personnel rec- theater activities such as library services, ords. The goal is to use only electronic records rest and recreation centers, and live entertain- where practical. Paper records within the ment programs. The PERSCOM morale Military Personnel Records Jacket will be support service staff is not resourced to limited to those on which a signature is an operate an active troop participation pro- absolute requirement (for example, contracts gram, but will serve as MWR coordinators and evaluations). and consultants.

4-8 FM 100-10

BANDS Bands support combat operations by with servicing FSUs for finance support. providing music that promotes troop morale, FSUs and PSCs are normally colocated to unit esprit, and civil military relations. provide integrated support to a common Bands are organic to theater armies, theater population. army area commands, corps, divisions, and COMMERCIAL ACCOUNTS theater defense brigades. Bands provide music for troop gatherings and activities, Commercial accounts pay for supplies, military and religious ceremonies, and civil equipment, and services as part of the pro- affairs or psychological operations events. curement process which is critical to the logistics system on the battlefield. Finance The secondary mission of Army bands is commercial accounts elements must work local security augmentation. In this role, closely with procurement and host nation bands may be assigned to command post support elements from logistics units. A local security, perimeter defense, traffic control, or purchase and contracting capability pro- enemy prisoner of war security. vides alternatives to commanders to obtain logistics support. This function is divided into two areas: contract operations and FINANCE SERVICES imprest fund operations. Payment for contract operations will be conducted by the TFC and FGs. These contracts may include services such as Finance services include the functions of laundry and bath operations, transportation, commercial accounts, pay, disbursing, and and maintenance and materiel such as repair accounting. The mission of finance orga- parts, Class I supplements, and construction nizations is to provide essential finance materials. support on an area basis. Imprest fund operations are in response to The focal point of finance support the direct daily needs of the force—needs that throughout the corps or TAACOM is the cannot be reasonably satisfied by the stan- finance group. The FG is a corps or TAACOM dard support system. Cash payments are unit, and the FG commander is directly foreseen for such items as payment of day responsible to the corps or TAACOM com- laborers, claims, Class I supplements (not mander for mission accomplishment. At the otherwise on contract), and purchase of small TA level, the theater finance command quantities of supplies not available through provides funding, technical guidance, and the contract system. Such will be particularly policy to the FG. There are no division the case for operations in areas removed from finance units. The FG supports the corps or existing supply sources. TAACOM by a network of subordinate finance support units under an area support concept. This concept provides for finance PAY support to all units within a specified geographical area. In theaters where no FG The pay function includes the subfunc- exists, the TFC has command and control of tions of military, civilian, foreign national, FSUs. Corps or TAACOM units coordinate and travel pay.

4-9 FM 100-10

Military pay is paying the soldier and national pay section of the FG or TFC. servicing his pay account. Nonengaged sol- DISBURSING diers may be paid a combat payment not to exceed $100 per month or allowed to cash Disbursing includes the responsibility for personal checks not to exceed a specified supplying US and foreign currencies, US amount to be determined at the discretion of Treasury checks, and military payment commanders in the grade of colonel or certificates to US forces and disbursing US higher. Pay and allowances will be deposited Treasury funds in support of the pay func- to the soldier’s bank account outside the tions described above. Also included are the theater, mailed to an address outside the funding of and collections from Class A theater, or accrue at the US Army Finance agents, imprest funds, and nonappropriated and Accounting Center. Leave and earning fund instrumentalities. Disbursement and statements will be mailed through postal collection vouchers are source documents for channels. accounting information. Civilian pay support will follow the same ACCOUNTING general guidelines as that provided to the Appropriated and nonappropriated ac- uniformed force. Foreign national pay sup- counting, although required by public law, is port is provided to non-US employees, day not considered to be a battlefield essential laborers, EPWs, and civilian internees. This function and will be performed outside the pay may be provided through arrangements theater during wartime, whenever possible. with the host nation or by the foreign

CHAPLAIN ACTIVITIES Chaplain activities are performed through intensity conflicts, the UMT provides the unit, denominational, or area coverage. broadest range of religious support and rites. In high-intensity conflicts, the UMT provides Unit ministry teams provide chaplain essential religious support which is appro- activities to meet the spiritual, ethical, and priate to the tactical situation. During post- moral needs of soldiers and units at all battle and reconstitution phases, the UMT echelons. The UMT is a special staff section provides unit memorial services, battlefield under operational control of the unit chap- interment services (in coordination with lain. The chaplain serves as both personal GRREG units), and spiritual and religious and special staff officer responsible for imple- activities. Direct unit involvement and for- menting the commander’s unit religious ward deployment allow the UMT to perform program and ensuring the free exercise of ministry in support of combat stress and religion for personnel. battle fatigue casualty treatment on an The UMT enhances the growth of morale immediate or as-needed basis and provide and cohesion by being available at all times opportunities for individual soldiers to as an integral part of the unit. In low- receive religious support.

4-10 FM 100-10

PUBLIC AFFAIRS The public affairs officer, a member of the • Gathers and releases newsworthy commander's personal staff at separate bri- information. gade and above, assists the commander in • Explains command operations to the conducting operational or tactical missions media in easily understandable terms. and fulfilling public affairs responsibilities. As the commander’s official spokesman, the • Provides public affairs instruction PAO can satisfy the media’s quest for news and policy guidance to subordinate and answers to queries without distracting commands. the commander or members of his staff. Public affairs units are also available to Commanders and staff should, however, be assist the command PAO and other units available for news conferences or interviews, without a dedicated PAO in the performance when operational requirements permit. The of command and public information services. PAO can help prepare members of the com- The services these units are capable of mand by providing research and advice and providing include— establishing ground rules with the media. At brigade level and below, public affairs is a • Taking, developing, and releasing collateral duty normally assigned to the newsworthy photographs. adjutant. As a personal staff officer, the • Publishing command information PAO- newspapers. • Advises and informs the commander • Producing and disseminating infor- regarding public affairs guidance. mation for radio, television, and print • Makes staff estimates and assesses media. public affairs impact of command • Providing personnel and equipment actions. to escort media representatives. • Satisfies soldiers’ needs for military • Providing stand-alone broadcast and domestic information. capability or augmenting the Armed • Accommodates media representatives. Forces Radio and Television System.

LEGAL SERVICE SUPPORT Legal service support to the command, the located at every major echelon of command soldier, and the military community is accom- from brigade to theater army. Legal spe- plished through five functional areas: admin- cialists are located at battalion and brigade istrative or contract law, criminal law, to ensure liaison with unit commanders and claims, legal assistance, and international or soldiers. operational law. The staff judge advocate is a member of Legal service support is provided by the commander’s personal and special staff. personnel in staff judge advocate sections As the commander’s personal legal advisor,

4-11 FM 100-10

the SJA implements the commander’s damages and loss arising from military policies under the preventive law program service, and the preventive law program. and establishes the climate for disposition of When morale, good order, and discipline are legal matters. absent, unit readiness suffers. The ability of the commander to maintain Military judges and defense counsel are morale, order, and discipline enhances unit assigned at corps and TAACOM and provide combat readiness. Organizational morale is the command with the prerequisite assets dependent upon the command’s ability to needed to dispose of courts-martial and other care, for the soldier and protect the soldier adversarial proceedings against a soldier. from unnecessary concern about legal issues These assets are assigned to the corps or affecting his family. Order and discipline TAACOM and are further attached to subor- depend on the commander’s ability to dispose dinate organizations. Judge advocate gen- of violations against persons and property eral service organizations augment the corps effectively while protecting the rights of the and TAACOM commands with legal service soldier, the victims, and the unit. The soldier personnel to ensure that appropriate legal and family are supported through premobiliza- assets are available. tion legal planning, payment of claims for

The combat-critical functions of strength accounting, replacement operations, and casualty reporting influence tactical decisions and are necessary for success on the Airland Battlefield. Other personnel service support functions—provided by elements such as finance groups, unit ministry teams, staff judge advocates, and public affairs personnel—are performed as the situation permits.

4-12 FM 100-10

CHAPTER 5 Field Services and Supply Support for Soldiers

Personnel services and health service support are two of the components of CONTENTS manning the force. The third is field service PAGE and supply in support of the soldier. These Food 5-1 services and supplies serve to further maintain the health, morale, and welfare of Water 5-3 the individual soldier thereby providing the Persona! Welfare and Comfort commander with healthy, motivated soldiers Items 5-3 to fight the battle. Figure 5-1 depicts the Clothing and Soldier Equipment 5-4 doctrinal layout of these supplies and ser- Laundry. Bath, and Renovation 5-4 vices as provided by units throughout the Graves Registration 5-4 battlefield.

FOOD Food is one of the most important factors provide soldiers at all echelons the maximum in soldier health, morale, and welfare. At the number of hot meals possible under pre- same time, the acquisition, storage, trans- vailing situations and conditions. portation, distribution, preparation, and The field feeding system is based on serving of food has always been a logistics consolidation of feeding resources. Combat inhibitor to operations. The combat field battalions generally consolidate field feeding feeding system is based on three basic at battalion headquarters level. The bat- rations. The MRE is the individual combat talion headquarters food service section ration. It requires little or no preparation; it cooks A and B Rations or heats T Rations in can be heated or eaten as is. The T Ration is a an organic mobile kitchen trailer in the field group feeding ration which requires only trains. Food is packed in insulated con- heating and serving. The B Ration is also for tainers and sent forward with the LOGPAC group feeding. Since it must be cooked, it to company locations where a cook assisted requires a relatively stabilized environment. by company personnel serves meals. Food Both the B Ration and the T Ration can be and beverage containers are sent back for unitized into modules for a specified number reuse. Units operating in the brigade rear are of meals. This considerably reduces both fed similarly by their own battalions or by a supply and kitchen labor requirements. unit kitchen designated to feed specific units The field feeding system assumes or personnel. The same pattern is followed in theaterwide use of MREs for the first several the division rear. Where practicable, small days of combat and a gradual transition to units are fed by a designated unit. For prepared T and B Rations. The goal is to example, a maintenance battalion HHD is

5-1 FM 100-10

XXX' ■XX.

SVC SVC SVC

w-0 G) ® © ^0 CEB t SVC 3 ®© (CEB) + CEB)

XXX. ■ XX.

Figure 5-1. Services and Supply Units and Functions

usually fed by one of its subordinate com- and distributed. A Ration components and panies and a RAOC is fed by the unit to other ration supplements are candidates for which it is assigned. The same concept acquisition from host nation sources as are applies at echelons above division. refrigeration facilities and equipment. As the operational situation permits, The ration supply system is similar to the efforts will be made to introduce the A Ration system used to distribute other classes of (fresh foods) into the theater. This requires supplies. GSUs supply DSUs which supply extensive CSS expansion since reñigerated unit food service sections. Issues are based on storage and distribution equipment is re- strength figures. quired along with a capability to make or Bread is baked by S&S and field service acquire ice for unit storage. Even before the companies and is provided to consumers A Ration can be introduced, ration sup- through normal Class I supply channels. plements such as hardy fruits are obtained Bread baking is a secondary field service and 5-2 FM 100-10

may not be available to all theater units in and each BSA. The water sections have the early stages of war. Heavy reliance may sufficient production and distribution capa- be placed on host nation sources. bility to allow the division to be self-sufficient in most areas of the world. In arid regions, Bread for divisions is baked by corps the division is augmented with personnel support group field service companies. and with storage and distribution equipment Nondivision corps units receive this support from corps. Water is supplied to the division from corps support group S&S companies. by corps GS water units. Units in the COMMZ are supported by TAACOM area support group S&S In the corps rear and COMMZ, DS water companies. support is provided by the nondivision S&S company on an area basis. The organic water section operates supply points established at approved water sources. The S&S unit has WATER sufficient assets to establish mobile supply points and to provide for limited unit distribution if necessary. In areas of operation where Because of worldwide commitments, sufficient water sources are not available, water has become a major supply concern. water is provided by general support water We may fight where it is scarce. Normally, units. These units use organic equipment to water is provided by supply point distri- pump, demineralize, purify, store, test, and bution. Water points are established as close transport water in bulk containers to water to the using unit as possible considering the distribution sites. location of a water source and the commander’s tactical plan. The most forward water points will normally be located in the PERSONAL WELFARE brigade support area even if it requires establishing a dry point and transporting AND COMFORT ITEMS water from a suitable source. Using units draw water from the supply point using organic transportation. Water supply units Class VI supplies are those items used for can provide limited distribution to those personal hygiene, comfort, and welfare. They units unable to support themselves. DISCOM include such things as candy, gum, dental supply units run the forward water points in care products, soap, and stationery. Initially all divisions. the soldier will carry these personal items with him into the theater. As the supply Preventive medicine organizations are system adjusts to demand, resupply will be responsible for approving water sources. by sundry packs whereby personal demand They also provide routine surveillance to items are issued gratuitously. The sundry ensure that water quality meets appropriate packs contain a varied assortment of such standards. items for a given number of soldiers for a In the division, the water section of the given period of time. Sundry packs will be appropriate supply unit establishes and issued with Class I items. When the situation operates water supply points in both the DSA permits it, mobile PX sales teams will provide

5-3 FM 100-10

services to speciñed units or to troop concen- soldiers in the division sector by corps field trations. Many personal demand items may service companies. In the corps rear area and be purchased through host nation or contract in the COMMZ those services are provided on sources. an area basis by S&S companies assigned respectively to the corps and TAACOM CLOTHING AND support groups. It is particularly important that these morale-building services be pro- SOLDIER EQUIPMENT vided at reconstitution sites and to division and corps reserve areas. These services can often be provided by HNS or by local Cías» II includes a wide variety of contract. supplies and equipment from clothing to tools. Clothing and individual equipment are furnished by GS and DS supply elements GRAVES throughout the theater. Normal supply procedures are followed. Very limited stocks are REGISTRATION carried by division DS units since clothing and individual equipment are generally Graves registration is one of the primary bulky and impede division DSU mobility. field services. It is immediately essential to Many items in this category are not im- the support of combat operations. The way in mediately critical. Exceptions such as MOPP which it is performed can have a direct and gear, environmental protection items (boots, sudden impact on the morale of soldiers and overshoes, parkas, helmets), and mechanics’ the American public. GRREG services are tools are normally stocked by DSUs. Distribu- generally provided on an area basis. tion plans for protective clothing and equip- Graves registration services include all ment must consider service life of protective phases of remains processing from search overgarments and filters and the threat. Unit and recovery to final disposition, whether it priorities for issue are established. be burial in theater or return to and burial in CONUS. Army policy is that remains will be LAUNDRY, BATH, evacuated to CONUS as long as remains handling and transportation asset capa- AND RENOVATION bility are sufficient. When that capability is exceeded, remains will be buried in theater in temporary or permanent cemeteries. When All personnel in the theater are provided tactical emergency requires it, remains may laundry, bath, and renovation support as be interred in emergency individual or mass soon as the tactical situation permits graves for later transfer to permanent and sufficient resources can be deployed. cemeteries in theater or CONUS. Routinely, clothing exchange and bath services are provided by augmentation elements Responsibility for GRREG functions of the MSB to all assigned units in the heavy begins in the unit in which the soldier dies. divisions. If augmentation elements are not Units recover their own dead and evacuate provided, laundry, clothing exchange and them to the nearest GRREG collecting point, bath, and renovation services are provided to in the BSA for forward units.

5-4 FM 100-10

Remains are then further evacuated to recovery and the site is clearly marked corps or TAACOM GRREG units which accordingly. process remains for burial or evacuation to In instances of mass casualties, the joint CONUS service mortuaries. GRREG units central graves registration officer in the also process and make proper disposition of theater, with the approval of the theater personal effects. commander, gives permission for mass In an NBC environment, mass casualties burials of casualties. If there are no graves will result from a combination of effects such registration units in the area and contact as bums, fragmentation, internal damage with higher headquarters is lost, the senior from nuclear blast overpressure, radiation, officer in the area decides whether the disease from biological warfare, and chemi- remains should be buried in a mass grave or cal agent poisoning. Local decisions will be evacuated. Every effort to identify remains, made as to the disposition of remains. Con- to include checking unit casualty logs and taminated remains may have to be buried in interviewing survivors, must be made prior place following emergency burial techniques to the interment. and using engineer equipment. If time Prior to the arrival of graves registration and assets are available, the remains and augmentation, unit commanders must be personal effects may be decontaminated. prepared to search for, recover, and evacuate However, if they cannot be decontaminated, or inter deceased personnel in their areas of they are buried in a mass grave at the site of responsibility.

Food service and supply support to the soldier are essential for his health, morale, and welfare. GRREG services are vital to the support of combat operations. It is a tenet of faith that the Army will always take proper care of its dead. To sustain the fighting forces over a period of time, clothing and soldier equipment, personal welfare and comfort items, and laundry and bath services are provided as permitted by the tactical situation.

