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Feeding Ecology of Franciscana Dolphin, Pontoporia Blainvillei (Cetacea:Pontoporiidae), and Oceanographic Processes on the Southern Brazilian Coast

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Feeding Ecology of Franciscana Dolphin, Pontoporia Blainvillei (Cetacea:Pontoporiidae), and Oceanographic Processes on the Southern Brazilian Coast University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk University of Southampton Feeding ecology of franciscana dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea:Pontoporiidae), and oceanographic processes on the Southern Brazilian coast. PhD Dissertation submitted by Manuela Bassoi to the Graduate School of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2005 Graduate School of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton This PhD dissertation by Manuela Bassoi has been produced under the supervision of the following persons Supervisor Professor John Shepherd Chair of Advisory Panel Professor Ian Hudson Member of Advisory Panel Peter Challenor I hereby declare that no part of this thesis has been submitted for a degree to the University of Southampton, or any other University, at any time previously. The material included is the work of the author, except where expressly stated. Manuela Bassoi Southampton, December 2005 i University of Southampton School of Ocean & Earth Sciences Abstract Doctor of Philosophy Feeding ecology of franciscana dolphin, Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea:Pontoporiidae), and oceanographic processes on the Southern Brazilian coast. by Manuela Bassoi The feeding regime of the franciscana dolphin was investigated from stomach contents of inci- dentally caught animals in gillnets along the southern Brazilian coast, from 1994 to 2000. The analyses were based mainly on Linear and Generalised Linear Models (LM and GLM). There were some diet differences within the population, as juveniles had eaten more small teleosts and shrimps, and adults consumed larger fish prey and more cephalopods. Adult females had similar diet to juveniles, possibly related to parental guidance. Feeding regimes from northern and southern areas also revealed significant differences, where the most important fish prey from the northern area only occurred once in the diet of the southern animals. More detailed analysis dividing the region into 7 smaller latitudinal zones confirmed many differences, with higher occurrence of warm water species in the diet of northern zones, and cold water species in the southern zones. Additionally, the prey frequency and size do not change gradually along the coast, and different zones revealed a diverse diet composition between northern and southern. This raised the question whether variations in environmental conditions along the coast may affect the distribution of franciscana prey, and consequently its feeding regime. To investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of environmental conditions off the study area, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) images from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiome- ter, and chlorophyll-a (chl a) images from Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view were extracted. The analysis (MANOVA, PCA, and time series) revealed a marked temporal influence of warm temperatures from the Brazil Current (BC) in the northern zones, and cold tempera- tures related to Malvinas/Falkland Current (MC) in the southern zones. The central zones showed a dynamic-edge region in terms of temperature behaviour probably caused by the mix- ing of BC and MC. Northern zones showed low values of chl a concentration and southern zones high values, whereas central zones revealed intermediate values and less clear seasonal variation. The characteristics of the franciscana habitat had shown potential factors affecting the distribution and abundance of its prey, thus the prey species and size were treated as a function of the variables SST, chl a, latitude, depth, and season, using GLM and LM. Models suggested that habitat parameters influence the franciscana prey species and size. As expected, warm water species are more likely to occur in the diet for longer periods at lower latitudes, and cold water prey at higher latitudes. The SST effect on prey specimens size shows that bigger cephalopods and fish were most frequent in warmer temperatures. The chl a only influenced Engraulidae species. The latitude was the most important spatial predictor for many species, and bigger cephalopods were consumed in large quantities in central latitudes. The depth had great influence in the abundance of some prey species, with smaller fish and cephalopods being in higher numbers in shallower. The influence of the predictors on the franciscana prey is very similar to that found in the habitat by research cruises. Because some structures analysed may remain longer in the stomachs, the findings not only suggest a fairly opportunistic behaviour but it is likely that franciscana may occupy, possibly for long periods, small spatial ranges. This behaviour might be a strategy of minimizing energetic costs, ensuring low maintenance and thermoregulatory costs, and these include limiting excursions to distant areas. Acknowledgements So many people have contributed to the work presented in this thesis. My first acknowledg- ments must go to my supervisor, John Shepherd, who first believed in this project, and the relevant meetings (not only about research but also about life) throughout the Ph.D. To Lauro Barcellos and the Oceanographic Museum of Rio Grande (”Prof. Elizer C. Rios”), in Brazil, for the long-term logistical support to the research on franciscana. To the Ma- rine Mammal Group of Southern Brazil, GEMARS, that made available the data from the northern region. Many thanks to Roberta Santos and Silvia Lucato that kindly helped me to identify the cephalopod beaks and the fish otoliths. I also thank the Decapoda Laboratory (University of Rio Grande, Brazil), and the Crustacea Laboratory (Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), for the identification of the crustacean specimens. To Lisa March from the Satellite Oceanography and Remote Sensing Group (SORSG, NOC) that helpfully provided the oceanographic data. To Graham Quartly and Antonio Caltabiano for your great help with the precious Matlab functions, and my supervisor that encouraged me with the S-plus software. Many big and special thanks got to my friends overseas, especially in Brazil, for your contin- uous support. Special thanks to Edu Secchi, Ale Zerbini, Lilia and Bruna Fidelix, Luciano Dalla Rosa, Andria Adornes (Mima), Rodolfo Pinho (Neneco), Monica Muelbert (and all staff from the Oceanographic Museum of Rio Grande), Ignacio Moreno (and all GEMARS), and the fishermen from Rio Grande, Torres, and Tramandai for helping to collect all sorts of information on franciscana and fisheries. I would like to thank all the friends I made here in Southampton for an excellent time together. Especially to Mike and Moira (Jaime suddenly appeared too!), Maria, Xana, Ana Hilario, Isabel, Francisco, Pantito, Nills, Florence, Martin, Ricardo, Ana Pirani, Angela, Sinhue, Irene, and Olie (also thanks for the Latex help!). To the Brazilians that shared our missing of home: Lu and Nico (Artur too), Ana Paula, Erik, Silvia and Cesar, Marisa and Luciano, Ronald and Tati, Tereza and Mike, Alessandra and Yacopo, and Celina. My special thanks go to Silvia Lucato and Robertinha, more than friends... my sisters of heart! Huge thanks to my good friends Ana and David that gave me a very nice bedroom several times. To Debora for the hospitality in her house (and Isabel too!). I am also indebted to personnel from the Cafeteria in NOC, especially Jane, for the food and laughs. To Diane Buckley and Joan for all the administrative help during this time. The Brazilian Council for Research and Technological Development, CNPq (grant 200404/01- 6), provided my scholarship. The University of Southampton through the program Brazilian Scholarship Scheme paid my University fees. Many thanks to Jo Nesbitt who helped me a lot applying to this program. To my parents for their continual support over many years. To you all, my sincerely gratitude. Finally, to someone that showed up in my way during this time and is crucially important in my life, the loved Preto. All my heart is yours! This work is dedicated to Eduardo Secchi and Alexandre Zerbini, who have the true feeling of conservation. Contents List of Figures iv List of Tables ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Preface ....................................... 1 1.2 Objectives...................................... 5 1.3 Structureofthethesis . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 6 2 The franciscana dolphin 8 2.1 Thespeciesanditsdistribution . ...... 8 2.2 Previous studies of feeding ecology . ....... 10 3 The study area 15 3.1 Physicaloceanographicprocesses . ....... 15 3.1.1 South-western Atlantic coast . 15 3.1.2 Southern Brazilian continental shelf . ...... 15 3.2 Previousbio-physicalstudies . ...... 18 4 The biological data: foraging ecology 21 4.1 Introduction of marine mammal feeding studies . ......... 21 4.2 Methods......................................
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