A Review on Natural Dyes: Raw Materials, Extraction Process, and Their Properties
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Indigo Fructose Dye Vat
Kraftkolour Pty Ltd Factory 2, 99 Heyington Ave THOMASTOWN Vic 3074 Tel: 1300 720 493 Web: Kraftkolour.net.au Indigo Fructose Dye Vat The fructose indigo vat was developed by Michel Garcia. The addition of the fructose sugar acts as a reducing agent to the Indigo. The sugar removes one of the oxygen molecules from the indigo making it soluble in water. The addition of the Calcium Hydroxide (slaked or hydrated lime) changes the pH from an acid to a base. The proper pH to get good colour on wool should be about +9 and for cotton and cellulose +10. When the yarn or fabric is dipped into the indigo dye vat, it turns a green colour. When the yarn is raised into the air, the oxygen molecules from the air, bind with the indigo and turn the green into blue. To get darker and more intense blues, the yarn needs to be dipped into the indigo vat and raised into the air to oxidize several times. The colour builds up onto the yarn or cloth in layers. Keep dipping and airing out the yarn until the desired level of colour is achieved. An Indigo vat can be re-used and kept alive for several weeks until all of the indigo has been exhausted. If the Vat still has indigo but has turned blue, reheat the Vat to 50 deg C. Check the pH. Add about a teaspoon of fructose crystals and wait 15-30 minutes. The Vat should turn green. If it is still blue add some Calcium Hydroxide. -
Tyrian Purple (6,6'-Dibromoindigo)
Tyrian Purple (6,6’-dibromoindigo) A New Twist on the Dye of Old An Ancient Process The Current Way The base chemical of 6,6’-dibromoindigo dye is Dow Chemical Company was the first company to make found naturally in mollusks and certain other crustaceans. Fabric can be dyed through synthetic indigo dye. 6,6’-dibromoindigo soon followed. Indigo direct dyeing, where the fabric or fiber is dyes (including 6,6’-dibromoindigo) are no longer made in the coated with the paste of the mollusk’s mucus U.S., because it is cheaper to import them from other countries. gland. The pasted fabric is allowed to sit in the Today, indigo dye is produced using laboratory chemical sun so that the purple can develop. Fabric can processes. These processes are highly efficient and cost-effective also be dyed using vat dyeing. In this process, the saliva of the mollusk is combined with for the companies that use them, but there are a growing paste of the mucus gland and allowed to dry. number of environmental concerns that are associated with their This residue is ground into a powder and put manufacture and use, as the dying process creates a large into a warm solution of sodium hydroxide or amount of chemical waste that must be disposed of carefully. At lye, away from sunlight, and fabric this time, both lawmakers and chemists are investigating simpler, is immersed in it. Finally, the dyed fabric is put through a finishing process (for safer, and more efficient ways to get the vividly colored clothing example, an acid wash), and washed with soap and water. -
H'mong Ancient Methods of Indigo Dyeing and Beeswax Batik in Cat
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN: 2319-7064 ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2019): 7.583 H’mong Ancient Methods of Indigo Dyeing and Beeswax Batik in Cat CAT Village, Hoang Lien Commune, SAPA Town, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam Le Thi Hanh Lien1*, Nguyen Thi Hai Yen2, Dao Thi Luu3, Phi Thi Thu Hoang4, Nguyen Thuy Linh5 1, 2, 3, 4 Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Nghia Do, CauGiay District, Ha Noi, Vietnam 5Management Development Institute of Singapore *Corresponding author: lehanhlien2017[at]gmail.com Abstract: Indigo dyeing and beeswax batik are the two traditional crafts that have long been associated with the H’Mong people in Sa Pa in general, Cat Cat village in particular and still preserved until the presentday. Through many stages of making indigo dye combined with sophisticated techniques and the ingenuity, meticulousness of the artisans in each motif and pattern, unique beeswax batik and indigo dyeing products have been created bringing the cultural identity of the H’mong people. These handicraft products have become a highlight to attract tourists to learn and discover local cultural values and they are meaningful souvenirs for visitors after each trip. In recent years, the development of the community-based tourism model in Cat Cat village has brought many benefits to the local community. Meanwhile, it has also contributed to creating opportunities for the development and restoration of H’mong traditional crafts. Keywords: indigo dyeing, beeswax batik, H’Mong, Cat Cat, Sa Pa 1. Introduction cultural and religious life of the H'Mong. -
Roadmap of Solid-State Lithium-Organic Batteries Toward 500 Wh Kg−1 † † Lihong Zhao, Alae Eddine Lakraychi, Zhaoyang Chen, Yanliang Liang, and Yan Yao*