5-5 / FM 100-10

PART THREE SUSTAINING THE SYSTEMS The preceding part of this manual addressed the all important aspects of manning the fighting force. This part describes those subfunctions of CSS which sustain the force and specifically the weapon systems with which it fights. The chief subfunctions addressed here are arming, fueling, fixing, and moving. None are accomplished in isolation; they must all be integrated into a single effort to support battle by ensuring that weapons and equipment are always ready to fight at the time and location of the commander’s choice. CHAPTER 6 Arming the Force

Today’s fighting force uses a large variety of sophisticated weapon systems which consume high tonnages of ammunition. Supplying the arms and ammunition for this CONTENTS force is critical. The arming system must PAGE deliver the right mix and quantities of Conventional Ammunition 6-2 ammunition to the right place and at the Enhanced Lethality Munitions 6-4 right time. Weapon systems must be armed Nuclear Ammunition 6-5 as close to the point of employment as the tactical situation permits. Support must be Chemical Ammunition 6-7 responsive and flexible. The tactical com- Missile Ammunition 6-7 mander cannot strike an unwary foe unless Explosive Ordnance he can arm his forces to fight at the most Disposal Support 6-8 advantageous time and place. During periods of intense combat, arming the fighting force is the most extensive and problems not inherent in other classes of time-sensitive task of the sustainment supply. During wartime, some aspects of system. It must routinely be accomplished in storage and transportation procedures are a highly responsive manner to support ac- less stringent than in peacetime to minimize complishment of the commander’s mission. storage area and force structure require- The primary goal of the ammunition ments. When combat necessity requires the support structure is to provide the ammu- relaxation of accepted ammunition safety nition needed to support the plans of the procedures in storage and transportation, the commander. Because of the weight, volume, increased risks must be evaluated to ensure and hazardous characteristics of ammuni- that critical assets in storage areas are not tion, its movement and storage create exposed to unacceptable risks.

6-1 FM 100-10

Ammunition planning is the respon- other designated sources of supply. The sibility of operations and logistics personnel ammunition distribution system in a theater at all levels of command. It requires close operates through a combination of supply coordination between tactical commanders, actions by logistics elements and controls on their operations and logistics staff officers, expenditures by commanders. Figure 6-1 and logisticians external to the command. shows the conventional ammunition supply Logistics staff officers and operators must flow in the theater of operations. recommend to tactical commanders the location of ammunition storage sites and the Ammunition is shipped from CONUS by allocation of ammunition. Such advice is containership or break-bulk transport. based on availability of ammunition in the Selected critical items may be shipped by air. theater, proximity of potential storage areas In the theater, it is moved through fixed ports to transportation networks, validity of or over the shore. Preconfigured sets of demands, and other related factors. munitions such as antitank mines, armor- piercing mines, and antihandling devices Ammunition planning must be included must be prepackaged in standard sets to at the strategic, operational, and tactical facilitate rapid employment and reduce levels. This is necessary because of the long material-handling requirements. lead times involved and the cost of large amounts of Class V stocks. Such planning Once through the port or over the shore, must consider both initial and resupply the ammunition may be moved to one of actions as well as the weight and volume of several different destinations depending on ammunition to be moved, often on short the needs of the theater. The bulk of it is notice. routed by rail or truck to theater storage The term “Class V” is synonymous with areas or corps storage areas, although some “ammunition” and includes small arms am- may be shipped directly to ASPs. From the munition, artillery rounds, hand grenades, TSAs/CSAs, ammunition is shipped either explosives, mines, fuzes, detonators, missiles, to ASPs or, in the case of the CSAs, it may be and bombs. It also includes special weapons. shipped directly to ATPs. Class V support to engineer operations is Ammunition supply points (TSAs, CSAs, further discussed in Chapter 2. ASPs, ATPs) operate on an area support basis. ASPs are established as close to the tactical units as practicable. When terrain, CONVENTIONAL road network, and the tactical situation permit, they will be located in division areas. AMMUNITION Whether the ASP is in the corps or in the division area, the corps is responsible for Ammunition supply in the theater of receiving, storing, and issuing the ammu- operations is based on a continuous refill nition. The DAO coordinates with the corps system. Stocks issuéd to the users are support command or other appropriate replaced by stocks moved up from the rear logistics organization to control the flow of area. Stock levels at rear storage areas are ammunition by quantity and type for the maintained by deliveries from CONUS or division.

6-2 FM 100-10

USER

II USER g —^ASP^

PORT) USER

Figure 6-1. Class V Conventional Supply Flow

ATPs are located forward in the division In addition to providing direct support to area. Normally, there is an ATP in each of the the brigade, ATPs must also provide ammuni- brigade support areas and one in the DSA. tion support to other division units, corps ATPs receive ammunition on corps trailers units, and special operation forces operating and transload it directly to using unit supply in the brigade sector. Ammunition require- vehicles. Corps transporters drop full trailers ments that exceed the capability of the ATP and pick up empties. Combat units are will be filled by the supporting ASP. relieved of the burden of traveling long If there is a shortage of transportation for distances to obtain ammunition. Maneuver ammunition resupply, the theater army or commanders and logisticians must antici- corps commander, at the recommendation of pate increased requirements for Class V the DCSLOG or the G4, may direct that other items associated with changing tactical available assets be used to transport situations and arrange for increased supply ammunition to sustain the combat forces. flows to the ATP. For instance, the transition These assets may include combat unit, from offensive to defensive operations results DISCOM, COSCOM, TAACOM, and host in maneuver commanders directing their nation transportation assets. Aerial resupply supporting engineers to emplace high by helicopter is used to meet contingency quantities of mines which must be readily requirements, delivering directly to the using available at the ATP. The ultimate goal of unit when the tactical situation dictates. ATP operations is to supply 100 percent of Airdrop may be used if warranted by the division user requirements. seriousness of the situation.

6-3 FM 100-10

Expenditures of ammunition must be subordinate units will be expressed as a controlled based on tactical priorities and specific number of rounds for a prescribed ammunition availability. Tactical com- time period and will be employed to weight a manders provide this control by the use of unit on the FLOT or to increase the firepower allocations. In order to sustain tactical of reserve forces. operations for specific periods, combat units While an established force structure and indicate their ammunition needs by sub- doctrine for ammunition supply exist, they mitting RSRs for specific types of am- will not always meet unexpected and munition to their next higher tactical extraordinary requirements. Logisticians headquarters. meet such requirements through innovative, Due to rapidly changing combat situa- expedient methods. If necessary, they assign tions and problems which may arise in the ammunition supply tasks to other units; they ammunition distribution system, the actual pre-position or cache ammunition along supply rate may be less than that required, planned routes of advance and withdrawal and action to control expenditures is neces- and at planned successive positions; and sary. To accommodate these variables, each they recommend lower allocations to lower tactical commander, from the highest level priority units. All means are used to ensure down to battalion, announces an allocation that fires can be delivered rapidly on high- (CSR) of critical/short supply items to his priority targets and that maneuver com- next subordinate commander. The commanders have sufficient preallocated high- mander at each level will normally hold a technology/precision/smart munitions. This quantity of each type item as a reserve to is necessary to capitalize on fleeting tactical weight the battle and meet unanticipated opportunities to destroy key enemy weapons; requirements or to exploit enemy vul- enemy command, control, and intelligence nerabilities exposed in a mobile, dynamic capabilities; and combat formations and to battlefield environment. The allocation to seize or retain the initiative.

ENHANCED LETHALITY MUNITIONS In recent years, tremendous improve- Enhanced lethality munitions are highly ments have been made in munitions lethality. sensitive conventional rounds that will be These enhanced rounds, such as Copperhead, supplied through the same distribution sys- have a terminal guidance capability enabling tem as other conventional ammunition. them to engage moving targets day or night. Further, stringent measures must be taken to Future generations of this type of ammu- disperse and secure them, to the maximum nition will require little or no interface with extent possible, in numerous magazines their launch platforms. These rounds will be within storage areas to prevent catastrophic high cost, relatively low density, and in high loss in the event of an accident, an act of demand by combat users due to their combat sabotage or terrorism, or initial attacks on power multiplying effect. storage sites.

6-4 FM 100-10

The, combat power associated with these threat or the mission changes, these allo- limited assets must be fully understood by cations should be revised. Strict enforcement both the logistician and tactician. Carefully of the allocations at each tactical and preplanned allocations for enhanced logistics level will ensure that the tactical lethality munitions must be accomplished commander can employ these rounds where based on threat and mission analysis. As the they can be most effective.

NUCLEAR AMMUNITION US policy requires that the use of nuclear load) are within the allocations but are not ammunition be strictly controlled. Every automatically replenished when expended. action to use or supply nuclear ammunition requires a command decision. Strict security When they are authorized and directed to measures must be applied to all procedures of do so, units replenish their PNLs from use and supply, and many of the procedures nuclear ammunition supply points. Direct are classified. The items must be physically support NASPs are located in relatively close secured at all times. There are rigid re- proximity to the division rear boundary to quirements for technical maintenance, and minimize convoy distances to the supported there are special procedures for making firing units. They are a high-priority target reports on each item until it is used. A for the enemy and must be provided a high separate logistics system, based on desig- level of physical security against air and nated allocations, nuclear stockage levels for ground attacks. The NASPs must be firing units, nuclear ammunition supply 100-percent mobile and be capable of points, and weapons holding areas, is used to relocating rapidly and often. meet these requirements. Figure 6-2 shows A nuclear ammunition company provides the nuclear ammunition supply flow. DS and GS supply and maintenance support The nuclear ammunition allocations that for nuclear warhead sections, nuclear pro- tactical commanders receive tell them the jectiles, and atomic demolition munitions. numbers and types of ammunition they can Each company, supported by an MP heavy plan to use during stated periods. Allocations security company, can deploy two do not authorize them to use the ammunition. 100-percent mobile NASPs capable of They may use the ammunition only after the carrying the division PNLs and the corps proper authority grants the release. Also, reserve (prescribed nuclear stockage). They allocations do not mean that commanders secure, issue, store, transport, and maintain have physical custody or possession of the nuclear ammunition. These NASPs can be nuclear ammunition. The allocations may resupplied by air or ground from the include ammunition for use by units not WHA/airhead located in the COMMZ or by under their command, such as supporting another NASP. They also provide an artillery units of a higher echelon. Weapons evacuation channel to the WHA for nuclear carried by the firing units (prescribed nuclear ammunition.

6-5 FM 100-10

CONUS ü V NUC J NUC NASP WHA X X

I WHA ' / / ü / n NUC NUC X X WHA NASP

LEGEND

Truck convoy Aerial resupply

Figure 6-2. Nuclear Ammunition Supply Flow

An additional nuclear ammunition com- resupply, and maintenance for nuclear ammunition through the GS level. The WHAs pany, supported by an MP heavy security store theater reserve nuclear ammunition company, is located in the COMMZ to provide and receive nuclear ammunition from sup- support to the theater by deploying two ported units that require evacuation to depot. WHAs. Each WHA will operate an airhead in proximity to its location; one designated as Allied support for nuclear weapon systems the primary airhead and the other as the of US origin is based on negotiated agree- alternate airhead. The COMMZ WHAs ments between the United States and provide security, transportation, storage, individual countr' concerned.

6-6 FM 100-10

CHEMICAL AMMUNITION Support for chemical ammunition involves GS and DS supply of end items and components to using units, technical escort of shipments, and maintenance of end items and components. Figure 6-3 shows the chemical ammunition supply flow. Û Theater stocks are retained in GS storage locations with chemical ammunition supply Ü ASP points established and maintained at the CHEM direction of the theater army or corps com- DS/GS mander. Such stocks are stored in a minimum ISA number of locations commensurate with Ü security of assets and combat requirements. CHEM The GS facilities are manned by a unit consisting of cellular teams that are consistent with the stockage level and the resultant stockpile reliability requirements. (Colocated) Chemical ammunition stocks are afforded the maximum possible protection from the elements to prevent the deteriorating effects Figure 6-3. Chemical Ammunition of extended storage in peacetime or wartime. Supply Flow Chemical ammunition for forward deployed forces is retained in rear GS storage until deployment is directed. The initial issues to artillery units could be delivered by The CASP is resupplied as required by air to expedite retaliatory firings. For sus- escorted shipments direct from the GS tained operations, or when directed by the storage facility. Flexibility must be main- theater or corps commander, mobile cellular tained to allow support of both unitary and chemical ammunition handling teams with binary munitions. The GS storage facilities stocks are deployed forward to establish the for the theater perform prescribed monitoring CASPs. and maintenance of stocks.

MISSILE AMMUNITION Supply of missile ammunition for weapon nonnuclear missiles such as TOW, MLRS, systems is a responsibility of the conven- Dragon, Redeye, Stinger, Roland, Chaparral, tional and nuclear ammunition distribution HAWK, Patriot, HELLFIRE, and nonnuclear systems and includes requisition, receipt, Lance (warheads and missile main assem- distribution, storage, maintenance, surveil- blies) to the user. lance, security, disposal, and safety. The nuclear ammunition distribution The conventional ammunition distribu- system provides users with warheads for tion system is responsible for supplying nuclear capable missile systems.

6-7 FM 100-10

Missile ammunition (less nuclear storage sites hy the same modes as conven- warheads) arrives at the theater of operational ammunition. Nuclear components for tions in the same manner as conventional missiles are resupplied from CONUS by air. ammunition from CONUS and is shipped to

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL SUPPORT EOD service is designed to detect, identify, COSCOM and TAACOM levels. It serves as render safe, recover, evacuate, and dispose of the command and control element for the items of unexplbded US and foreign ordnance EOD detachments. The control group com- and to disseminate technical information on mander may also perform the duties of the enemy explosive ordnance material. This staff EOD officer reporting directly to the includes conventional, improvised, chemical, ACofS, SPO. biological, and nuclear weapons that have been fired, dropped, or placed in such a The EOD detachment is the primary manner as to constitute a hazard to per- operating element and contains the capa- sonnel, installation, material, or operations. bility around which is built a concept of EOD This does not include breaching or clearing support applicable in both the army in the minefields or normal reinforcements of field and in CONUS. This unit responds to tactical obstacles. incidents involving improved conventional, improvised, chemical, biological, or nuclear Army EOD services are responsible weapons (foreign and domestic) as prioritized for items of unexploded ordnance located by the EOD control center. above coastal tide mark and not in an area specifically under the control of a sister ser- EOD detachments are allocated to the vice or another nation’s armed forces. EOD COMMZ/RCZ on the basis of deployed corps service support in the theater of operations is and/or the projected number of explosive provided by detachments organized into five, ordnance incidents. In support of the corps, three-person response teams. They can detachments are allocated on the basis of the operate for periods of up to 72 hours without number of divisions deployed. The structure returning to their parent headquarters. in the corps may also be adjusted to the EOD staff officers are assigned to the projected number of EOD incidents. TAACOM, COSCOM, RAOC, and separate Requirements for EOD services are corps and separate divisions to exercise received from control centers or, in case of control over EOD service. The EOD staff emergency, direct from the RAOC of the area officer establishes policies for EOD service, support groups which assign specific incident recommends distribution of EOD service in missions to the disposal units. The disposal assigned areas of operations, monitors EOD units continuously inform the control centers incident reports, and coordinates EOD of unit capability (personnel and equipment services. availability). Upon completion of an as- The EOD control group is a command and signed mission, the disposal unit forwards operational control organization at the incident reports to the EOD control center.

6-8 FM 100-10

The Airland Battlefield environment plus the high firepower rate of modern weapons will place unprecedented demands and strain on the ammunition supply system. Such high-tonnage use within a short period demands increased coordination between the user and supplier and that ammunition supply units be organized with the necessary manpower and equipment. * Because of the large variety of ammunition and weapons and the expected fluidity of the Airland Battle, planning the arming effort is of utmost importance. Requirements for ammunition service in a theater of operations originate with the planned deployment of forces for actual or anticipated combat. Basic loads are either carried with the deploying force or are issued upon arrival.

6-9

FM 100-10

CHAPTER 7 Fueling the Force

A fighting force can move and fight only as long as it is supplied with fuel. The modern Army’s high-performance air and ground vehicles provide great potential mobility, but CONTENTS consume huge quantities of fuel. It has been PAGE estimated that a modern US division will consume as much fuel as a World War II Bulk Fuel 7-1 corps. Packaged Products 7-4 Today’s fuel supply system must be responsive to highly mobile forces which are Class III supplies are placed in two maneuvering for protection and position. general categories. These are bulk fuels such Fuel must be supplied to vehicles trans- as motor gasoline, diesel fuel, and aviation porting ammunition to combat forces. Fuel turbine fuel and packaged products such as must be provided for the huge fleet of vehicles greases, oils, and lubricants. Bulk fuel is which will constantly move supplies and handled by the theater petroleum distri- people forward from PODs and supply bases bution system. Packaged products are to the front and return unserviceables and handled through the same supply channels other cargo to the rear. as Classes II and IV.

BULK FUEL The theater petroleum supply system hoselines, and Air Force aircraft. Pipelines begins when bulk petroleum products are generally provide the most economical, received in the theater. Large ocean tankers efficient, and effective means of moving deliver bulk petroleum to the theater at large quantities of bulk fuels. The plan for marine petroleum terminals either across the distribution of bulk fuels makes maximum dock or by means of pipelines from offshore use of this method of delivery when possible. mooring facilities. Floating hoselines may be When the situation is not stable, areas which used in over-the-beach operations. Tank the pipeline traverses are not secure, or farms operated by petroleum pipeline and terrain is not suitable, pipelines are vul- terminal operating battalion units receive nerable to interdiction and pilferage. Under the bulk petroleum supplies, preferably by these conditions, pipelines may not be the pipeline. Figure 7-1 shows the bulk fuel most effective means of distributing bulk supply flow. fuels, and greater reliance must be placed on other means. Bulk fuel is transported throughout the theater by 5,000-gallon or larger fuel tankers, Petroleum pipeline and terminal operating railway tank cars, barges, pipelines, flexible battalions operate the pipeline and establish

7-1 FM 100-10

BATTALION OPERATIONS Battalion commanders are responsible for ensuring that their weapon systems and all PORT other equipment are fueled. Diesel is the main fuel in maneuver units. It is used in tanks, armored personnel carriers, trucks, and other tactical vehicles. Motor gasoline is used, in U smaller amounts, for generators, field ranges, \ SVC ** and other equipment.

