The State and Needs of the Development of Water Supply and Sewerage Infrastructure in the Radzyń District
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Journal of Ecological Engineering Received: 2020.01.15 Revised: 2020.01.30 Volume 21, Issue 3, April 2020, pages 171–179 Accepted: 2020.02.15 Available online: 2020.03.16 https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/118282 The State and Needs of the Development of Water Supply and Sewerage Infrastructure in The Radzyń District Monika Bogusz1, Michał Marzec2*, Arkadiusz Malik2, Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski2 1 Student Science Association of Water and Wastewater Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland 2 Department of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The paper presents the current state of water supply and sewerage infrastructure and the need for its expanding in Radzyń district. The district is located in the northern part of Lublin Voivodeship in Poland. The following communes belong to Radzyń district: the municipal commune of Radzyń Podlaski and 7 rural communes: Borki, Czemierniki, Kąkolewnica, Komarówka Podlaska, Radzyń Podlaski, Ulan-Majorat, Wohyń. The data show that the water supply network in Radzyń district is well developed. The most significant percentage of the population using the water supply network has the rural commune of Radzyń Podlaski – 99.9%, while the smallest, commune Komarówka Podlaska – 54.5%. The survey showed that there was a very large disproportion between the devel- opment of the sewerage and water supply systems. The largest percentage of the population using the sewerage network has the municipal commune of Radzyń Podlaski – 99.7%. The smallest percentage of users of collective sewage disposal systems was recorded in the rural commune of Radzyń Podlaski (7.2%). The commune of Ulan- Majorat does not have a sewerage system. The survey conducted in 2016 shows that 8 collective wastewater treat- ment plants operated in Radzyń district at that time. The total capacity of the treatment plants is over 5,300 m3/d. In 2016, Radzyń district had about 1,000 household wastewater treatment plants. The presented data show that the condition of the sanitary infrastructure in rural communes of Radzyń district is unsatisfactory and requires the investment activities mainly aimed at expanding collective sewage disposal and treatment systems as well as developing a network of household wastewater treatment plants. Keywords: water supply network, sewerage network, collective wastewater treatment plants, household waste- water treatment plants. INTRODUCTION continuous technological progress and better ac- cess to new technological solutions. One of the most important factors determin- Water and wastewater management in Poland ing the socio-economic development of a given still does not keep up with the user’s needs – the area is the state of its sanitation infrastructure, sewerage network is not being expanded fast i.e. its water supply and wastewater disposal and enough. The disproportion between the length of treatment systems. In Poland, recent years have the water supply network and the sewerage net- witnessed increased investment in the construc- work indicates that the latter is subsidiary to the tion and modernization of water supply and former, and that its expansion is strictly depen- sewerage systems [Pawełek 2016; Pawełek and dent on access to a water supply system. Other Bugajski 2017]. This has been an effect of the important factors that hinder the expansion of the socio-economic changes taking place in Poland, sewerage network is its greater technical com- an increase in ecological awareness, greater in- plexity and the capital-intensity of investment in terest in improving the state of the environment, its construction [Micek et al. 2018; CSO 2018]. 171 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(3), 2020 There are large differences in sewerage net- voivodship (Figure 1). The district covers an work coverage between urban and rural areas. area of 965.1 km2, which constitutes 3.84% of Sewerage systems in large urban agglomerations the area of the voivodship. The district has about are expanded at a much faster rate than those lo- 59,640 inhabitants, i.e. 2.85% of the population cated in rural or urban-rural communes. It can be of the voivodship (as of Dec. 31, 2017) [Statis- assumed that in cities, the expansion of sewerage tical Office in Lublin 2018]. To the north-east, systems keeps pace with the expansion of water the Radzyń district borders the Biała Podlaska supply systems. According to 2017 data, 90.2% district, to the east – the Parczew district, to the of the urban population had access to sewerage south – the Lubartów district, and to the west – systems compared to the mere 40.8% of the rural the Łuków district. The capital of the Radzyń population [CSO 2018]. district is the town of Radzyń Podlaski. The The goal of this study was to assess the sta- Radzyń Podlaski district