Focus Review http://pubs.acs.org/journal/aelccp Roadmap of Solid-State Lithium-Organic Batteries toward 500 Wh kg−1 † † Lihong Zhao, Alae Eddine Lakraychi, Zhaoyang Chen, Yanliang Liang, and Yan Yao* Cite This: ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 3287−3306 Read Online ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations *sı Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Over the past few years, solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their credible promise toward high-energy batteries. In parallel, organic battery electrode materials (OBEMs) are gaining momentum as strong candidates thanks to their lower environmental footprint, flexibility in molecular design and high energy metrics. Integration of the two constitutes a potential synergy to enable energy-dense solid- state batteries (SSBs) with high safety, low cost, and long-term sustainability. In this Review, we present the technological feasibility of combining OBEMs with SSEs along with the possible cell configurations that may result from this peculiar combination. We provide an overview of organic SSBs and discuss their main challenges. We analyze the performance-limiting factors and the critical cell design parameters governing cell-level specific energy and energy density. Lastly, we propose guidelines to achieve 500 Wh kg−1 cell-level specific energy with solid-state Li−organic batteries. Downloaded via Yan Yao on August 25, 2021 at 16:56:41 (UTC). rganic battery electrode materials (OBEMs) have molecules (<2 g cm−3) penalizes the energy density received considerable attention in the past few years. (volumetric) of assembled cells; second, low electronic O With a chemical composition derived from naturally conductivity imposes the use of large amount of conductive abundant elements (C, H, N, O, and S), a real possibility of agents which lower the cell-level specific energy (gravimetric); being generated from renewable resources (biomass), and an See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles. -
Effect of Indigo Dye Effluent on the Growth, Biomass Production and Phenotypic Plasticity of Scenedesmus Quadricauda (Chlorococcales)
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2014) 86(1): 419-428 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420130225 www.scielo.br/aabc Effect of indigo dye effluent on the growth, biomass production and phenotypic plasticity of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorococcales) MATHIAS A. CHIA1 and RILWAN I. MUSA2 1Laboratório de Cianobactérias, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brasil 2Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Postal Code 810001, Nigeria Manuscript received on June 26, 2013; accepted for publication on October 14, 2013 ABSTRACT The effect of indigo dye effluent on the freshwater microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda ABU12 was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. The microalga was exposed to different concentrations of the effluent obtained by diluting the dye effluent from 100 to 175 times in bold basal medium (BBM). The growth rate of the microalga decreased as indigo dye effluent concentration increased (p <0.05). The EC50 was found to be 166 dilution factor of the effluent. Chlorophyll a, cell density and dry weight production as biomarkers were negatively affected by high indigo dye effluent concentration, their levels were higher at low effluent concentrations (p <0.05). Changes in coenobia size significantly correlated with the dye effluent concentration. A shift from large to small coenobia with increasing indigo dye effluent concentration was obtained. We conclude that even at low concentrations; effluents from textile industrial processes that use indigo dye are capable of significantly reducing the growth and biomass production, in addition to altering the morphological characteristics of the freshwater microalga S. -
In-Situ Fabric Coloration with Indigo Synthesized in Flow
This is a repository copy of In-situ fabric coloration with indigo synthesized in flow. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/137959/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Haaf, MP, Piemonte, KM, McQuade, DT et al. (2 more authors) (2019) In-situ fabric coloration with indigo synthesized in flow. Coloration Technology, 135 (2). pp. 127-132. ISSN 1472-3581 https://doi.org/10.1111/cote.12383 © 2018 The Authors. Coloration Technology © 2018 Society of Dyers and Colourists. This is an author produced version of a paper published in Coloration Technology. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ In-situ fabric coloration with indigo synthesized in flow Michael P. Haaf,a* Katrina M. Piemonte,a D. Tyler McQuade,b Lucy Cotton,c Richard S. Blackburnc aIthaca College Department of Chemistry, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; *Tel: +1 607-274-7978; E-mail: [email protected]; bVirginia Commonwealth University Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Richmond, VA 23285, USA; cSchool of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,546,502 B2 Shimanaka Et Al