SVC The prescribed load of fuel for the 3 maneuver battalion is that quantity required )syp< to operate until resupplied and is the total capacity of all of its fuel tanks. This includes all fuel in organic tank and pump units or LEGEND other bulk fuel carriers. Supplies are dis- pensed often from the prescribed load, and * Title of DISCOM petroleum supply unit will very the load must be frequently replenished. according to the type of division. The battalion S4 knows every item of * * Title of unit providing petroleum supply in BSA equipment in the battalion that uses fuel, He will vary according to the type of division. knows what kind and how much fuel each item needs. The division G4 sets the frequency of forecasts and the period they are to Figure 7-1. Bulk Class HI Supply Flow cover. The brigade S4 gets the forecast of each battalion S4 and supporting units in the brigade area, usually in the periodic logistics or operations reports. The forecasts are totaled and sent to the DMMC. In response to supply terminals along its length. Petroleum these forecast needs, fuel tankers and prod- supply companies of the TAACOM and ucts from the fuel supply element of the COSCOM receive bulk fuel from these ter- DISCOM are sent to the brigade support minals and store it in large-volume tanks. area. Transportation medium truck companies (petroleum) transport the fuel in tankers to BRIGADE OPERATIONS direct support supply units. These units supply users through supply point and/or Bulk diesel and motor gasoline supply unit distribution. and mobile filling station services are routinely provided in the brigade support In developed theaters such as Europe, area. These services are provided by the maximum use is made of existing commercial pipeline and terminal facilities and appropriate supply elements of the DISCOM. of host nation personnel and equipment to Fuel is provided in the brigade support operate the facilities. In undeveloped area in response to forecasts and usage. All theaters, flexible hoselines are established as battalion task force S4s in the brigade send soon as possible with follow-on pipeline their forecasts to the brigade S4. All other construction, if necessary and practicable. division and nondivision units that operate

7-2 FM 100-10

in the brigade area, including combat sup- In some cases, the semitrailers may be port and combat service support units, also exchanged, a full one for an empty one. send their forecasts to the brigade S4. Thus, The aviation brigade is the only division the S4 forecasts show the needs of all units unit which uses aviation turbine fuel. It operating in the brigade area. The brigade S4 provides fuel supply to all division aircraft provides the FSB with a copy of his forecast. through fueling points at the division airfield Based on the forecast, the FSB advises the and at FARPs throughout the division area. DMMC of the projected requirement. The S4 The aviation brigade is resupplied by also provides his forecast to the division G4 COSCOM units although the division main who will act on it if fuel allocations are in fuel supply point maintains some aviation effect. turbine fuel stockage for the brigade. The aviation brigade reports aviation turbine fuel status to the DMMC. DIVISION OPERATIONS Units in the division rear report their CORPS OPERATIONS status and needs through their S4 channels In the corps rear area, petroleum units to the MSB. They also provide a copy to the assigned to the COSCOM operate the bulk division G4 for his use if allocations are in petroleum supply system. These units deliver effect. Based on the forecasts received from bulk products to the Class III supply ele- the S4s of customer units, the MSB transmits ments of the DISCOMs, separate brigades, the consolidated forecast to the DMMC. The ACRs, and to corps DS supply companies for DMMC passes the consolidated division issue to consumer units. Petroleum supply requirement to the corps MMC. companies of the battalions receive, store, Fuel may have to be allocated to meet and issue bulk products at Class III supply tactical requirements. The G4 recommends points and deliver bulk products to major allocations of fuel based on input from the consumers via hoselines. The battalion’s G3. When the Class III officer at the DMMC medium truck companies (petroleum) deliver gets instructions on the allocation from the bulk products from the petroleum supply G4 section, he passes the allocation to the companies to DS supply units and divisions, MSB and the FSBs so that issues may be separate brigades, and ACRs. Dependent on made according to the allocation. mission and area of employment, unique distribution patterns may have to be estab- Fuel is brought to the division and brigade lished for bulk Class III support to the ACR. support area Class III supply points in large- Deliveries bypass intermediate storage capacity corps and division tankers. It may locations whenever possible. also be delivered by railway tank car, barge, pipeline or flexible hoseline, or tanker to the The system supplies bulk petroleum by brigade area, bypassing the division main immediately replacing quantities issued and Class III supply point and eliminating consumed. Status reports (or activity sum- double handling of the fuel. Fuel is either maries), which substantiate issues of prod- pumped into the tanks of the fuel system ucts made during any given period, aie the supply point or transferred into division basis for system replenishment. When con- tankers for distribution within the division. trols are imposed, the objective is not to

7-3 FM 100-10

allocate or limit quantities of products, but to petroleum to area support group DS com- provide information to the command for panies which distribute it to using units decisions affecting diversions or other adjust- located in the COMMZ. ments needed to satisfy requirements. The The TAMMC receives activity summaries MMC coordinates movement requirements from the petroleum group. It provides reports with the MCC to ensure that the distribution required by the theater army staff to monitor pattern developed makes optimum use of all the performance of the system. It also available transportation modes. approves supplemental requisitions from the Centralization of inventory control func- COSCOM MMC. It consolidates projected tions is at the COSCOM MMC in the combat requirements in the form of planning esti- zone. The MMC, unless otherwise directed, mates from the COSCOM and other US receives requirements (or forecasts) from the forces and forwards the consolidated require- divisions, separate brigades, ACRs, corps ments to the Joint Petroleum Office. support groups, and nondivision DS supply The JPO is at unified command head- units and receives activity summaries from quarters, with subarea petroleum offices GS petroleum suppliers. The COSCOM MMC established as required. The JPO and/or the computes requirements, maintains central- SAPO advise on and coordinate petroleum ized cognizance over the corps inventory of planning, slate fuel into the theater, and petroleum, and provides data and summaries coordinate with the Defense Fuel Supply to the COSCOM staff. The COSCOM MMC Center. The JPO also advises on the al- transmits activity summaries, which are the location of petroleum products and facilities basis for necessary replenishment and sup- and ensures that the requirements of each of plemental requirements, to the TAMMC. the military services are included in the total theater petroleum requirements. The JPO COMMZ OPERATIONS receives and consolidates theater requirements for bulk petroleum products submitted In the COMMZ, depending on the magni- by the military services or from the SAPO, if tude of the petroleum distribution system established. It submits the petroleum slate to needed to support theater requirements, a the Defense Fuel Supply Center of the petroleum group assigned directly to theater Defense Logistics Agency in CONUS for army normally operates the theater petro- supply (purchase) action. leum distribution system. The group is responsible for detailed petroleum distribution planning that is the basis for design, construction, and operation of the distri- PACKAGED bution system for the theater. The petroleum PRODUCTS group distribution system extends from ports of entry through the COMMZ and as far into the combat zone as practicable. The petro- Packaged petroleum products include leum group transports fuel by truck, railcar, lubricants, greases, hydraulic fluids, and and pipeline to TAACOM and COSCOM GS other specialty products that have been petroleum supply companies. The TAACOM packaged at the procurement source. Lubri- GS petroleum supply companies provide cating oils are required to lubricate engines

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and other components. Greases are used to supplies are not on hand in the division, the lubricate individual parts and assemblies DMMC requests them from the COSCOM which are exposed to heavy friction. Fog oil is MMC. The COSCOM MMC sends a materiel required for smoke screen operations. Re- release order directing the GS unit that quirements for fog oil are affected by the supports the division to ship the supplies to terrain and environment, weather condi- either the main distribution point or the tions, the time required to produce smoke, forward distribution point serving the and the duration of smoke operations. Fog oil maneuver unit. Class III personnel at the requirements can be high. distribution point are responsible for receiving, storing, and issuing the items to the Packaged products are stored at general maneuver units. support supply bases. They are distributed through direct support supply organizations In the corps, packaged Class III supplies to consumers throughout the theater. are issued in response to single-line-item In the division, if lubricants are required requisitions. Requirements flow from in large quantities, support battalions may DMMCs and corps DSUs to thé COSCOM periodically forecast needs and forward stock MMC. When requisitions for replenishment status reports from distribution points to the supplies are received by the COSCOM MMC, DMMC. The DMMC then uses these status MROs are sent to the GSU. The GSU issues reports to compute overall requirements for the supplies and sends activity summaries the division. When packaged Class III back to the MMC. The GSU also coordinates products are used in small quantities, they movement requirements with the local MCT. are requisitioned like Class II and IV items. In the COMMZ, general supply units Supply elements of the DISCOM set up assigned to the TAACOM provide support distribution points in the division and through the nondivision DS supply com- brigade support areas. Maneuver units in the panies also assigned to the TAACOM. Some brigade areas place their requests for items general supply companies assigned to the with the distribution point in their brigade TAACOM store theater reserve stocks of support area. If the distribution point has the packaged products. These units are respon- items on hand, it issues them to the customer. sible to the TAMMC and are the primary If it does not have the supplies on hand, the source of supply for TAACOM and COSCOM request is forwarded to the DMMC. If the GS units.

Today, a high-volume fuel system is necessary merely to support routine tactical operations. Success during peak consumption periods may ultimately depend on the ability of CSS units to provide and sustain an increased flow of fuel.

7-5

FM 100-10

CHAPTER 8 Fixing the Force

This chapter is about making weapon systems and the equipment that supports them available to commanders so that the tempo of operations can be sustained. While CONTENTS PAGE the thrust of the chapter is on fixing equipment, equipment replacement is discussed The Maintenance System 8-2 since it is a major element of making weapon Forward Support 8-3 systems available. Conventional Equipment Modern forces are highly mobile, they use Maintenance 8-5 extremely sophisticated equipment, and they Army Aircraft Maintenance 8-7 maneuver and fire with great rapidity. With Army Watercraft Maintenance 8-9 this enhanced war-making capability has Missile System Maintenance 8-10 occurred a parallel increase in the require- Communications-Security E quipment ment for maintenance. The Soviets have a Maintenance 8-12 superiority in the number of weapon systems Medical Equipment Maintenance ..8-13 fielded. Faced with that superiority, we must make the most of each weapon we field. First, Communications-Electronics the machines with which we enter battle Maintenance 8-13 must be operationally ready. They are made TMDE Support 8-14 so with a deeply ingrained maintenance Repair Parts Supply 8-15 discipline. Second, disabled systems are Maintenance in an NBC returned to the battle as soon as possible. Environment 8-18 Losses are replaced quickly. This means that Equipment Replacement 8-19 our maintenance and replacement systems Salvage—Captured and Found extend forward to where weapons become Materiel 8-20 disabled. The forward maintenance elements are critical to the success of this concept. They must be configured with the proper per- Fixing is traditionally and correctly sonnel, equipment, tools, and replacement viewed primarily as a CSS function. The parts. Personnel must be well trained in process is central to tactical and operational diagnosing and correcting faults. Ad- success. Agility, initiative, and synchroniza- ditionally they must carry as many high- tion depend upon fightable weapon systems. usage repair parts as possible and have ready A commander who has 65 percent of his access to a forward located ASL for parts tanks operational may wisely delay an attack they do not carry. Replacement ready-to- if he can realistically expect the fixing fight weapons, complete with fuel, am- process to have 90 percent ready within munition, and crews, must be readily 24 hours. Alternatively, the battle can be available. weighted by allocating replacement systems.

8-1 FM 100-10

THE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM Maintenance is a combat multiplier. is authorized an organic IDSM capability on Where opposing forces have relative parity in its engineer-peculiar equipment only. numbers and quality of equipment, the force which combines skillful use of equipment INTERMEDIATE MAINTENANCE with an effective maintenance system has a Intermediate maintenance includes inter- decided advantage. It has an initial ad- mediate (direct support) maintenance and vantage in that it enters battle with equip- intermediate (general support) maintenance. ment that is operational and likely to remain so longer. It has a subsequent advantage in IDSM is performed in direct support of the that it can return damaged and disabled user and is supportive of the tactical level of equipment to the battle faster. These ad- war. It is performed on equipment in the vantages are the real purposes of a main- direct support unit area or, when practicable, tenance system. at the site of operation or failure. The prin- Current and future equipment will contain cipal task is component replacement. more built-in test equipment and be of modular design, allowing maintainers to IDSM units are tailored to perform repair reduce maintenance turnaround time. and return to the user. Extensive use is made of highly mobile maintenance support teams To support the requirements of the modern from support maintenance units. battlefield, maintenance is performed at three levels: unit, intermediate, and depot. “One-stop” service is the goal of inter- These levels provide a responsive main- mediate (DS) maintenance. To achieve this tenance system and increased operational goal, IDSM units serve as the supply system readiness, and they enhance battlefield outlet for repair parts required by using units mobility and flexibility. to perform authorized unit maintenance tasks. These units also maintain operational UNIT MAINTENANCE readiness float assets to assist in maintaining the requisite degree of materiel Unit maintenance is characterized by readiness in supported units. quick turnaround repairs by component replacement, minor repairs, and performance Intermediate (GS) maintenance supports of scheduled services. Most units, organiza- the theater supply system primarily by tions, or activities are authorized organic repairing components. It is supportive of the unit maintenance personnel to perform unit operational level of war. It is performed by maintenance on equipment assigned to or designated TDA and TOE units. IGSM units used by them to accomplish their mission. are located in the COMMZ and operate in For some equipment, such as medical semifixed or fixed facilities. materiel, all authorized maintenance tasks are assigned to unit maintenance wherever Giving the commander more flexibility practicable. Also, certain units, organiza- weights the battle logistically. IGSM units tions, and activities are authorized an have a secondary mission of reinforcing the organic intermediate (direct support) main- DS maintenance units in the theater. This is tenance capability. An example of this would done by evacuating items requiring lengthy be a combat heavy engineer battalion which repair to IGSM facilities.

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DEPOT MAINTENANCE Depot maintenance is supportive of the ment as a source of serviceable assets to meet strategic level of war. It is performed by AMC DA materiel requirements. depots or activities, contractors, and host Programs for depot maintenance of nation support personnel in support of the materiel are approved by HQDA and con- supply system. It is performed in fixed trolled by the Army Materiel Command. facilities in CONUS and the theater of Approved depot maintenance programs are operations and is production-line oriented. executed by designated Army arsenals and depot maintenance facilities, by agreement Normally, depot maintenance is per- with other military services, and by con- formed where the wholesaler determines it is tractual arrangement with commercial firms. most appropriate to support the force; for Such repair programs are planned and example, in the COMMZ, in CONUS, scheduled based on the needs of the supply offshore, or in a third country. Such opera- system and the reparable exchange program tions support the overall DA inventory and in accordance with the availability of management program. They are used as an requisite repair parts and other maintenance alternative or supplement to new procure- resources.

FORWARD SUPPORT Modern Army weapon systems such as sent to forward areas as required and pulled tanks, attack helicopters, air defense radars, back when no longer needed. and missiles require specially trained me- If weapon systems cannot be repaired in chanics; special technical assistance; special the forward area, they must be recovered and parts and tools; and test, measurement, and evacuated to rear areas for repair. Emphasis diagnostic equipment. In addition, the nature must be on effective and efficient use of of the modern battlefield demands that available equipment because timely replace- repairs be made quickly and at, or as near as ment may not be possible. possible to, the point of failure or damage. Battle damage assessment and repair is This requirement implies a forward thrust the first step in returning disabled equipment of maintenance into division and brigade to the battle. Damage is assessed by me- areas where the battle is more violent and the chanics specifically trained in battle damage damage greater. Maintenance assets are assessment, and essential repairs are made pushed as far forward as possible consistent on location. Recovery by the crew and a with the tactical situation to repair inoper- battalion MT is sometimes necessary before able and damaged equipment and to return it BDAR can be accomplished. Recovery is the to the battle as quickly as possible. removal of the equipment to a battlefield Maintenance units are structured with location which allows the repair to be accom- highly mobile maintenance support teams to plished. If essential repairs cannot be made provide support forward on the battlefield as at the breakdown site, further recovery to the directed by the unit maintenance control UMCP or to the MCP in the brigade rear may officer. People, parts, TMDE, and tools are be necessary. It is the responsibility of the

8-3 FM 100-10

*96 HRS *36 HRS *24 HRS *4-6 HRS *2 HRS 000 XXX XX • • Öi/Ö 0—c o—c >—c IDS IDS IDS MST IDS MST 1 MST

• • J—c IQS MST < MST r MCP MAINT MT PIT BREAK- >—C J—c 0—c DOWN SITE MCP MCP MCP UMCP \ Repair or Recover

LEGEND Evacuation Support provided Recovery ^ Repair time limits (hours) are based on METT-T Figure 8-1. Maintenance Support in the Theater.

owning unit to recover inoperable equipment. factors of METT-T. They do not include At the UMCP or the MCP, further BDAR evacuation preparation and movement time. may be undertaken or the decision made to The decision to cannibalize or effect evacuate the equipment to a maintenance controlled exchange on unserviceable equip- facility where it can be repaired within ment is made by the commander who owns acceptable time limits. Evacuation begins the equipment. Cannibalization is the au- where recovery operations cease. Equipment thorized removal, under specific conditions, that cannot be returned to the battle quickly of serviceable and unserviceable parts, com- is evacuated by maintenance units within ponents, and assemblies from materiel capability or by transportation units to the authorized for disposal. Controlled exchange division MCP in the DSA or to a corps MCP. is the removal of serviceable parts, com- Evacuation is a coordinated effort between ponents, and assemblies from unserviceable, maintenance and transportation elements. economically reparable equipment and their Severely damaged equipment may be evac- immediate reuse in restoring a like item of uated directly from the UMCP to any higher equipment to a combat operable or ser- level of maintenance. Repair/recover/ viceable condition. Supervised battlefield evacuate decisions are made at all levels cannibalization and controlled exchange based on the time required to repair. Those may be used when parts are not available times are based on command policy and the from the supply system.