comprises the following tus of sanitation infrastructure and the need for communes: the Radzyń Podlaski municipal com- the expansion of the water supply and sewerage mune and 7 rural communes: Borki, Czemierniki, networks in the Radzyń district. We used avail- Kąkolewnica, Komarówka Podlaska, Radzyń able statistical data and the results of a 2016 sur- Podlaski, Ulan-Majorat, and Wohyń (Figure 2). vey conducted in eight communes of the Radzyń The largest of these communes is Wohyń, district by the Department of Environmental which spans an area of nearly 180 km2, and the Engineering and Geodesy of the University of smallest – the municipality of Radzyń Podlaski Life Sciences in Lublin. The data collected in the – 19.3 km2 [Board of the Radzyń District 2019]. survey concerned, among others, the lengths of The municipality of Radzyń Podlaski is also the the active water supply and sewerage networks, most populated commune in the district. It has the number of inhabitants connected to each of over 15,800 inhabitants, with a population den- these networks, the number of centralized waste- sity of ca. 819 people/km2. The commune with water treatment plants with a capacity exceeding the smallest population is Komarówka Podlaska, 5 m3/d, and the number of on-site domestic waste- which has ca. 4,300 inhabitants, and a population water treatment plants. density of about 31 people/km2 (Table 1). The western part of the Radzyń district (the communes of Borki, Czemierniki, and THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RADZYŃ Ulan-Majorat, the town of Radzyń Podlaski and PODLASKI DISTRICT part of the municipality of Radzyń Podlaski and the commune of Kąkolewnica) extends over the The Radzyń district is one of the area of three geographical regions of the South 24 districts of the Lubelskie Voivod- Podlasie Lowland macroregion: the Łuków ship. It is located in the northern part of the Plains, the Lubartów Upland, and the Wieprz Fig. 1. Geographical location of Radzyń district in Poland 172 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(3), 2020 Fig. 2. The communes of Radzyń district River Glacial Valley. The eastern part of the Tyśmienica. The groundwaters of the district are Radzyń district (the communes of Wohyń and Ko- associated with Quaternary, Tertiary, and Creta- marówka Podlaska) is part of the Western Polesie ceous deposits. The majority of the district lies macroregion, and the mesoregions of the Łomazy within the area of three Major Groundwater Depression and the Parczew Plains [District Of- Reservoirs: GZWP 215 – the Warsaw Subbasin, fice in Radzyń Podlaski 2015a; Kondracki 2002]. GZWP 406 – the Lublin Basin (Niecka Lubelska), The Radzyń district is located in the East- and GZWP 224 – the Podlasie Subreservoir [Dis- ern Lesser Poland climatic region and the trict Office in Radzyń Podlaski 2015b]. The qual- Chełm-Podlasie climatic subregion. The aver- ity of water in the rivers of the district is moni- age annual air temperature in the Radzyń dis- tored and tested by the Provincial Inspectorate for trict for the years 1951–1980 was 7.2–7.3 °C; Environmental Protection in Lublin at the mea- the average temperature in January was –4.6 °C, surement and monitoring stations of the Regional and the average temperature in July was 18 °C. Monitoring Network. These tests are performed The average annual precipitation in the years for the rivers: Krzna Południowa, Tyśmienica, 1975–1980 was 530–545 mm [District Office in Białka, Piwonia and Bystrzyca Północna. The Radzyń Podlaski 2015a]. Radzyń Podlaski district has three groundwater The river network in the Radzyń district is monitoring stations, which are part of the nation- extensive, with eight rivers flowing through this al network: in Biała near Radzyń, in Kuraszew area: Białka, Bystrzyca, the Wieprz-Krzna Ca- (commune of Wohyń) and in Komarówka Pod- nal, Krzna, Piwonia, Samica, Stanówka, and laska. The station in Biała monitors confined Table 1. Characteristics of the communes of Radzyń district [Statistical Office in Lublin 2018; http://www.polskawliczbach.pl/powiat_radzynski] Proportion of district Proportion of district Area Population density Name of commune area occupied by Population population occupied by the [km2] [people/km2] the commune [%] commune [%] Municipal commune 19.3 2.0 15 808 26.5 819 of Radzyń Podlaski Borki 111.8 11.6 6 030 10.1 54 Czemierniki 107.5 11.1 4 394 7.4 41 Kąkolewnica 147.5 15.3 8 169 13.7 56 Komarówka 138 14.3 4 295 7.2 31 Podlaska Radzyń Podlaski 155 16.1 8 099 13.6 52 Ulan-Majorat 107.8 11.1 6 030 10.1 56 Wohyń 178.2 18.5 6 775 11.4 38 173 Journal of Ecological Engineering Vol. 21(3), 2020 deep-water from Quaternary aquifers, the station least numerous group are villages with dispersed in Komarówka assesses shallow groundwater, and irregular development patterns and villages and the station in Kuraszew controls groundwa- with concentrations of single farmsteads lying ter and confined deep-water bounded by Jurassic outside the main village area.