USOO8546502B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,546,502 B2 Shimanaka et al. (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 1, 2013 (54) METHOD FOR PRODUCING DYE POLYMER, JP 2000-500516 A 1, 2000 DYE POLYMER AND USE OF THE SAME JP 2000-514479. A 10, 2000 JP 2000-515181 A 11, 2000 JP 2005-345512 A 12/2005 (75) Inventors: Hiroyuki Shimanaka, Chuo-ku (JP); JP 2005-352053 A 12/2005 Toshiyuki Hitotsuyanagi, Chuo-ku (JP); JP 2006-16488 * 1, 2006 Yoshikazu Murakami, Chuo-ku (JP); JP 2006-016488 A 1, 2006 JP 2006-167674 * 6, 2006 Atsushi Goto, Uji (JP); Yoshinobu JP 2006-0167674. A 6, 2006 Tsujii, Uji (JP); Takeshi Fukuda, Uji JP 2007-277533 A 10/2007 (JP) WO WO97, 18247 A1 5, 1997 WO WO98/O1478 A1 1, 1998 (73) Assignees: Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Mfg. WO WO 98.01480 A1 1, 1998 Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Tokyo (JP); Kyoto WO WO99,05099 A1 2, 1999 University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto (JP) OTHER PUBLICATIONS (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Shimizu Itaru, JP2006016488 (Jan. 2006), English Translation.* patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Shimizu Itaru et al., JP2006 167674 (Jun. 2006), English Transla U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. tion. Hawker, C., et al., New Polymer Synthesis by Nitroxide Mediated (21) Appl. No.: 12/737,239 Living Radical Polymerizations, Chemical Review, vol. 101, No. 12, 2001, pp. 3661-3688. (22) PCT Filed: Jun. 26, 2009 Kamigaito, M., et al., Metal-Catalyzed Living Radical Polymeriza tion, Chemical Review, vol. 101, No. -
Indigo: Sources, Processes and Possibilities for Bioregional Blue
Indigo: Sources, processes and possibilities for bioregional blue Nicholas Wenner and Matthew Forkin June 2017 Photo by Kalie Cassel-Feiss by Kalie Photo Table of Contents Introduction . .3 Indigo . .4 The Indigo Process . 11 Conclusions . 15 Photo by Paige Green Green by Paige Photo Indigo Overview 2 Introduction his report was completed with funding generously provided by the Jena and Michael King TFoundation as part of Fibershed’s True Blue project . It is one project of many that support Fibershed’s larger mission: “Fibershed develops regional and regenerative fiber systems on behalf of independent working producers, by expanding opportunities to implement carbon farming, forming catalytic foundations to rebuild regional manufacturing, and through connecting end-users to farms and ranches through public education.” In this report we present the various sources of blue dye and of indigo, and motivate the use of plant-based indigo in particular . We also identify the limitations of natural dyes like indigo and the need for larger cultural and systemic shifts . The ideal indigo dye production system would be a closed-loop system that moves from soil to dye to textiles and back to soil . The indigo process has three basic steps: planting, harvesting, and dye extraction . In this document, we provide an overview of each, and detailed explorations are given in two separate documents that will be available through Fibershed by late-summer 2017 . This report is based on a literature review of academic research, natural dye books, online content, and personal interviews . It benefited greatly from conversations with (and the generosity of) many skilled artisans and natural dyers, including Rowland Ricketts, Jane Palmer, and Kori Hargreaves . -
Indigo Chromophores and Pigments Structure and Dynamics
Dyes and Pigments 172 (2020) 107761 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Dyes and Pigments journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dyepig Indigo chromophores and pigments: Structure and dynamics T ∗ V.V. Volkova, R. Chellib, R. Righinic, C.C. Perrya, a Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom b Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy c European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Nello Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In this study, we explore the molecular mechanisms of the stability of indigo chromophores and pigments. Indigo Assisted with density functional theory, we compare visible, infrared and Raman spectral properties of model Raman molecules, chromophores and pigments derived from living organisms. Using indigo carmine as a representative Infrared model system, we characterize the structure and dynamics of the chromophore in the first electronic excited Density functional theory state using femtosecond visible pump-infrared probe spectroscopy. Results of experiments and theoretical stu- Excited state dies indicate that, while the trans geometry is strongly dominant in the electronic ground state, upon photo- excitation, in the Franck-Condon region, some molecules may experience isomerization and proton transfer dynamics. If this happens, however, the normal modes of the trans geometry of the electronic excited state are reconfirmed within several hundred femtoseconds. Supported by quantum theory, first, we ascribe stabilization of the trans geometry in the Franck-Condon region to the reactive character of the potential energy surface for the indigo chromophore when under the cis geometry in the electronic excited state. -
Red, Blue and Purple Dyes