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Cannibalization and exchange decisions according to the command’s established should be made as close to the site of policy. damaged equipment as possible in coordination with maintenance support team Maintenance support in the theater is personnel. Decisions must be based on depicted in Figure 8-1. Guidelines for time to guidelines established at higher head- repair at specific levels are provided for quarters. Cannibalization is a major source planning purposes only. The ultimate of critical repair parts in a combat environ- decision concerning times is a matter for ment and should be aggressively used command consideration.

CONVENTIONAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE COVERING FORCE It is equally important that teams be Due to the tempo and fluidity of the battle, dispatched to reach the equipment quickly. the amount of maintenance that can be The unit maintenance team assesses the performed in the covering force area may be damage and makes repairs when possible. very limited. The accessibility of equipment The capabilities of unit maintenance ele- inoperable due to equipment failure or battle ments are increased through support from damage, as well as the time available to make their IDSM unit in the form of personnel, repairs, may be even further reduced during portable test equipment, and replacement defensive operations. For these reasons, the components. maintenance concept in the covering force area is simple. If equipment cannot be When necessary, cannibalization and/or repaired quickly at unit or intermediate (DS) controlled exchange is performed to obtain level, it must be recovered and evacuated to needed components and replacement parts. the appropriate maintenance element in the If damaged or unserviceable equipment rear area or destroyed. cannot be quickly repaired, maintenance teams must direct that it be evacuated. Units The first link in the maintenance chain is normally use organic equipment to recover the crew. A well-trained and proficient crew items to a designated point where they can be may be able to make minor repairs on the picked up and evacuated by division or corps spot and get its equipment back into the HETs and helicopters or supply vehicles battle. This is the ideal situation. Barring returning to the rear. that, the crew can assist in the recovery of equipment to a protected area where unit In this respect, logistics command, con- teams can either repair it or determine that it trol, and communications are critical. The should be evacuated. The recovery process need for adequate communications extends can be accomplished with recovery vehicles all the way down to the maintenance teams. organic to the unit or by one vehicle Without communications capability, main- recovering another. In either case, it is tenance teams cannot provide forward area desirable that the crew remain with its support, be shifted to critical sectors, or equipment, situation permitting. initiate requests for evacuation of equipment.

8-5 FM 100-10

Evacuating unserviceable and battle- provided by maintenance elements in the damaged equipment in the covering force division rear. area presents a formidable problem. Ideally, Those items that can be repaired by the all unserviceable and battle-damaged equip- forward support elements are segregated and ment should be recovered and evacuated. repaired according to established priorities. However, what can actually be evacuated Items that cannot be repaired by the forward from the covering force area is driven by the support elements are evacuated to the brigade time and resources available and the ac- support area or, if necessary, to the division cessibility of the disabled equipment. Where support area. Equipment that must be possible, unit recovery equipment should be evacuated for extensive repair is replaced centralized at the battalion level to permit its through the Class VII supply system and most efficient and effective use. evacuated to IGSM facilities. During periods Since recovery and evacuation resources of intense combat, ORF assets may be issued are limited in each unit, priorities for evac- to replace initial losses. From that point on, uation must be established. Items that are primary reliance for replacement end items is most urgently needed and that can be placed on the Class VII supply system. repaired at IDSM level should be evacuated The missile support company also op- first and reparables requiring IGSM second. erates in the forward areas by sending Nonreparables, naturally, are last. Further maintenance support teams either to the evacuation from the central points in the UMCPs or to establish a central servicing covering force area to repair facilities farther point in the brigade support area. Medical to the rear is accomplished using all items requiring repair beyond the ability of available and suitable returning supply the medical company are evacuated through vehicles. medical equipment maintenance channels. Evacuating unserviceable and battle- damaged equipment from the covering force CORPS area raises the question as to what extent the Corps IDSM units provide support on an replacement of major end items, specifically area basis to corps units in the corps rear. weapon systems, in the covering force area is They also send maintenance support teams possible. Replacement of individual items forward into division rear and brigade sup- may be possible. However, large-scale report areas to support nondivisional corps placement in the covering force area is not units (for example, corps artillery, air envisioned, and it is not considered feasible defense, engineers) operating there. These to pre-position replacement weapon systems MSTs also provide backup maintenance in the covering force area. support to division maintenance units. DIVISION IDSM units in the corps rear perform As in the covering force, the forward maintenance on equipment that has been support maintenance elements (unit main- evacuated from the division areas in addition tenance teams, platoons augmented by IDSM to providing the full range of support to teams) are the first line of the maintenance nondivision corps units located in the corps effort in each brigade area. Backup may be rear area.

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COMMZ The maintenance structure in the fixed facilities and employ assembly line COMMZ is far more extensive than that in operations to maximize output. Using fixed the corps. Maintenance units assigned to facilities and assembly line production tech- support groups provide intermediate (DS) niques increases efficiency and productivity. maintenance to all units located in their areas of responsibility. IGSM units also Marine craft and other specialized mainte- assigned to support groups provide inter- nance units are also located in the COMMZ to mediate (GS) maintenance for repair and support port and theater sea lines of com- return of equipment to the theater supply munications operations. system. These units operate from relatively

ARMY AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE The objective of Army aircraft mainte- provides maintenance support as far forward nance is to ensure maximum availability of as possible while giving the user a greater mission-capable aircraft. Aircraft mainte- repair capability. It allows the AVIM unit to nance provides maximum mission capability be more responsive to quick repair and return of total weapon systems through the ac- to user and places detailed and time- complishment of maintenance where it can consuming tasks at depot so as to not distract be most effectively and economically per- from supporting front-line combat forces. formed. This includes the performance of Each element is organized to perform specific avionics and weapons maintenance, as well functions to provide a “one-stop” main- as aircraft maintenance. tenance echelon. The objective is accomplished by the AVUM activities perform high-frequency three-level aircraft maintenance system. The maintenance required to retain aircraft in or levels are aviation unit maintenance, return them to a serviceable condition. aviation intermediate maintenance, and Company-size aviation units perform those depot maintenance. Each aviation unit has tasks which consist primarily of preventive an organic AVUM capability. That AVUM maintenance and maintenance repair and capability is backed up by AVIM units in the replacement functions associated with sus- division, corps, and COMMZ. Depots perform taining a high level of aircraft mission major overhauls, some component repair, capability. and other tasks that require more extensive The division aircraft maintenance com- skills, equipment, and facilities than are pany provides mobile, responsive “one-stop” available at the AVIM level. maintenance support. In addition to au- Three-level aircraft maintenance doctrine thorized AVIM-level tasks, the AMCO also allows for accomplishing the objectives of performs AVUM functions, when necessary, Army aircraft maintenance and enhances in case of excessive backlog or skill shortage maintenance management procedures. It in the supported unit. The AMCO also assists

8-7 FM 100-10

XXX XX I * i ! *

>—c ! t+3 X HHC/AHB 1^. -L ■ Ii T iI AVUM X CAC(GS) X AVN BOE AVUM (GS) X X i T ¡i X DISCOM FARP ¥ X X HHT/ X CAVSQDN X AVIM AVUM

FLD i—Ai ^ i

X AHC/ X AVN BDE t AVUM

X HHC/AHB X X L_ X ä AVUM AVIM XXX XX

LEGEND I I Perform aviation maintenance or have j No maintenance capability. an organic maintenance capability.

Figure 8-2. Aircraft Maintenance Activities. with aircraft recovery and performs air evacuation, on-the-job training, and tech- maintenance or battle damage repair per- nical assistance through the use of mobile formed by AVUM support teams. The AVUM maintenance support teams. element of the aviation squadron/battalion will provide minor on-aircraft maintenance In the main battle area, maintenance and requiring general mechanics’ tools. AVIM service actions are limited to aircraft combat support is provided by the division AMCO

8-8 FM 100-10

ARMY WATERCRAFT MAINTENANCE which is positioned as far to the rear in the Maintenance and repair of watercraft division support area as possible; still en- used in Army water terminal operations pose suring its ability to link with the AVUM problems and require arrangements which platoons to provide the required support. In are somewhat different from those for other the corps rear area, nondivision AMCOs types of equipment. Supporting maintenance provide AVIM support to corps aviation facilities for watercraft must be located at or units, backup maintenance capability for near the water’s edge. Rather than being division AMCOs, and limited AVIM support echeloned along the forward axis of a theater to air ambulance companies operating in the as in other systems, these facilities are division area. Figure 8-2 shows a possible generally spread laterally along the theater’s theater arrangement of aircraft maintenance rear boundary and, except for some inland activities. waterway systems, their orientation is toward the rear. Watercraft organizations During the early hours and days of a typically get support from civilian shipyards conflict, extreme requirements are placed on either in theater or from other country all aviation assets. Aircraft readiness and facilities. the ability to sustain that readiness must be assured. This requires extensive use of AVIM Recovery of disabled watercraft is pri- support teams providing forward support at marily the responsibility of the operating the AVUM site where the major thrust is to unit and is normally accomplished by sister remove and replace components. The key to vessels. Recovery requirements beyond the this effort is the reparable exchange program. capability of the operating unit are the Adequate forward stocks of components and responsibility of the DS/GS floating craft the capability to repair them at the corps maintenance company. Disabled watercraft AVIM level are essential. As the battle are normally evacuated to the nearest repair continues, extensive aircraft maintenance facility. When this is not feasible, watercraft will be performed in the corps AMCO. are moved to the nearest haven for protection during repair or until further recovery or A realistic controlled exchange/ evacuation is completed. The terminal bat- cannibalization policy, rapid recovery of talion is normally responsible for recovery damaged or downed aircraft, and a flexible and evacuation. system of cross-leveling spares is an essential path for the transition into the rigorous Classification of disabled watercraft and demands of combat maintenance. Implicit in coordination for their evacuation to a sustain- the remove-and-replace maintenance ap- ment maintenance or other facility is the proach is the deferment of scheduled main- responsibility of the unit. The DS/GS tenance tasks and the total shift to on- floating craft maintenance company also condition maintenance. functions as a maintenance collection point. Permanently disabled watercraft will be Depot maintenance on aircraft and cannibalized to the extent possible before aircraft modules is usually performed in final disposition. CONUS. This level of maintenance is performed in Army facilities, by contract with Normally about 25 percent of the commercial firms, or through interservice watercraft in a watercraft unit will be pro- agreements with other military services. gramed for unit or higher maintenance.

8-9 FM 100-10

Accordingly, plans should be based on capability to effect repairs. DS/GS floating having only 75 percent of the assigned craft craft maintenance companies provide available for sustained operations. When backup supply and maintenance support and craft are transported on cargo vessels or in perform those functions too time-consuming LSDs, minor repair and maintenance may be or operationally burdensome for the op- performed en route. However, maintenance erating unit. The DS/GS floating craft main- during movement must not be used as a tenance company provides one-stop support substitute for the time which is reserved for from its base location and forward on-site maintenance before embarkation. Mainte- service by means of floating maintenance nance before embarkation is necessary to teams. Its maintenance operations are based ensure that the maximum number of craft aboard a floating machine shop located in a will be ready at the start of the operation. harbor or port facility where there is a high Operation in heavy surf or in waters studded density of watercraft. DS/GS floating craft with reefs or full of debris, long delays on a maintenance companies are assigned to shallow beach, storms, lack of opportunities either a terminal group or a terminal for preventive maintenance, and other ab- battalion. normal conditions may greatly reduce the Drydocking and associated repairs are number of craft available for employment normally the responsibility of the depot during an operation. maintenance activity, particularly for larger craft, unless haul-out facilities are available The maintenance concept for watercraft at the DS/GS level. The prompt and effective provides maximum self-sufficiency, sup- repair of components and assemblies for portability, and maintainability with a mini- return to the supply system is a function of mum use of personnel, parts, materiel, and the DS/GS floating craft maintenance equipment. Intermediate marine mainte- company. nance is performed by a combination of crew and DS/GS floating craft maintenance companies. Watercraft are often employed at great distance from shore-based mainte- MISSILE SYSTEM nance facilities. Because of this, many main- MAINTENANCE tenance tasks that would be IDSM on other equipment are performed by the crew. Depot level maintenance associated with Army Logistics support concepts for air defense watercraft and amphibians which exceeds and surface-to-surface missile systems are the Army maintenance unit capability is determined by the technical design and principally performed under contract to tactical employment concept of each system. civilian shipyards. This situation is true Complexity varies between missile systems whether deployed in CONUS, peace or and demands system-unique support struc- wartime. tures in all aspects of supply, reparable DS/GS floating craft maintenance com- exchange, and maintenance. Unlike con- panies function on a retum-to-user basis. ventional maintenance, this produces a Maintenance functions vary for each craft as commodity-oriented support system at IDSM a consequence of the crew’s requirements and and IGSM/depot levels within the theater.

8-10 FM 100-10

This also applies to the missile Class IX The MST is the missile system battle supply system. damage assessor and can effect repair or direct battle-damaged equipment to the ap- The operational requirements and propriate repair activity in an effort to get the sophisticated equipment of certain missile most firepower back into operation as quickly systems dictate that the majority of main- as possible. If a system cannot be restored to tenance functions be performed at the opera- operable condition by replacement of LRUs tional site. This maintenance capability but can be repaired by a higher order of must include the skills, tools, test equipment, maintenance capability, the system is and repair parts required to accomplish evacuated to the base maintenance facility in immediate on-site repairs of missile systems the DSA by the owning unit. and their associated firing and control equipment. Located in the division rear, the missile maintenance company base facility receives Division missile support emphasizes faulty LRUs and systems from MSTs and widespread use of MSTs throughout the supported units and repairs these by re- entire division area. MSTs are deployed to placing faulty shop replaceable units. support battalion task forces and will perform repairs as far forward as possible. A LRUs which cannot be repaired at the tailored reparable exchange program is vital base maintenance facility and all SRUs are to success of the forward support concept. retrograded to IGS/depot maintenance for This primary missile IDSM concept is built repair. Whole systems evacuated to the base around three integral parts: the maintenance maintenance facility for repair normally support team, a base maintenance facility, receive first priority for repair effort if they and responsive repair parts support. can be restored to operable condition within maintenance deadlines established by the DISCOM. If the system cannot be repaired DIVISION within these deadlines, it is evacuated to IGS/depot units at EAC. Missile system maintainers deploy their The authorized stockage list of repair MSTs forward from the FSB or MSB, as parts for missile weapons is maintained in appropriate, into the supported battalion the MSB. Limited quantities, based on bri- combat trains. The MST mission is on- gade needs, may be sent forward to the FSBs. equipment maintenance; that is, to get as Repair parts resupply to the division is much ofthat battalion’s unserviceable equip- through the theater repair parts distribution ment operational again as fast as possible. system. MSTs troubleshoot systems with system- peculiar test equipment, identify faulty CORPS LRUs, repair systems by replacing faulty LRUs with serviceable ones, and retrograde Army units equipped with missile systems faulty LRUs through unit PLLs to the base which are deployed at corps level receive maintenance facility. If necessary, parts support from intermediate (DS) missile main- runners or Army aviation are used to expedite tenance units in the COSCOM. These mainte- repair parts. nance units are deployed in the corps rear

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depending upon the type and density of support to EAC units which must deploy weapons deployed behind the division. The beyond the effective distance of routine same principle of intermediate (DS) main- logistics support. tenance followed in divisions is used to support corps weapons. COSCOM mainte- Intermediate (DS) maintenance is again nance units evacuate LRUs they cannot built on the principle of the MST and the base repair and SRUs to IGS/depot units for maintenance facility. These maintenance repair. assets are allocated and accompany the Repair parts supply support is provided supported units throughout the theater based by the appropriate COSCOM missile mainte- upon the comander’s tactical plan. nance unit. These units draw their repair parts from depots or through the theater Repair parts support to firing units is repair parts distribution system. provided by the maintenance unit in the form of PLL replenishment. Repair parts resupply to maintenance units is provided by the theater repair parts distribution system. ECHELONS ABOVE CORPS At EAC, high and medium altitude air IGS/depot repair activities are also defense, strategic land combat, and perhaps located at EAC and provide support to all tactical missile defense weapon systems are IDSM units in the theater. These levels of deployed. Units equipped with these weapons maintenance (IGS and depot) provide the are highly mobile and require a dedicated same basic functions and are addressed as maintenance support structure to maintain one level of maintenance (IGS/depot). Main- system readiness, to provide continuity of tenance is performed in support of the theater support, and to support out-of-sector deploy- supply system by TOE/TDA units, host ment. This dedicated maintenance support nation support, and contract personnel. structure is built around the firing battery as IGS/depot missile system maintenance units the lowest deployable unit and provides maintain the theater ASL for all supported sufficient support to maintain acceptable missile systems and provide missile parts levels of readiness and to permit out-of-sector supply for the theater.

COMMUNICATIONS-SECURITY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE COMSEC items are not processed through The responsibility for maintaining routine supply and maintenance channels nonclassified COMSEC items (controlled because of the intelligence significance of cryptographic items) is expected to move to some of the items. A COMSEC logistics the nondivision IDSM companies. Even- support company performs supply and main- tually all COMSEC items may be maintained tenance tasks on COMSEC materiel in the by electronics technicians in the intermediate theater. (DS/GS) maintenance units.

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MEDICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Maintenance of biomedical equipment is such assignments. Units having no assigned managed by the MEDCOM medical logistics maintenance personnel are normally satel- control group. Medical supply, optical, and lited for maintenance on units having a unit- maintenance units perform intermediate maintenance capability. Medical equipment (DS) maintenance on medical items. Inter- maintenance beyond the capabilities of using mediate (GS) maintenance is provided by units is performed by the MEDSOM bat- MEDSOM units in the COMMZ. talion. Intermediate (DS) maintenance is also provided by medical equipment main- Medical equipment maintenance below tenance detachments attached to medical the MEDSOM battalion is performed, units on an area basis. Backup support for whenever practical, as unit maintenance. the corps is provided by the MEDSOM Biomedical equipment repairers are assigned battalion (COMMZ). to units whose equipment densities justify

COMMUNICATIONS-ELECTRONICS MAINTENANCE On the integrated battlefield, C-E mainte- needed to perform preventive maintenance, nance will have the day-to-day mission of scheduled services, minor repairs, and replace- repairing equipment at all operational levels, ment of selected LRUs. Replaced LRUs are especially in rear areas. The goal is evacuated to supporting maintenance or- maximizing the operating time of our bat- ganizations authorized within division and tlefield systems incorporating electronic tech- nondivision units for screening and minor nology by reducing on-system repair time repair and/or evacuation to a repair activity through modular design. This will be ac- located in echelons above corps. complished by capitalizing on module, line An exception to this doctrine is made for replaceable unit, or printed circuit board certain units such as signal battalions which replacement instead of piece-part repair and have companies widely dispersed from centralizing those tasks requiring skilled division or corps maintenance units while diagnosticians, repairmen, and sophisticated still required to maintain exceptionally high test equipment. levels of readiness and combat electronic Unit maintenance is characterized by warfare intelligence battalions which have quick turnaround repair by replacement, highly complex, low-density equipment. In minor repair, and performance of scheduled these exceptional cases, the battalions rely services. It is performed by the operator or on— crew, the company maintenance section, or organic maintenance teams deployed from • An organic intermediate maintenance the battalion maintenance section. capability to perform diagnostics and minor repairs. Repair parts supply for unit maintenance consists of a minimum prescribed load list • On-board spares.

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• Forward deployment of maintenance unserviceable and requires completion of support teams from rear areas by sur- complex tasks using highly skilled personnel face or air transportation. and sophisticated test or diagnostic equipment by units operating at echelons above Intermediate maintenance in divisions corps or depot level, the entire LRU is and corps is performed in support of the user evacuated directly to the appropriate center and is tailored to perform repair and return of maintenance. For unserviceable LRUs services. It is characterized by mobile support which can be repaired by units within the as far forward as possible, repair by re- corps area, diagnosis (fault isolation) to the placement, and stockage of high-volume, failed printed circuit board level is accom- fast-moving items and components. plished. It is then restored to serviceability by Electronic maintenance at this level replacing the unserviceable item which is involves an initial screening of suspected subsequently evacuated to the intermediate faulty LRUs for serviceability. If the LRU is maintenance facilities at echelons above serviceable, it is returned to the unit or placed corps or depot. EAC maintenance units back into the supply system. If the LRU is perform IGSM for this category of equipment.

TMDE SUPPORT Much of the equipment currently in the support to supported units. This service is Army inventory is highly complex with provided primarily by area TMDE support sensitive components. Much of it contains teams, with contribution from the area electronic circuitry control mechanisms and calibration laboratory. All area TMDE sup- parts with close tolerances. Maintenance and port teams of the company have organic repair of such equipment depends on equally transportation. complex and sophisticated test, measure- Area TMDE support teams are assigned a ment, and diagnostic equipment which is mission of dedicated division support or costly. Many items of equipment have built- geographical area support. An example of in testing and diagnostic systems which dedicated division support is the attachment themselves must be checked. Since TMDE is of a team to a division maintenance bat- expensive and its operators must be highly talion. This team provides calibration and trained, TMDE must be used as efficiently as repair support to all division units and, where possible. circumstances warrant, to those nondivision units operating within the division area. The TMDE maintenance company provides calibration and repair support for A geographical area support mission can TMDE used with Army materiel in depots, be illustrated by the attachment of an area maintenance units (division and nondivi- TMDE support team to an area support sion), and tactical and other units within the group. This team provides support to all units company’s area of operations. The company within or passing through the assigned emphasizes responsive calibration and repair geographical area.

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REPAIR PARTS SUPPLY Like ammunition and fuel, Class IX repair a management arrangement whereby a cen- parts (and maintenance-related Class II tral maintenance facility for the battalion is items) are critical in keeping weapon systems established. in the battle and in returning damaged and inoperable equipment to the battle. Two The source of supply for using units is aspects of Class IX supply make it different normally an intermediate (DS)/AVIM main- from the system for providing other supplies. tenance company. This direct support/A VIM One is that a large number of Class IX lines unit maintains an authorized stockage list are routinely supplied from CONUS by air which should include all items that are on the lines of communication. The other is that PLLs of supported units. Thus the ASLs are repair parts are supplied at the direct said to umbrella the supported units’ PLLs. It support/AVIM level by maintenance units should also include those parts required to rather than by conventional supply units. perform maintenance tasks authorized at the intermediate (DS)/A VIM maintenance level. Those repair parts and other maintenance- The intermediate (DS)/AVIM maintenance related items required to perform authorized unit requisitions replenishment stocks unit maintenance tasks make up a unit’s through its supporting MMC or, in some prescribed load list. Initially, authorized cases, requests them from a supporting DS nonrecoverable repair parts, to include unit. reparable exchange, may be included. IGSM units maintain shop stocks to A combat PLL, composed of combat- support maintenance tasks authorized to be essential repair parts necessary to sustain a performed at the IGSM level. They also unit during its initial entry into combat, is requisition replenishment stocks through stocked by units during peacetime as part of their supporting MMCs and do not maintain their PLL. Items in the combat PLL need not ASLs. This does not apply to AVIM units. be demand-supported. However, during peacetime, they are used and replenished The source of parts for IDSM units is along with other demand-supported items. normally a GS repair parts supply company. Under combat conditions, non-combat- Its ASL may or may not umbrella the ASLs of essential parts, such as those required to the IDSM units it supports. The ASL of a comply with peacetime legal or safety require- repair parts supply company is replenished ments and those used for comfort or cosmetic based on requisitions submitted to the MMC purposes, are evacuated or left behind. This is by the IDSM units supported by the company. necessary to keep units combat effective yet The MMC totals demands from all IDSM unencumbered and mobile. units supported by a repair parts supply company and places requisitions based on Except for aviation, PLLs of the several the total number of items with the repair companies of a battalion are sometimes parts supply company as the “ship to” brought together in the battalion trains and addressee. The repair parts supply company placed under the supervision of the battalion provides activity reports; for example, re- motor or maintenance officer. However, while ceipts and issues, to the MMC so that unit PLLs may thus be colocated, they are not accurate inventory data is maintained. This normally consolidated. Colocation is simply does not apply to AVIM units.

8-15 /

FM 100-10

Because of their criticality to the readiness engines, batteries, tracks, and tires) are of weapon systems, repair parts are intensely moved by surface transport because their managed. A large number of them (and some routine movement by air would compete for maintenance-related Class II items such as scarce airframes and severely tax critical hand tools and small test equipment) are aviation resources. However, air movement shipped from CONUS by air lines of com- of such items is the preferred method to meet munication. Under the direct support system, critical needs, particularly when the item is a they are transported directly from aerial port high-cost, low-density item. It is also the to the requesting unit. By thus bypassing preferred method of picking up critical intermediate levels in the supply system, reparables at DSUs, taking them to GSUs, order and ship time and pipeline inventories and delivering repaired items. Moving such are reduced. The only issue of items in items is a valid and routine mission for Army support of ALOC units from GS supply units aviation resources. to DSUs are those requested on a high- Requisitions flow from nondivision main- priority requisition. tenance units and DMMCs to COSCOM and Other Class II and IX supplies (generally TAACOM MMCs and direct from COSCOM consisting of heavy-tonnage items like and TAACOM MMCs to CONUS NICPs.

Jt NICP TAMMC N DIV CONUS CORPS TAACOM MMC MMC MMC DEPOT

TA 3—c o IDS

\ \ I ^ V \ TAACOM \ \ \ 1 . ^ I // \ VwZTTI y' IDS IQS DS /

LEGEND

Normal material diatribution flow Request/requlsition flow Throughput

Figure 8-3. Requisition and Supply Flow of Non-ALOC- Delivered Class IX

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Requirements for combat-essential Class IX division units operating in the brigade area. items flow through the TAMMC before being They carry that part of the division ASL passed to the NICP. The TAMMC may have required to provide Class IX support to their visibility of in-theater assets which can be customer units and to make repairs which issued to expedite the repair process. they perform for customers. Most of the items Otherwise, the TAMMC is bypassed. on the ASL of these elements are high- demand items which can be easily trans- Figure 8-3 shows the requisition and ported. If these forward IDSM elements supply flow of non-ALOC-delivered Class IX cannot issue items, they send the requests to supplies in wartime. Figure 8-4 shows the a rear maintenance element operating in the requisition and supply flow of Class IX DSA or to the DMMC. A rear IDSM element supplies in support of ALOC units in maintains that portion of the division ASL wartime. not carried by the forward elements. DIVISION OPERATIONS Communications-electronics repair parts are stocked by the signal battalion and the DISCOM forward support maintenance IDSM elements. DISCOM medical elements elements are the Class IX supply source for stock medical repair parts and are resupplied

TAMMC NICP

V CORPS DIV TAACOM MMC MMC CONUS V MMC

DEPOT TA X \ / \ m IDS / \ m TAACOM / J—c IGS IDS IDS

LEGEND

Normal material distribution flow — — Request/requisition flow •X" Selected items

Figure 8-4. Requisition and Supply Flow of Class IX in Support of ALOC Units

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through medical channels, specifically by until sufficient quantities of Class IX items the medical supply, optical, and maintenance are being received from CONUS. These unit at corps level. Aviation repair parts are PWRMS items are controlled during stocked in the PLLs of the maintenance peacetime by the TAMMC. elements of the division aviation brigade (AVUM level) and in the ASL of the division During the transition to war, the PWRMS aircraft maintenance company (A VIM level). is released by the TA commander to the corps Missile parts are stocked by the DISCOM and TAACOMs and becomes the source of missile maintenance element. supply for theater DSUs and GS supply units. Class IX supply to ALOC units con- The DMMC is the manager of repair parts tinues as in peacetime. Concurrently, the in the division (except in the light infantry TAMMC calls forward CONUS war reserves. division where repair parts are managed by For surface-delivered Class IX, the supply the DISCOM maintenance battalion and base for IDSM units shifts from CONUS to AMCO). It designs and manages the division COSCOMs and TAACOMs. Division and Class IX inventory and directs issues from it. nondivision corps units receive the bulk of It places requisitions for resupply with the their Class IX surface-delivered supplies COSCOM MMC. from COSCOM IDSM units. COMMZ units are supplied by TAACOM IDSM units. DSS CORPS AND COMMZ OPERATIONS procedures for surface-delivered Class IX items continue for a smaller percentage of In peacetime, in a theater in which there is shipments. an established US force structure, intermediate (DS)/AVIM maintenance units at The Class IX wartime system is estab- all levels routinely receive Class IX replenish- lished when sufficient quantities of surface- ment direct from CONUS through the direct delivered supplies are being received in support system. Requisitions are placed by theater. The GS bases of supply are the DMMCs and nondivision intermediate (DS)/ COSCOMs and TAACOMs for surface- AVIM maintenance units on the COSCOM delivered supplies and CONUS for Class IX and TAACOM MMCs. These MMCs direct items in support of ALOC units. in-theater issues to fill high-priority and Maintenance units provide direct support NMCS requisitions. They place other to using units in all command areas of the requisitions directly with CONUS NICPs. theater—division, corps, and COMMZ. In NICPs direct CONUS depots to fill the addition to repair-and-return, normal supply requisitions, and the items are shipped issues, reparable exchange, and operational directly to the original requisitioner by air or float procedures are followed. surface. Both COSCOM and TAACOM intermediate (DS)/AVIM units and GS repair MAINTENANCE IN parts supply units maintain a specified level AN NBC ENVIRONMENT of combat ASL items. Additionally, PWRMS Class IX supplies are stored in both COMMZ and corps facilities. They serve as the source Because of the demand for and priorities of supply during the initial stages of war placed on decontamination unit services,

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using units will decontaminate their own items or major components retained at main- equipment within their capabilities. Equip- tenance unit level. The type and numbers of ment turned over to maintenance personnel equipment items in a particular ORF are must be as free of contamination as the using subject to a number of considerations in- unit can make it. Using units should estab- cluding item availability. Since combat lish SOPs for recovery, handling, and decon- losses will quickly deplete ORF assets, it is tamination of their own equipment. not likely that ORF will figure prominently in replacement after the first few days of Avoiding contamination of equipment is hostilities or until the situation stabilizes and easier than decontaminating it. Decon- ORF stockage becomes affordable. tamination is time-consuming, and it can cause corrosion and damage to some types of To ensure the most effective use of end equipment. Providing overhead cover for items, these items are normally command- equipment and supplies will significantly controlled. This process provides the com- reduce liquid contamination of such material. mander, from battalion to corps, the ability to distribute critical replacement items to units When using-unit personnel are not able to that can influence the battle. Battle losses, decontaminate equipment, they should mark uneconomically reparable items, and eco- the equipment with the type and the nomically reparable critical items for which date/time of contamination. If feasible, they an ORF item is not available are reported should mark the specific areas of equipment through dual channels—supply (G4) and contamination to alert maintenance per- command (G3). This permits the commander sonnel of the danger. They should also to stay apprised of subordinate command segregate contaminated material. When operational status. He can then direct dis- using units cannot decontaminate damaged tribution of critical weapon systems. This or inoperable equipment that is critical to the permits him to weight the battle by providing battle, maintenance personnel should be support to the tactical unit most critical to the prepared to repair it. success of his mission. Replacement procedures depend on EQUIPMENT whether an item is command-controlled. If the item is command-controlled, the require- REPLACEMENT ment is passed through command channels until approved for issue. Then it is sent to that echelon MMC. Non-command-controlled A final, yet major, component of the fixing items are processed through logistics (MMC) process is the provision of replacement equip- channels. The issue of weapon systems ment when damaged or inoperable equip- follows the normal distribution route: ment cannot be fixed and returned to the user TAACOM storage site to corps heavy mate- within a reasonable time period or when it is riel supply company to issuing DSU to destroyed. Replacement equipment is pro- designated unit. If the item is a WSRO- vided either through battle loss replacement controlled weapon system, marrying the item of end items (Class VII) or use of the opera- and the replacement crew is a major consid- tional readiness float. The operational eration. The location—whether brigade sup- readiness float is a limited quantity of end port area, division support area, or heavy

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materiel supply company—may vary among maintenance collection points. The main- systems and with the factors of METT-T. tenance units inspect it and make decisions However, the corps and subordinate or- regarding repair or further evacuation. If ganizations SOPs should provide dis- forward maintenance units can repair equip- tribution guidance to the MMC and MCC. ment quickly, they can put the equipment back into the supply system. The DMMC is asked for disposition instructions. The DMMC may direct that the repaired item be SALVAGE-CAPTURED AND placed in the maintenance unit ORF, turned in to a supply unit, or evacuated to corps FOUND MATERIEL facilities. Other US materiel may be turned in to division supply unit salvage collection points. There the materiel is identified and The tremendous litter of the battlefield is a classified and reported to the DMMC for potential source of materiel for friendly use. disposition instructions. The collection and processing of such materiel are very closely tied to services, Captured or found enemy materiel is supply, and maintenance functions. The treated much the same way. While it is not as process involves all units on the battlefield easily put to use as is US materiel, it still has because they all have a responsibility for great potential resource value. Even me- reporting or turning in captured and found chanical equipment, which is difficult to materiel. The end product of the captured and repair because of a lack of parts, may be put found materiel process may well be salvage to use. An obvious example is trucks which or scrap. The value of the system is the may simply have been abandoned and materiel that is converted to use before it require little or no repair. Nonmechanical becomes scrap or is otherwise discarded. materiel may also be converted to use. Examples are fuels and subsistence items. Generally, there are two types of materiel Once checked by petroleum laboratory per- involved in the process. They are our own sonnel, fuels can be used immediately. After equipment and materiel that has been found undergoing veterinary inspection, sub- after having been lost or abandoned and sistence can be used to feed EPWs and, in enemy materiel that has been captured or many cases, the civilian populace. Such use found. Both have tremendous potential for of enemy materiel conserves our own use and may relieve the burden on our own resources. transportation and supply systems. They can be made to materially affect the course of Correct decisions regarding the use of battle. captured and found materiel are dependent upon common sense and informed judgment Our own materiel which has been found at all levels. Materiel is used locally or after having been lost or abandoned has the evacuated rearward for more informed greatest potential for reuse. Finding units decisions. Mechanical equipment is normally report it or turn it in to salvage or main- handled through maintenance channels tenance collection points in the brigade and where it can be inspected, perhaps repaired, division areas. Most US equipment, par- perhaps cannibalized, or evacuated. Other ticularly major end items, will be turned in to materiel is turned in to salvage channels.