Purple, Blue and Red Dyes We have discussed the vibrant colors of flowers, the somber colors of ants, the happy colors of leaves throughout their lifespan, the iridescent colors of butterflies, beetles and birds, the attractive and functional colors of human eyes, skin and hair, the warm colors of candlelight, the inherited colors of Mendel’s peas, the informative colors of stained chromosomes and stained germs, the luminescent colors of fireflies and dragonfish, and the abiotic colors of rainbows, the galaxies, the sun and the sky. The natural world is a wonderful world of color! The infinite number of colors in the solar spectrum was divided into seven colors by Isaac Newton—perhaps for theological reasons. While there is no scientific reason to divide the spectral colors into seven colors, there is a natural reason to divide the spectral colors into three primary colors. Thomas Young (1802), who was belittled as an “Anti-Newtonian” for speaking out about the wave nature of light, predicted that if the human eye had three photoreceptor pigments, we could perceive all the colors of the rainbow. He was right. 751 Thomas Young (1802) wrote “Since, for the reason assigned by NEWTON, it is probable that the motion of the retina is rather of a vibratory [longitudinal] than of an undulatory [transverse] nature, the frequency of the vibrations must be dependent on the constitution of this substance. Now, as it is almost impossible to conceive each sensitive point of the retina to contain an infinite number of particles, each capable of vibrating -
Dyeing and Colour Fastness of Natural Dye from Citrus Aurantium on Lyocell Fabric DOI: 10.35530/IT.071.04.1686
Dyeing and colour fastness of natural dye from Citrus aurantium on Lyocell fabric DOI: 10.35530/IT.071.04.1686 NAVEED TAYYAB AWAN ASHRAF JAVEED RASHDI YASEEN SAYED ABBAS MUDASSAR REHMAN FAISAL FRAZ AHMAD WEI WANG AWAIS MUHAMMAD ABSTRACT – REZUMAT Dyeing and colour fastness of natural dye from Citrus aurantium on Lyocell fabric The use of natural dyes for textiles has attained attention due to their ecology, minimum impact on the environment and pollution. Therefore the objective of this study is to dye Lyocell fabric with natural dye extracted from orange peel for comparative analysis of colour efficiencies (K/S), CIE L*a*b* values and the colour fastness properties. The mordants applied were ferrous (II) sulphate and copper (II) sulphate. For the extraction of the dye, the aqueous extraction method was used. The pre-mordanting method was used and the dyeing effect on Lyocell fabric was analyzed at concentrations of 2% and 4%. It was observed that the mordant type employed had an influence on the colour efficiency and the colour coordinates of fabric dyed with Citrus aurantium dye. The colour efficiency (K/S: 4) and colour fastness to washing, light, rubbing and perspiration in all the dyed samples were better and excellent (grade 4–5) at 4% concentration. In overall results, the pre-mordanting method at 4% concentration gives the best results of colour efficiency and colour fastness properties. The performance analysis of colour fastness was also statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Keywords: natural dyes, orange peel, Lyocell, extraction, mordant, colour fastness Vopsirea și rezistența culorii colorantului natural din Citrus aurantium pe țesătura din Lyocell Utilizarea coloranților naturali pentru materialele textile a atras atenția datorită aspectelor legate de ecologie, impactul minim asupra mediului și poluare. -
Fundamentals of Natural Dyes and Its Application on Textile Substrates Virendra Kumar Gupta
Chapter Fundamentals of Natural Dyes and Its Application on Textile Substrates Virendra Kumar Gupta Abstract The meticulous environmental standards in textiles and garments imposed by countries cautious about nature and health protection are reviving interest in the application of natural dyes in dyeing of textile materials. The toxic and allergic reactions of synthetic dyes are compelling the people to think about natural dyes. Natural dyes are renewable source of colouring materials. Besides textiles it has application in colouration of foods, medicine and in handicraft items. Though natural dyes are ecofriendly, protective to skin and pleasing colour to eyes, they are having very poor bonding with textile fibre materials, which necessitate mordant- ing with metallic mordants, some of which are not eco friendly, for fixation of natural dyes on textile fibres. So the supremacy of natural dyes is somewhat sub- dued. This necessitates newer research on application of natural dyes on different natural fibres for completely eco friendly textiles. The fundamentals of natural dyes chemistry and some of the important research work are therefore discussed in this review article. Keywords: colour fastness, dyeing, extraction of natural dyes, natural dyes 1. Introduction After the advent of mauveine by Henry Perkin in 1856 and subsequent commer- cialization of synthetic dyes had replaced natural dyes, and since then consumption and application of natural dyes for textiles got reduced substantially. In present scenario environmental consciousness of people about natural products, renewable nature of materials, less environmental damage and sustainability of the natural products has further revived the use of natural dyes in dyeing of textile materials.