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Some materiel requires expert judgment VII and IX items is a collection and classifica- before it goes into either maintenance or tion company in the corps rear or the salvage channels or is otherwise disposed of. COMMZ. This unit will further classify Examples, in addition to those already cited, materiel. It may disassemble end items and are— components and return usable parts, components, and assemblies to maintenance or • Enemy materiel is reported through supply channels. Residue may be disposed of intelligence channels. by property disposal elements operating in • Explosives require examination by the theater. EOD elements. The guiding principle in handling • Toxic agents are reported to NBC captured and found materiel is that it has elements. potential for use and can conserve other resources. The process requires good judg- • Medical materiel is reported through ment for proper disposition at each echelon. medical channels. Materiel must be reported through materiel Captured and found materiel flows management channels so that visibility is rearward when it cannot be used at a specific maintained and informed disposition de- echelon. The ultimate destination for Class cisions can be made.

Tactical success on today's battlefield demands that equipment be maintained, recovered, repaired, or replaced as quickly as possible. Good maintenance practices, forward positioning of maintenance units, sufficient stocks of repair parts and replacement equipment, and clear priorities for recovery and repair are vital. Likewise, sound theater policies on repair and evacuation and sufficient theater repair and replacement facilities contribute greatly to battlefield success.

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CHAPTER 9 Moving the Force

This chapter is about moving personnel, equipment, and supplies to sustain operations and about moving forces which execute those operations. The movement function is CONTENTS critical on the Air Land Battlefield; an environment that will be characterized by a rapid The Movement Concept 9-1 tempo of nonlinear operations; wide disper- Movement Functions 9-3 sion of forces; the need to concentrate rapidly Transportation Operations 9-6 for battle and disperse quickly; and the need to conduct close, deep, and rear operations Movement is inherent in all the CSS simultaneously within the framework of the functions as it is in the combat and combat battle. support functions. It cannot be looked at in The movement function goes far beyond isolation; it is the one element that ties the physical movement of personnel and sustainment and all other battlefield opera- materiel. It involves all the elements of tions together. Movement, from the wider moving forces and their logistics require- viewpoint, is a major concern of the S3/G3. It ments to the locations required by operations. is he who orchestrates the maneuver of the Some of the components of movement are the force; all other movement simply supports physical transportation modes, the process force maneuver. The S4/G4 and the CSS of planning and controlling movement over operators are primarily concerned with the the entire battlefield network, allocating detailed planning and execution of CSS move- transportation resources, and prioritizing ment and with assisting in the execution of movement. tactical movement.

THE MOVEMENT CONCEPT The task of transportation is to ensure several principles. They are forward support, that all required personnel and supplies are consolidation of transport resources, cen- delivered to the point of need on time. The tralized control of decentralized operations, transporter operates under the concept that and reliance on flexibility and efficiency. all his actions are focused on maximizing the Forward support by other CSS elements is effectiveness of his assets in an effort to mitigate the inhibitions that transportation, made possible by an effective transportation like all logistics functions, places on the system. Ammunition is brought forward to maneuver and combat support commander. BSAs so that the fighting elements have sufficient quantities required by high firing Transportation doctrine is based on rates. Far forward delivery of ammunition

9-1 FM 100-10

and fuel allows the maneuver commander to can then be consolidated into truck, heli- seize tactical opportunities and retain the copter, or water transport companies, the initiative. His logistics “tail” is shortened, working elements which are tasked by move- allowing him greater mobility and freedom of ment control organizations at each echelon action. described below. By such allocation, the most efficient use of resources is made, and the The transporter evacuates disabled equip- limited resources can be more easily con- ment from forward sites to rear maintenance trolled and effectively used. locations so that it can be returned to the fight rapidly. Air transport delivers critical repair parts and components to even the most CENTRALIZED CONTROL OF forward UMCPs, allowing repairers to return DECENTRALIZED OPERATIONS weapon systems to the battle quickly. Air and The transportation concept is further ground ambulances evacuate wounded sol- based on centralized control of decentralized diers from battalion aid stations and even operations. This requires a focal point for from forward company areas, saving lives transportation at all echelons. That focal and speeding return to duty. Both Air Force point, whether it be an individual or a unit, and Army aircraft carry critical supplies must maintain a constant awareness of such as rations, water, fuel, and ammunition requirements and capability. The division to units operating at and even forward of the movement control officer, the corps MCC, FLOT. and the TAMC A must maintain the status of In short, all forward support is dependent transportation assets and, through close on fast, reliable transportation. Forward coordination, project future requirements. oriented transportation is a combat multiplier in that it allows the commander to The primary task of these control ele- concentrate all his forces on the enemy. ments is the development and supervision of Transporters allow him to be relatively free the execution of the movement program of his logistics “tail.” which is developed in close coordination with the materiel management element at each CONSOLIDATION OF TRANSPORT echelon. While the movement control element remains aware of the total transportation RESOURCES picture, it must simultaneously delegate All units are allocated, in addition to their authority to subordinates to task local transmission equipment, only those cargo carriers portation assets in order to satisfy short- required to carry basic loads and mission- notice, changing needs. For example, the essential equipment. This conserves trans- corps MCC retains the overall status of corps portation resources and improves fighting transportation capabilities and require- force mobility. Most combat and combat ments, but also gives its dispersed movement support units are fully mobile and can move control teams the authority to commit trans- with organic equipment. CSS units, not portation assets within the area in which normally having to move as frequently, are they operate. Decentralization of execution only partially mobile, depending on transpor- enhances the flexibility to meet local emer- tation units to move them when they relocate. gencies and to reprioritize support rapidly to The preponderance of transport resources meet revised plans and requirements.

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RELIANCE ON FLEXIBILITY AND EFFICIENCY Transportation assets routinely will be Transportation must also be efficient. assigned GS and DS missions. It will not be Maximum use must be realized from scarce unusual for truck companies or helicopter resources. Although terminal transfer opera- elements to be placed temporarily in direct tions are required in some situations, the support of, or even attached to, other CSS preferred method of transport is throughput elements. For example, truck companies whereby materiel is moved from source, normally should be placed in direct support whether it be a GSU in the corps or a port in of corps GS ammunition supply companies the COMMZ, to user. Ammunition will be and GS petroleum supply companies. They carried from CSAs deep in the corps rear all may be attached to TAACOM area support the way to ATPs in brigade support areas. groups with the mission of clearing sea and Cargo is packed, where feasible, in unit air ports of personnel, equipment, and sup- packs, and containerization is used to avoid plies. They may be assigned to support other duplication of handling. service, allied, or host nation support Transport equipment travels empty only missions. when it cannot be avoided. Only those Truck company elements can be used to carriers necessary to haul projected loads are operate a rapid delivery, scheduled hub and assigned to the mission. Shipments to a spoke system for accelerated delivery of less- single consignee or destination are consoli- than-truckload shipments between suppliers dated by vehicle and convoy. Single vehicle and customers and between supply facilities. drivers and convoy leaders are sure of destina- Such a system can relieve the customer of tions even when tactical developments cause formally requesting transportation support. changes. Movement controllers and highway It also results in a much shorter order-ship regulators ensure maximum, effective use of time and provides more responsive support to existing road networks. Route interdiction is suppliers and eventual users. reported promptly.

MOVEMENT FUNCTIONS The traditional transportation functions maintains the capability to execute all of are mode operations, movement control, and them. terminal operations. All three are integrated into an effective effort to support the combat Motor support and maneuver forces. Motor transport provides the connecting MODE OPERATIONS links between receiving units and major aerial and ocean ports, major supply centers, Army transportation units perform truck, and rail and inland waterway terminals. rail, air, and water movement functions. After air, motor transport is the most flexible While all of these mode operations may not be mode. It is an all-weather mode which can be performed in any one theater, the Army used over any trafficable terrain, including

9-3 FM 100-10

off-road. Equipment operated includes cargo rapid support to the maneuvering force with trucks and semitrailers, fuel tankers, and minimum regard to terrain peculiarities. It heavy-equipment transporters. HETs are also makes possible rapid resupply of critical scarce, vital assets in the delivery of heavy items over extended distances, close to or equipment, mainly tanks, to the battlefield directly to forward employed units. and in evacuating them to maintenance facilities when they cannot be fixed forward. There are, however, limitations to the capabilities of airlift. Airlift aircraft are At division and below, motor transport affected by changing weather conditions and support is organic to the using echelon. At must have air corridors relatively free from corps and above, it is generally provided on enemy air defense weapons and enemy an area basis. Corps and TAACOM motor combat aircraft. Additionally, weight and transport units respond to taskings of MCTs size limitations for airlift often require a in the area or to the units to which attached. large number of airframes in relation to the support provided. Special on-load/off-load Rail equipment may be required for air-landed The most efficient method of hauling missions. Rigging equipment and specially large tonnages of materiel by ground trans- trained personnel will also be required for portation is by rail. Particularly in developed airdrop or sling-load operations. theaters, the Army will normally depend on the host nation to provide rail transpor- Airlift within a theater of operations is tation. However, the Army retains a limited provided by both Air Force and Army airlift railway construction and repair and railway assets. As a rule, Army airlift assets— operating capability to augment host nation medium (CH-47) and assault (UH-60) support and to provide those capabilities in helicopters—are provided to the movement theaters where host nation support is not manager at the division and corps through a available or is not considered capable or habitual relationship (for example, opera- reliable. Rail transportation is limited by tional control or direct support) between the existing rail networks and is especially DISCOM or COSCOM and the appropriate susceptible to interdiction. aviation brigade. At echelons above corps an aviation group provides airlift assets. USAF Air theater airlift assets are not normally controlled by Army movement managers, but Air is the most flexible of transportation rather provide airlift support to all services modes. Wide-ranging CSS needs within a within a theater of operations through a theater will require Air Force and Army process of allocating sorties on a routine airlift assets for sustainment of forces. While basis to other services. Requirements of an motor transport normally will be the primary emergency nature are requested and further means of support for combat operations, air coordinated through Army command chan- lines of communication become increasingly nels to Air Force airlift control elements. important as the intensity, depth, and duration of operations increase. Airlift Airdrop is a primary field service which relieves combat units from total dependence will be required at the onset of hostilities. on ground lines of communication which can Although classified as a field service, it is a become congested or interdicted and allows vital link in the transportation system. As

9-4 FM 100-10

such, it must receive careful attention from water terminals and transfer points; motor, transportation planners as well as those rail, and transfer sites; beach sites and/or involved with field services. Airdrop opera- unimproved facilities; LOTS sites; and in tions extend the air lines of communication shore-to-shore operations. The cargos are and become increasingly important as the sorted by destination and loaded on the combat intensity, depth, and duration of the appropriate mode. battle increase. The force structure required Transportation watercraft units or host to execute airdrop operations is highly spe- nation/contract assets provide water trans- cialized and, when possible, should be in port for military materials and personnel place, ready to provide this critical field within water terminals, along inland service when hostilities erupt. waterways, and along theater coastlines. Airdrop support units are allocated to the They will also provide and operate watercraft corps and theater with only the airborne for logistics over-the-shore sites to move division having organic airdrop support. All cargo from ship to shore. other divisions must rely on the corps and/or MOVEMENT CONTROL theater for airdrop resupply support. This is especially true for the light divisions which Movement control is one of the three will experience increased reliance on airdrop transportation missions. Within that con- for resupply. text, it applies generally to the movement of materiel (chiefly supplies) and personnel. Airdrop can serve as a combat multiplier From the broader viewpoint, movement con- by providing the flexibility required in the trol implies the total movement effort to supply and transportation systems. This include the movement inherent in maneu- becomes even more apparent when a nuclear, vering combat elements throughout the biological, and chemical environment is battlefield. Therefore, movement manage- superimposed on the AirLand Battlefield. ment is a major concern of the G3 as well as Airdrop will provide the speed and flexibility the G4. The G3 plans tactical movement; the to bypass contaminated areas or areas of G4 plans CSS movement. Unless the two are enemy concentration. planned concurrently, the best battle plans As a rule, airdrop of supplies and equip- can be thwarted by road congestion and the ment is a joint operation of the Army and the inability to deliver supplies and replace- Air Force. ments to maneuver forces and to evacuate casualties and inoperable equipment. Water Maneuver elements must nearly always be given priority although CSS traffic is es- In the theater, commanders use existing sential to their success. Planning and ports and host nation stevedore and management of movement, then, requires the watercraft support first when possible. closest coordination among and between the Otherwise, Army units are used. commanders and staffs of many and varied Transportation water terminal service organizations. and transfer units or host nation/contract Consider, for example, a scenario in resources unload military materials and which one division moving to an attack personnel within ocean terminals; inland moves through another division in a passage

9-5 FM 100-10

of lines. If possible, the attacking division other assets with the traffic circulation tasks will move along multiple routes to shorten which support his plans. the pass time and for dispersion. The The preceding scenario is intended to stationary division must maintain its normal demonstrate the magnitude and complexity internal traffic, its maneuver and combat of the movement management function in support elements constantly in movement. supporting battle. A smaller slice of that is Sizable corps engineer and artillery units will the transportation structure’s mission of also be in movement in the stationary divi- administrative movement control, a difficult sion’s zone. Support elements from both process in itself. At brigade and below, divisions will be continually moving supplies movement control is the responsibility of and replacements forward and evacuating staff officers assigned to the S4’s staff. At equipment and casualties rearward. Corps division, movement control is shared by the transportation units will move forward and DISCOM movement control officer, who is backward in the same zone. Potential choke the tasker of division transportation assets, points such as bridges, intersections, and and the division transportation officer. The damaged or blocked roads will further hinder DTO is the division staff transportation movement. planner and the coordinator with external The orchestration of the entire movement transportation agencies. In the corps, the network in this one division’s zone would be a MCC provides movement control and formidable task. The operations and logistics highway regulation services; in the theater staff elements of all commands from bat- army these services are provided by the talion to corps would be involved. Division TAMCA. and corps military police would be taxed to provide traffic circulation control. Corps TERMINAL OPERATIONS movement control teams and highway reg- In addition to ocean terminal operations, ulating point teams would be needed to direct transportation units (or host nation/contract CSS movement, divert cargo, and otherwise resources) are employed to transfer cargo assist in management and control. from mode to mode at inland land, air, and In this example, the G3 is the officer waterway terminals. Cargo transfers are responsible for the overall operation. He made only when necessary, the preferred allocates road space, assigns movement method being to haul from source to destina- times, and establishes priorities for road use. tion on one conveyance. Terminal transfer He is assisted by the G4 and by other staff operations are conducted by host nation assistants. He tasks the military police and resources where possible.

TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS This section of the chapter identifies describes how transportation functions are principal transportation planners and performed. Figure 9-1 depicts transportation operators throughout the theater. It also operations in the theater.

9-6 FM 100-10

BATTALION Combat support and maneuver battalions routinely delivered to the BSA by the MSB are provided with the load-carrying vehicles and corps transportation companies. Am- required to carry their basic loads. Cargo munition is delivered to the ATPs by corps vehicles are used to pick up supplies in the carriers. Brigade requirements for other than brigade support area and to resupply the resupply transport are met by the MSB battalion companies. transport company or by corps assets. Crit- ical end item components and repairers will BRIGADE be brought into the BSA by division or corps The brigade has no transportation assets. aviation. Other division units operating in It depends on the MSB to provide trans- the brigade area are similarly supported. portation. The FSB companies travel to the Division engineer units normally are pro- DSA to pick up some supplies. Others are vided support for Class IV by corps truck

—XXX XX

TAMCA MCC DTO FSB 7~\ \ 1 V / A A MCT MCT V rnlMC014— L^KIr>èi' I / \ ? yt I I

USER \ i USER K USER 1 1 A 1 TRANS TRANS TRANS MODE MODE USER MODE

LEGEND Request - — - Committing euthority Coordinetion/guidence ^ Transportation provided Trans mode - Air. Rail, Highway

Figure 9-1. Transportation Operations

9-7 FM 100-10

units. Corps artillery and engineers actions essential to transportation move- operating in the brigade area are also sup- ment management and control in support of ported by corps truck units. the corps. It maintains liaison with trans- DIVISION portation elements of other US forces and with allied and host nation transportation At division level, transportation becomes agencies. It commands and supervises at- a multifunctional operation since the move- tached or assigned units and teams engaged ment control function is added. The DTO is in movement control and highway regula- the principal transportation staff officer. As tion. In addition, the MCC implements the a special staff officer, he provides trans- corps movement program prepared in coordi- portation advice and planning assistance to nation with the materiel management center the commander and staff. He provides the using the DA Movement Management Sys- DISCOM MCO guidance and assistance on tem, which prescribes what has to move such matters as division movement priori- where and when. Programed supply move- ties, unit movements, movement requests, ments ensure efficient use of transportation and MSR use. He is the.division link with the assets and a smooth flow of material to the corps MCC, particularly for division move- DSA and BSA. ment requirements in excess of organic After the materiel is delivered, retrograde capability. items are loaded for the return trip. The The DISCOM MCO is the movement interface between the corps MCC and divi- coordinator and control officer within the sion MCO ensures that supply movement division. He coordinates movement with requirements are determined, transportation major units of the division. He maintains arrangements are made, and coordination is status of requirements and assets and tasks made with appropriate activities. Priorities the MSB truck company. established by the corps commander govern the movement of personnel and materiel of The MSB truck company is the only ground transportation unit organic to the interest to the corps. If originating in areas division. Requirements in excess of its not under the corps commander’s control, capability are met by corps assets. CSS such moves are executed by the appropriate agency of the TAMCA. missions are routinely flown by the command aviation company of the aviation The TAMCA coordinates personnel and brigade. Delivery of low-density, high-cost materiel movements from the COMMZ into munitions and of high-cost end item com- the corps area with the corps MCC, and ponents is a suitable mission for division retrograde materiel movements from the aviation assets. Emergency air resupply corps into the COMMZ are coordinated by missions to division units sure performed by the corps MCC with the TAMCA. Particular division, corps, and Air Force units. attention should be placed on coordinating CORPS pipeline offtake points for transfer of product to railcars or trucks. Movement Management and Control Centralized control of corps logistics The MCC has primary responsibility for transportation is essential to ensure that the planning, programing, and regulative commander gets the supplies where and

9-8 FM 100-10

when he needs them, while decentralized nation support and contracted organizations execution ensures that local transportation may also be available. needs are expeditiously met. That control is In the COSCOM area, movement of sup- exercised by attaching and detaching units plies consists chiefly of line-haul operations between corps support groups. from support groups forward to the division Movement control teams and highway support area. High-usage and heavy-tonnage regulating point teams are placed at support ammunition, for example, is delivered from group headquarters and controlled routes to the corps storage area to the ATP. Barrier serve supported units in that area. When materials will also be delivered by corps necessary, MCTs and HRPTs are attached to transport to barrier sites in the brigade area. the divisions. An MCT provides the critical The division depends on support from link between the supply point, the mode COSCOM transportation to provide heavy- operator, and the receiving unit. MCTs also equipment transporters whenever the ca- maintain coordination with other MCTs so pabilities of division HETs are exceeded. that inter-area shipments are tracked. The Corps HETs move tracked vehicles forward number of units to be supported and the size to the DSA to replace combat losses and to and complexity of the transportation network evacuate reparables. will determine the number of MCTs. The number of MSRs and their entrance or exit Movement of supplies includes cargo points to be regulated will determine the transfer operations. For example, if supplies number of HRPTs. are being moved by rail to a given point and by truck from that point forward, a cargo A major function of the MCC is to plan transfer company must operate a cargo and coordinate the movement of major units transfer point to transfer the cargo from rail of the corps in supporting the corps com- cars to trucks. mander’s tactical maneuver scheme. The Motor transport units may have to move commitment of the corps reserve division or entire headquarters or assist in movement of brigades will compete for road space with the units. Most units in the COSCOM area, for normal resupply movements and will require example, are not 100-percent mobile and route prioritization. Monitoring the move cannot move in a single lift without as- will require close coordination with the corps sistance. Command transport and light- G3 and DTO/MCO/G3 of division sectors medium truck companies normally are through which the organization must pass. placed in direct support of the corps and COSCOM headquarters. Motor Transport In the COSCOM, company-sized motor Air Transport transport units consist of command transport, heavy equipment transporter, medium Normally, ground lines of communication truck, and light-medium truck units. Other will be the primary means of support for transportation units, such as terminal trans- combat operations. However, air lines of fer, terminal service, watercraft, and railway communication have become increasingly units may be attached as required. Host important—even essential—for the routine

9-9 FM 100-10

distribution of scarce high-lethality muni- ducted in areas which have poorly developed tions (Copperhead, HELLFIRE, air defense transportation systems. Full use of corps and missiles, nuclear warheads, and chemical EAC aviation assets will be required to meet munitions) as well as the distribution to combat unit needs for the replenishment of DSUs of high-value, normally low-density critical supplies. repair parts such as printed circuit boards, transmissions, and engines (including reparables returned to GS maintenance in the On 9 April 1946 at the German town of COMMZ) which are needed to return critical Crailsheim, a US armored spearhead was systems to the battlefield. Corps com- pinched off. Twenty-two supply trucks failed manders should routinely allocate sufficient to reach the encircled unit. Thirty-four C-47s sorties for these requirements. Aviation of the IX Troop Carrier Command took off leaders and staffs should recognize such from near Paris and flew through flak, landing requirements and build the capability to at Crailsheim with 80 tons of gasoline in execute such missions. Similarly, suppliers jerricans. 19 tons of ammunition, and 2.7 tons of K Rations. The Germans placed should realize that this airlift support exists mortar fire on the airstrip destroying one and request its use. C-47. The remaining 33 planes took out 42 wounded, while only four planes received CSS airlift capability is normally the major damage. The next morning 16 more MLH companies in the corps aviation bri- C-47s delivered 16 tons of .50 caliber gade, but assault helicopter units (UH-60) ammunition, 15.7 tons of 105 mm shells, can play an important role. The corps area and 11 tons of K Rations. The armored unit will normally contain small austere airfields fought its way to the main body of American that handle intratheater Army and Air Force forces. aircraft. The corps movement managers receive advance notification from the theater army movement managers of incoming Portions of allied and host nation airlift Army cargo and personnel. They prepare the capability may also be designated for move- appropriate movement programs and make ment of US personnel and cargo, if required, necessary coordination for the transfer of to support the corps mission. If host nation cargo or personnel to either Army or Air support is established by bilateral agree- Force intratheater aircraft or other modes of ment, the theater army movement control transportation. The corps MCCs receive agency will coordinate support. requests for transportation from users within the corps area and any transportation require- THEATER ARMY ments that cannot be satisfied with organic In a theater of operations, the Joint division assets. The corps MCC should also Transportation Board allocates transporta- establish the “dedicated” systems described tion resources to component commands above for distributing high-value munitions according to priorities established by the and reparables. theater commander. Air support in a low-intensity conflict will The theater army movement control be critical to combat units. The majority of agency, assigned to the theater army head- low-intensity conflict operations will be con- quarters, manages the use of the Army’s

9-10 FM 100-10

allocated transportation resources. The equipment arrive in theater, an air terminal TRANSCOM provides the assets, theaterwide, movement control team will— that are to be managed by the TAMCA. Since • Arrange for clearance of Army cargo in most theaters the Army fights as part of and personnel. both a joint and combined force, the TAMCA also must coordinate with allied transport • Coordinate arrival of Army cargo and authorities and the host nation(s) within personnel. which the COMMZ lies. Army movement • Arrange transportation for return of programs must be integrated with allied and retrograde cargo. other services requirements so that rail, inland waterway, and other indigenous trans- • Provide liaison with Air Force ele- port resources can be used effectively. This is ments and host nation agencies the TAMCA’s most important function. The operating at the airfield. execution of the movement program can be decentralized with the TAMCA intervening This team is normally assigned to the only in exceptional cases. It uses the DAMMS TAMCA, but may be assigned to the corps to monitor the execution of the movement MCC when the corps is employed in in- program and to anticipate the requirement to dependent operations and operation of an air alter it. terminal is a corps responsibility.

The TAMCA performs movement control Highway regulation in the COMMZ is and highway regulation through its MCTs carried out by the highway traffic division of and HRPTs. These teams are located in the the TAMCA and subordinate HRPTs. The vicinity of air and water terminals to coor- lack of road space during wartime places a dinate the movement of supplies from shipper severe burden on the traffic regulators. This to receiver, arrange transport, and issue organization uses available roadnets to accom- convoy clearances. modate combat unit movements, unit and CSS convoys, all kinds of allied or host MCTs are assigned to the TAMCA and nation vehicles including civilian vehicles, are located near high-density passenger and and often refugees. Use of controlled cargo movement areas such as TAACOM highways are scheduled and regulated to storage areas, area support groups, major air obtain maximum use. HRPTs operate at and ocean terminals, and other activity major points of access or departure along centers where movement control and routes over which highway regulation is highway regulation are required. These exercised. They monitor movement of autho- teams function as field representatives of the rized traffic, report convoy progress and road TAMCA, providing interface with the trans- conditions, and make diversions to truck porter, other MCTs, the shipper, and the convoy routings. They also coordinate receiver. The teams vary in size and ca- recovery of disabled vehicles along their pability, depending on the movement require- assigned routes. ments at their location. In some theaters, highway regulation in At aerial ports of debarkation, where the COMMZ is a host nation responsibility. high-priority cargo, passengers, and unit The highway traffic division of the TAMCA

9-11 FM 100-10

coordinates and maintains liaison with appro- Army cargo and personnel. They prepare the priate host nation movement agencies. In the appropriate movement programs and coor- corps area, highway regulation and move- dinate for the transfer of cargo or personnel ment control is closely coordinated between to either intratheater aircraft or other modes the corps MCC and host nation agencies, and of transportation. They also receive requests colocation of these activities is the rule rather for transportation from users within the than the exception. The corps commander theater army area and any transportation must have sufficient control over road space requirements that cannot be filled by corps allocation to allow the freedom necessary to movement managers. permit unencumbered tactical movement. In Ports of debarkation into the theater, both the division area, highway regulation and aerial and ocean terminals, are critical facili- movement control is the sole responsibility of ties within the transportation system. the division commander. Through these facilities must flow the logis- In the theater, transport support of mili- tics support from outside the theater. tary forces is normally a national respon- However, the massive tonnages of ammu- sibility. Commanders need to coordinate use nition, petroleum products, and heavy war of ports, airfields, rail lines, highways, and materiel move through ocean terminals. pipeline with the host nation. Personnel and high-priority air transport- The transportation command is a func- able materiel enter through air terminals. tional command assigned to the theater The use of developed ocean terminals and army. In a theater of operations, the their adjoining commercial transportation TRANSCOM provides theaterwide trans- nets is highly desirable, and they are used to portation mode operation. Mode operation is the maximum extent possible. However, the accomplished through subordinate transpor- use of developed ocean terminals may be tation headquarters, with the transportation interrupted or denied and logistics-over-the- battalion headquarters (motor transport, shore operations will be required. rail, terminal service) being the principal Terminal service and watercraft units operations supervisor. Units assigned to the load, discharge, and transport cargo in ports, TRANSCOM provide terminal operations LOTS operations, and inland waterways. functions (which include terminal services, Motor transport and railway units operate watercraft, and cargo transfer) and motor transportation equipment over land. Army and rail transport support. Theater aviation aviation units provide combat service sup- (MLH, HLH) assets should be made port airlift. Cargo transfer companies trans- available routinely for CSS airlift missions. fer cargo between modes at air, rail, and The communications zone will normally motor terminals. TRANSCOM units operate have main or intermediate operating bases in ports of debarkation, both sea and aerial, (airfields) capable of accepting large to clear material and personnel from these intertheater aircraft. While the Air Force will critical points and distribute them over lines control the air terminals, the Army may also of communication. use them for their intratheater aircraft. Operation of railway transport in Europe The theater army movement managers is essentially a host-nation-provided service. receive advance notification of incoming Western Europe has a sophisticated modern

9-12 FM 100-10

railway system. In that area of the world, and may also support the transportation host nation systems can not be realistically brigade of the COSCOM. duplicated by US Army railway operation Throughput of supplies is accomplished and maintenance units. whenever possible to expedite movement of In undeveloped areas, however, employ- supplies forward to where they are needed ment of US Army railway units to support and to eliminate unnecessary handling. the theater of operations is a real probability. However, throughput does not necessarily If host or allied nations cannot provide mean that a container of supplies is moved by railway service, railway units may be a single transportation mode or single vehicle brought in to operate the system. They may from the port directly to the user. It may be have a role in building a rail network as part transferred to one or more modes; for of a “nation building” program. example, rail, barge, or trailer, in transit. Transportation railway units consist The transportation system must be of railway battalion headquarters, train properly force-structured to permit these operating companies, equipment maintenance types of operations. Additionally, the US companies, and engineering companies. transportation force structure may depend in part upon or be augmented by host nation line-haul units of the TRANSCOM nor- truck, rail, barge, or aircraft assets. If so, mally operate from ports of debarkation coordination with host nation or allied forward to theater army area command and agencies must be accomplished and agree- corps support groups. These units support the ments must be concluded between the govern- transportation requirements of the TAACOM ments concerned.

Transportation is a factor in virtually every CSS function. It is not simply the total of the load-carrying capacity of mode operators. It encompasses the equally important functions of terminal operations and movement control. Materiel must be transferred from one mode of transportation to another at sea ports of debarkation, rail and airheads, inland waterways, and truck terminals. Air and sea ports of debarkation must be cleared expeditiously to make way for follow-on cargo. Sustaining supplies and replacement personnel will flow over the same routes required for maneuver units and will compete for limited main supply routes in the theater.

9-13

FM 100-10

Glossary

A B acct — accounting BAS — battalion aid station ACofS — Assistant Chief of Staff BDAR — battle damage assessment and repair ACR — armored cavalry regiment bde — brigade ACS — air cavalry squadron bn — battalion AG — Adjutant General BSA — brigade support area AHB — attack helicopter battalion AHC — assault helicopter company ALOC — air lines of communication c amb — ambulance C2SRS — Command and Control Strength Reporting System AMC — United States Army Materiel Command CA — civil affairs AMCO — aircraft maintenance company CAC — command aviation company AMEDD — Army Medical Department cas — casualty APOD — aerial port of debarkation CASP — chemical ammunition supply point ASG — area support group cav — cavalry ASL — authorized stockage list C-E — communications-electronics ASP — ammunition supply point CEB — clothing exchange and bath atk — attack chem — chemical ATLS — advanced trauma life support CMO — civil-military operations ATP — ammunition transfer point co — company A VIM — aviation intermediate maintenance COMMZ — communications zone avn — aviation COMSEC — communications security AVUM — aviation unit maintenance CONUS — continental United States

Glossary-1 FM 100-10

E COSCOM — corps support command EAC — echelons above corps CP — command post EOD — explosive ordnance disposal CPOC — corps personnel operations center EPW — enemy prisoner of war CRC — CONUS replacement center evac — evacuation CS — combat support F CSA — corps storage area FARP — forward arming and refueling CSG — corps support group point CSH — combat support hospital FG — finance group CSR — controlled supply rate FLOT — forward line of own troops CSS — combat service support FM — field manual FSB — forward support battalion D FSU — finance support unit DA — Department of the Army fwd — forward DAMMS — Department of the Army Move- ment Management System G DAO — division ammunition officer Gl — Assistant Chief of Staff, Gl (Personnel) DCSLOG — Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics G2 — Assistant Chief of Staff, G2 (Intelligence) decon — decontamination G3 — Assistant Chief of Staff, G3 (Opera- DISCOM — division support command tions and Plans) div — division G4 — Assistant Chief of Staff, G4 (Logistics) DMMC — division materiel management G5 — Assistant Chief o'f Staff, G5 (Civil center Affairs) DOD — Department of Defense gp — group GRREG — graves registration DS — direct support GS — general support DSA — division support area GSU — general support unit DSS — direct support system DSU — direct support unit H DTO — division transportation officer HAWK — homing all-the-way killer

Glossary-2 FM 100-10

J HELLFIRE — Heliborne Laser Fire-and- JPO — Joint Petroleum Office Forget Missile System/Helicopter Launched Fire-and-Forget Missile System JMRO — Joint Medical Regulating Office HET — heavy-equipment transporter L HHC — headquarters and headquarters company LIC — low-intensity conflict HHD — headquarters and headquarters LOG — lines of communication detachment LOGCAP — logistics civil augmentation HHT — headquarters and headquarters program troop LOGPAC — logistics package HLH — heavy-lift helicopter LOTS — logistics-over-the-shore operations HN — host nation LRU — line replaceable unit HNS — host nation support LSD — landing ship, dock HQ — headquarters It — light HQDA — Headquarters, Department of the Army M HRP — highway regulating point MACOM — major Army command HRPT — highway regulating point team maint — maintenance hrs — hours MASH — mobile army surgical hospital HSS — health service support MBA —- main battle area hvy — heavy MCC — movement control center I MCO — movement control officer IDS — intermediate (direct support) MCP — maintenance collecting point IDSM — intermediate (direct support) MCT — movement control team maintenance med — medical IEW — intelligence/electronic warfare MEDCOM — medical command IGS — intermediate (general support) MEDDAC — medical department activity IGSM — intermediate (general support) MEDSOM — medical supply, optical, and maintenance maintenance intel — intelligence METT-T — mission, enemy, terrain, troops, IPB — intelligence preparation of the and time available battlefield MI — military intelligence

Glossary-3 FM 100-10

o MLH — medium-lift helicopter OCONUS — outside continental United States MLRS — multiple launch rocket system OPLAN — operation plan mm — millimeter op — operation(s) MMC — materiel management center ORF — operational readiness float MOPP — mission-oriented protection posture P MOS — military occupational specialty PAC — personnel and administration center MP — military police P&A — personnel and administration MRE — meal, ready-to-eat PAO — public affairs office(r) MRO — materiel release order pers — personnel MSB — main support battalion PERSCOM — personnel command msl — missile PLL — prescribed load list MSR — main supply route pit — platoon MST — maintenance support team PNL — prescribed nuclear load MT — maintenance team POD — port of debarkation MTF — medical treatment facility POL — petroleum, oils, and lubricants MTOE — modification table of organization POMCUS — pre-positioning of materiel con- and equipment figured to unit sets MWR — morale, welfare, and recreation PPTO — pipeline and terminal operating PRB — personnel replacement battalion N PRR — personnel requirements report NASP — nuclear ammunition supply point PS — personnel service NATO — North Atlantic Treaty Organiza- PSC — personnel service company tion PSS — personnel service support NBC — nuclear, biological, chemical PWRMS — pre-positioned war reserve mate- NCO — noncommissioned officer riel stock NEO — noncombatant evacuation operations PX — post exchange NICP — national inventory control point NMCS — non-mission-capable supply R nuc — nuclear RAOC — rear area operations center

Glossary-4 FM 100-10

rcvy — recovery TAMCA — theater army movement control agency RCZ — rear combat zone TAMMC — theater army materiel manage- repi — replacement ment center RSR — required supply rate TDA — tables of distribution and allowances RTD — return to duty TF — task force s TFC — theater finance center SI — Adjutant (US Army) TMDE — test, measurement, and diagnostic equipment 53 — Operations and Training Officer (US Army) TOE — table oforganization and equipment 54 — Supply Officer (US Army) TOW — tube-launched, optically tracked wire-guided S&S — supply and service trans — transportation SAPO — subarea petroleum office TRANSCOM — transportation command sec — section trmt — treatment SJA — staff judge advocate TSA — theater storage area SOP — standing operating procedure SPO — security, plans, and operations u SPOD — sea port of debarkation UMCP — unit maintenance collecting point spt — support UMT — unit ministry team sqdn — squadron US — United States (of America) SRU — shop replaceable unit USAF — United States Air Force SSI — specialty skill identifier V surg — surgical svc — service V/S — Vulcan/Stinger T w TA — theater army WHA — weapons holding area TAACOM — theater army area command WO — warrant officer tac — tactical WSM — weapon system manager TACCS — Tactical Army Combat Service WSRO — weapon system replacement Support Computer System operations

Glossary-5

FM 100-10

References

REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS Required publications are sources that users must read in order to understand or to comply with this publication. FIELD MANUALS (FMs) 100-1 The Army 100-5 Operations

RELATED PUBLICATIONS Related publications are sources of additional information. They are not required in order to understand this publication. ARMY REGULATIONS (ARs) 710-2 Supply Policy Below the Wholesale Level 750-1 Army Materiel Maintenance Policies 750-25 Army Test, Measurement and Diagnostic Equipment Calibration and Repair Support Program FIELD MANUALS (FMs) 1-500 Army Aviation Maintenance 3-3 NBC Contamination Avoidance 3-4 NBC Protection 3-5 NBC Decontamination 3-100 NBC Operations 5-100 Engineer Combat Operations 5-104 General Engineering 8-10 Health Service Support in a Theater of Operations 8-21 Health Services Support in a Communications Zone 8-55 Planning for Health Service Support

References-1 FM 100-10

9-6 Ammunition Service in the Theater of Operations 9-15 Explosive Ordnance Disposal Service and Unit Operations 9-16 Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance 9-38 Conventional Ammunition Unit Operations 9-59 Unit Operations for Support of Missile and Air Defense Gun Systems

9- 8Special4 Ammunition (Nuclear) Direct and General Support Unit Operations

10- 1Supply and3 Service Reference Data 10-24 Ration Distribution Operations 10-27 General Supply in a Theater of Operations 10-52 Field Water Supply 10-60 Subsistence Supply and Management in Theaters of Operations 10-63 Handling of Deceased Personnel in Theaters of Operations (AFM 143-3; FMFM 4-8)

10- 6Petroleum 7Supply in Theaters of Operations 10-280 Mobile Field Laundry, Clothing Exchange, and Bath Operations

11- 2Theater Communications3 Command (Army)

12- 3Separate Company/Battalion-1 Level Personnel and Administrative Doctrine

12-3-2 Division/Separate Brigade Level Personnel and Administrative Doctrine

12-3-3 Corps Level Personnel and Administrative Doctrine

12-3-4 Echelons Above Corps Personnel and Administrative Doctrine 12-15 Wartime Casualty Reporting 12-16 Replacement Operations 12-50 US Army Bands 14-6 Comptroller/Finance Services in Theaters of Operations 14-7 Finance Operations 16-5 The Chaplain and Chaplain Assistant in Combat Operations 19-1 Military Police Support for the AirLand Battle 24-1 Combat Communications

References-2 FM 100-10

29-19 Repair Parts Supply for a Theater of Operations 29-23 Direct Support Maintenance Operations (Nondivisional) 29-24 General Support Maintenance Operations 29-27 Calibration and Repair Service in the Theater of Operations 38-725 Direct Support System (Management and Procedures) 38-741 Direct Support Unit Storage Operations 41-10 Civil Affairs Operations 46-1 Public Affairs 54-8 Division Materiel Management Center 54-23 Materiel Management Center, Corps Support Command 54- 4Area Support Group0 55- 1Army Transportation Services in a Theater of Operations 55-10 Movement Control in a Theater of Operations 55-15 Transportation Reference Data 55-30 Army Motor Transport Units and Operations 55-40 Army Combat Service Support Air Transport Operations 55-50 Army Water Transport Operations 63-1 Combat Service Support Operations—Separate Brigade 63-2 Combat Service Support Operations—Division 63-2-2 Combat Service Support Operations—Armored, Mechanized, and Motorized Divisions 63-3 Combat Service Support Operations—Corps 63-3J Combat Service Support Operations—Corps 63-4 Combat Service Support Operations—Theater Army Area Command 63-20 Forward Support Battalion 63-21 Main Support Battalion, Armored, Mechanized, and Motorized Divisions 90-14 Rear Battle

100-2-1 Soviet Army Operations and Tactics

100-2-2 Soviet Army Specialized Warfare and Rear Area Support

References-3 FM 100-10

100-2-3 The Soviet Army Troops Organization and Equipment 100-16 Support Operations: Echelons Above Corps 100- 2US Army/US7 Air Force Doctrine for Joint Airborne and Tactical Airlift Operations (AFM 2-50)

101- 6Staff Organization and Operations 101-5-1 Operational Terms and Symbols

101-10-1 Staff Officers’ Field Manual: Organizational, Technical, and Logistic Data (Unclassified Data)

101-10-2 Staff Officers’ Field Manual: Organizational, Technical, and Logistical Data Extracts of Nondi visional Tables of Organization and Equipment NATO STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENTS (STANAGs)* 1135 Interchangeability of Fuels, Lubricants, and Associated Products Used by the Armed Forces of the North Atlantic Treaty Nations 2002 Warning Signs for the Marking of Contaminated or Dangerous Land Areas, Complete Equipments, Supplies, and Stores 1 2010 Military Load Classification Markings 2014 Operation Orders, Warning Orders, and Administrative/Logistics Orders 2019 Military Symbols for Land Based Systems 2021 Computation of Bridge, Raft, and Vehicle Classifications 2023 Marking of Military Cargo for International Movement by all International Means of Transport 2025 Basic Military Road Traffic Regulations 2034 Land Forces Procedures for Allied Supply Transactions 2041 Operation Orders, Tables, and Graphs for Road Movement 2047 Emergency Alarms of Hazard or Attack (NBC and Air Attack Only) 2060 Identification of Medical Materiel for Field Medical Installations 2070 Emergency War Burial Procedures 2079 Rear Area Security and Rear Area Damage Control

*Source of Procurement: STANAQs ere eveileble for DOD users from Nevsl Publicstions end Forms Center, 5801 Tabor Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19120. (DD Form 1426 may be used to requisition documents.)

References-4 FM 100-10

2085 NATO Combined Military Police 2087 Medical Employment of Air Transport in the Forward Area 2103 Reporting Nuclear Detonations, Biological and Chemical Attacks, and Predicting and Warning of Associated Hazards and Hazard Areas 2104 Friendly Nuclear Strike Warning 2109 Postal Organization for the NATO Forces in Wartime 2115 Fuel Consumption Unit 2128 Medical and Dental Supply Procedures 2133 Vulnerability Assessment of Chemical and Biological Hazards 2135 Procedures for Emergency Logistic Assistance 2136 Minimum Standards of Water Potability 2143 Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance/Explosive Ordnance Disposal 2150 NATO Standards of Proficiency for NBC Defense 2154 Regulations for Military Motor Vehicle Movement by Road 2155 Road Movement Bid and Credit 2156 Surface Transport Request and Surface Transport Reply 2159 Identification of Movement Control and Traffic Control Personnel and Agencies

2165 Forecast Movement/Transport Requirements and Inland Waterways 2174 Military Routes and Route/Road Networks 2351 Procedures for Marshalling Helicopters in Multinational Land Operations 2353 Evaluation of NBC Defense Capability 2361 Minimum Essential Medical Supply Items in Theaters of Operations 2500 NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations 2827 Materials Handling in the Field 2828 Military Pallets, Packages, and Containers 2829 Materials Handling Equipment 2832 Restrictions for the Transport of Military Equipment by Rail on European Railways

References-5 FM 100-10

2834 The Operation of the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technical Information Center 2873 Concept of Operations of Medical Support in Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Environments 2879 Principles of Medical Policy in the Management of a Mass Casualty Situation 2885 Procedure for the Treatment, Acceptability, and Provision of Potable Water in the Field 2889 Marking of Hazardous Areas and Routes Through Them 2910 Nuclear Casualty and Damage Assessment 2924 POL Handling in the Field 2926 Procedures for the Use and Handling of Freight Containers for Military Supplies

2928 Land Forces Ammunition Interchangeability Catalog in Wartime 2937 Combat and Emergency Rations—Nutritional Values and Packaging 2938 Transport of Military Ammunition and Explosives by Road 2946 Forward Area Refueling Equipment 2954 The Training of Medical Personnel for NBC Operations 2961 Classes of Supply of NATO Land Forces 2977 Medical Situation Reporting 3093 NATO Air Transport Request and Answer to Air Transport Request 3149 Minimum Quality Surveillance of Petroleum Products 3204 Aeromedical Evacuation 3345 Data/Forms for Planning Air Movements

3465 Safety, Emergency, and Signaling Procedures for Military Air Movement—Fixed Wing Aircraft 3466 Responsibilities of Air Transport Units and User Units in the Loading and Unloading of Transport Aircraft in Tactical Air Transport Operations

3468 The Rules, Operating Responsibilities, and Procedures for the Transport of Cargo by Helicopters 3532 Transport of Troops by Helicopter

References-6 FM 100-10

3542 Technical Criteria for the Transport of Cargo by Helicopter 3543 Air Transport Cargo/Passenger Handling Systems—Request for Information 3572 Exchange of Information on Tactical Air Transport Operations 3680 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions 3756 Facilities and Equipment for Receipt and Delivery of Liquid Fuels 3854 Policies and Procedures Governing the Air Transportation of Dangerous Cargo

References-7

FM 100-10

Index Administration services. See Personnel Captured materiel, 1-23. See also Salvage service support, Administration services Casualty reporting. See Personnel service Aircraft maintenance. See Maintenance, support, Casualty operations Aircraft Chaplain activities. See Personnel service Airdrop, 2-13, 9-4 support, Chaplain activities AirLand Battle, Chemical ammunition. See Ammunition Environment, 1-6 supply, Chemical Tenets, 1-8 Terrorism, 1-8 Chemical warfare, 1-7 Airlift. See Transportation, Air Close operations, 2-2, 2-6 Defense, 2-8 Ammunition supply, 1-6, 6-1 Offense, 2-6 Chemical, 6-7 Retrograde, 2-10 Conventional, 6-2 Enhanced lethality, 6-4 Clothing and soldier equipment. See Missile, 6-7 Supply, Class II Nuclear, 6-5 Combat stress control. See Health service Ammunition supply point, 6-2 support, Combat stress control Ammunition transfer point, 6-2 Combined operations. See Sustainment Arming, 1-9, 7-1. See also Ammunition system, Other services and allies supply Command and control, 1-7 Authorized stockage list, 8-15 Communications, 1-7, 2-11 Awards. See Personnel service support, Contingency operations, 2-15 Awards Controlled exchange, 8-4, 8-5 Bakeries, 5-2 DA civilian support, 1-23 Battle damage assessment and repair, 8-3 Decontamination, 8-18 Bulk fuel, 7-1 Deep operations, 2-2, 2-12 Battalion, 7-2 Dental service. See Health service support, Brigade, 7-2 Dental services COMMZ, 7-4 Corps, 7-3 Equipment replacement. See Supply, Division, 7-3 Class VII Cannibalization, 8-4, 8-5 Evacuation, 8-3, 8-5, 8-6

Index-1 FM 100-10

Explosive ordnance disposal, 6-8 Joint Transportation Board, 9-10 Field services, 2-8, 2-10, 2-12, 5-1 Laboratory services. See Health service support, Laboratory services Finance support. See Personnel service support, Finance services Laundry, bath, and renovation, 5-4 Fixing, 1-9, 8-1. See also Maintenance Leadership, 1-11 Food. See Supply, Class I Legal services. See Personnel service support, Legal services Fueling, 1-6,1-9, 7-1. See also Bulk fuel and Packaged fuel products Lines of communication, 2-4, 2-13 Graves registration, 5-4 Lines of support, 2-4 Health service support, 2-8, 2-10, 2-12, 3-1 Logistics civil augmentation program, Combat stress control, 3-10 1-22 CONUS-based, 3-6 LOGPAC (Logistics package), 1-16 Dental services, 3-11 Hospitalization, 3-10 Low-intensity conflict, 1-18 Laboratory services, 3-12 Maintenance, 2-7, 2-9, 2-11, 8-1 Level I, 3-5 Army aircraft, 8-6 Level II, 3-5 Communications-electronics equipment, Level III, 3-6 8-13 Level IV, 3-6 Communications-security equipment, 8-12 Managers, 3-13 Conventional equipment, 8-5 Medical logistics, 3-12 Depot, 8-2 Medical regulating, 3-10 Forward support, 8-3 Modular medical support, 3-7 Intermediate, 8-2 Patient care and movement, 3-6 Medical equipment, 8-12 Patient evacuation, 3-8 Missile, 8-10 Preventive medicine services, 3-11 NBC environment. See NBC environment Veterinary services, 3-12 Repair parts. See Supply, Class IX Support teams, 8-3 Highway regulating point teams. See Test, measurement, and diagnostic equip- Transportation, Highway regulation ment. See TMDE support Host nation support, 1-20 Unit, 8-2 Watercraft, 8-9 Intelligence preparation of the battlefield, 2-1 Manning, 1-9. See also Health service sup- Enemy, 2-1 port and Personnel service support Terrain, 2-2 Weather, 2-1 Medical regulating. See Health service support, Medical regulating Joint operations, 1-1,1-2,1-20, 2-3 Medical resource managers. See Health Joint Petroleum Office, 7-4 service support, Managers

Index-2 FM 100-10

Missile ammunition. See Ammunition sup- Legal services, 4-11 ply, Missile Morale activities, 4-8 Modular medical support. See Health Officer accessions, 4-8 service support, Modular medical support Postal operations, 4-6 Promotions and reductions, 4-6 Morale support. See Personnel service Public affairs, 4-11 support, Morale activities Recording information, 4-8 Movement control teams. See Trans- Replacement operations, 4-3 portation, Movement control Strength management, 4-2 Moving, 1-9, 9-1. See also Transportation Postal services. See Personnel service support, Postal operations NBC environment, 5-5, 8-18, 9-5 Prescribed load list, 8-15 Noncombatant evacuation operations, Protecting, 1-9. See also Rear operations 2-20 Public affairs. See Personnel service sup- Nuclear ammunition. See Ammunition port, Public affairs supply, Nuclear Nuclear warfare, 1-8 Rapid delivery service, 8-16, 9-3 Operational sustainment, 2-2 Rations. See Supply, Class I Organization for sustainment Rear operations, 2-2, 2-14 Area, 1-4 Reception of reinforcements, 2-20 Echelon, 1-12,1-13 Task, 1-12 Reconstitution, 2-17 Repair parts. See Supply, Class IX Packaged fuel products, 7-4 Reparable exchange, 8-8 Patient evacuation. See Health service support, Patient evacuation Replacement operations. See Personnel service support, Replacement operations Personal welfare and comfort items. See Supply, Class VI Salvage, 8-19. See also Captured materiel Personnel records maintenance. See Special support requirements, 2-15 Personnel service support, Recording in- Staging, 2-4 formation Strength accounting. See Personnel ser- Personnel service support, 2-8, 2-10, 4-1 vice support, Strength management Administration services, 4-2 Awards, 4-7 Supply, 1-15, 2-6, 2-9, 2-11 Bands, 4-9 Class 1,1-20, 5-1 Casualty operations, 4-6 Class II, 5-4 Chaplain activities, 4-10 Class III (bulk). See Bulk fuel Evaluations, 4-8 Class III (packaged). See Packaged fuel Finance services, 4-9 products

Index-3 FM 100-10

Class IV, 1-6 Tactical sustainment, 2-5 Class V. See Ammunition supply TMDE support, 8-14 Class VI, 5-3 Class VII, 1-15, 2-18, 8-19 Transportation, 1-15, 2-7, 2-9, 2-11, 9-1 Class VIII, 3-12 Air, 1-7, 2-13, 9-4, 9-9 Class IX, 8-14 Battalion operations, 9-7 Water, 5-3 Brigade operations, 9-7 Centralized control, 9-2 Support to maneuver, 1-2 Consolidation of resources, 9-2 Sustainment concept, 1-10 Corps operations, 9-8 Division operations, 9-8 Sustainment engineering, 2-19 Highway regulation, 9-9, 9-11 Sustainment imperatives, 1-9 Motor, 9-3, 9-9 Anticipation, 1-10 Movement concept, 9-1 Continuity, 1-10 Movement control, 9-5, 9-8 Improvisation, 1-10 Rail, 2-16, 9-4 Integration, 1-10 Terminal operations, 9-6 Responsiveness, 1-10 Theater army operations, 9-10 Water, 9-5 Sustainment priorities, 2-5 Veterinary services. See Health service Sustainment system support, Veterinary services Battalion, 1-16 Brigade, 1-17 Water. See Supply, Water Company/battery, 1-16 Weapon system replacement operations, Corps, 1-8 2-16 Division, 1-17 Other services and allies, 1-2,1-20, 2-3 Theater army, 1-19

Index-4 FM 100-10 18 FEBRUARY 1988

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

CARL E. VUONO General, United States Army Chief of Staff

Official:

R. L. DILWORTH Brigadier General, United States Army The Adjutant Genera!

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army, USAR, andARNG: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11 A, Require- ments for Combat Service Support (Qty rqr block no. 406).

US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1988—5 2 6 -0 2 7 / 601>l8 »

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