Bosnian History and Austro-Hungarian policy: some Medieval Belts, the Bogomil The author exposes the ua y in t v h i ch a f a l se vietv of the cultural history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, pro• Romance and the King j ccted for political reasons by Austria-Hungary in t h e early years of it s occupation of th e p r ovince, can still Tvrtko Graves have repercussions in the u ork of present-day scholars of European art-history, u ho have no reason to suspect Đr Marian Wenzel its operation. An instance is given i» >vhich a nun>ber of falsified a r cheological r esults f r o >n early i n the Bachelor of Science, Doctor of Philosophy century have been taken at face value by later scholars Abingdon Abbey, England and have resulted in the >nisdating by half a century or >nore of an i n >portant gr oup o f s i l ver-gilt b elts. The Original scientific p a per group is re-dated o» the basis of >nore reliable ei>idence.
BOSNIAN HISTORY .. scholarship from the only half-uncovered body of di s• tortions imposed on B o snian history by q u asi-official In the course of some recent research on medieval Austro-Hungarian sources in t h e l at e 19th an d e a rly B osnian metalwork, I f ou n d m y s elf p u zzled b y t h e 20th ccnturies. It seemed to me that it w o uld be inter• curious mis-dating of a group of i nteresting decorative esting to set out some account of how some extremely silver-gilt belts (f igs, 7 — 10, 11d — 16), Balkan regional disreputable machinations from the turn of the century variations of a t ype be'.ng made in France in the f i r st had led astray several unsuspecting and reputable half of th e 14th century ( f ig. 11a — c.) Of those which scholars from other lands in m ore recent years. have a known provenance, three have been found in or The problem is a c o m plicated knot, the st rands of near Bosnia (figs. 7 — 10) (Gunjača 1955; page 233, sl. >w>hich are as follows: 14; Fingerlin 1971; cat. no. 465; Ko vačević-Kojić 1978; (a) The peculiar h i story o f t h e M u s l ims i n B o s nia page 307) whilst others have been found in Greece (figs. during the first half of the nineteenth century. llc, 12) (Da!ton 1911; page 397, fig. 13, Pl. 56, figs. 8, 9, (b) A false history of Bosnia invented by the Austro• 11, 13; Tait 1986; p. 142, fig. 326, Fingerlin 1971; cat. -Hungarian regime towards the end of t h e n i neteenth nos. 152, 153, 155) and one example was long preserved century, and making use of the circumstance (a). in Georgia (figs. 13 — 16) (Millike» 1930; pages 35, 36; (c) The discovery and s u p pression by s t af f o f the Fingerlin 1971; cat. no. 66.) The whole group was mis• Zemaljski M u z ej, S arajevo, i n 1 909 — 10 of a richly -dated in a recent German book about medieval belt fit• e quipped royal grave, almost certainly that of th e B o • tings, highly reputable in other ways, further reading of snian King Tvrtko I ( d ied 1391), beneath the altar area which revealed that this at first inexplicable muddle was of a church at Ar nautovići near Visoko in ćentral Bo• b ased on a c o n f usion about o b j ects excavated f r o m snia, for the p u r poses of m aintaining (b). what was claimed as the grave of one ot th e B osnian (d) The fact t ha t (b ) w a s s o s uccesfully i m planted kings named Tvrtko.' in Bosnian consciousness that it survived the changed Exploring the problem of why the author had accept• p olitical world w h ich emerged from W o rld War 1. ed the, to m e o b v iously p r eposterous, claim b r ought (e) Some activity by a former Austro-Hungarian mili• to the fore something which had f r equently disturbed tary surgeon i n t h e e a rly 1920's created false scents me during my many years of research on the medieval a bout the graves of b ot h t h e k i ngs called Tvr tko b y tombstones of Bosnia and Hercegovina, namely the way r eleasing some apparently new i n f o r mation about a n in w h ic h t e n t acles s t il l s p r ead i n t o co n t emporary e xcavation which took p l ace in t h e f i rst y ears of t h e Habsburg occupation of Bosnia and Hercegovina. ' Ilse Fingerlin, Gu r tel d es ho hen und s paten M t t t el>tlters, (f) A German r esearcher in a q u i t e d i f f erent f i eld, Munchen 1 971. I am g r a teful to R o nald L i g htbown of i h e understandably ignorant of ( c), accepted, in a p u b l ic• Victoria and A l bert M u seum for b r i nging this material to my attention, and to Derek J. Con>ent for assisting me to ation in 1971, the evidence of the publication resulting obtain additional information. Nada Miletić of the Zemaljski f rom (e), and as a r e sult m i sdated a ~ h ol e group o f Muzej, Sarajevo,has enabled me to examine and photograph early 14th century belts to th e l ater 14th century, the finds from K ing T v r tko I's real grave, for w h ich I e x t end time of the death of T v r tko I ( 1 391), whilst compoun• thanks. Thanks are due also to my husband, John Cornish. who has given much assistance in the final shaping of this ding the confusion or iginating w it h (e ) b e tween that article, and in preparing it for publication. king and Tvrtko II (died 1443.) M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY . . . AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987.
Once the knot i s exposed and at l east partially un• literature to present the views under discussion in for• tied, the excellent reasons for dating the belts and some eign languages, appeared in Budapest in 1887, in Vienna associated finds to t h e early 14th century can be ex• in 1888, and in London in 1890. plored, and the record put straight. The Treaty of Berlin had granted Austria-Hungary the The above points may be elaborated as follows. sole right of occupation and administration of B o snia and Hercegovina following its take-over in 1879. A de• cade later many inhabitants of the region were still less T HE M U SLIMS IN BOSNIA AND H E R C E G O V I N A than enthusiastic about this arrangement, persisting ob• In the years between 1820 and 1851, the Bosnian Mus• stinately in seeing a linkage with Serbia as the natural lims were not m uch r egarded in I s tanbul (Š iŠić 1938; outcome of their history. Von Asboth's new account of pages 19, 20.) As the disregard grew increasingly mutual Bosnian history was designeđ to convince the upholders in the second half o f t h e c e ntury, they became very of this recalcitrant view that it was based on a failure much a l a w in t o th e m selves. The e ontrol t ha t t h e to appreciate their country's real past. One of the most Muslim landowners exercised over their Christian serfs important facts of Bosnian history, he argued, was that grew more b r u tal, anđ th e t axes they i m posed more it had once had, during the era before the imposition punitive, and many ugly incidents occured as the serfs of Turkish rule, a strongly held national religion. This began to rebel. By this time Istanbul could only weakly r eligion, the message ran, was in n o w a y l i n ked w i t h acquiesce in w ha t t h e B o snian M u slims w ere d o ing. Serbia, on the one hand, and was vehemently condem• Thus, by the 1870's they were the only religious group ned by Rome, on the other. It was, in fact, an heretical in Bosnia and Hercegovina with no aspirations which religion, clearly related to various established medieval depended on backing from some foreign power, at a dualist heresies. Its place of o r i gin was a l and w h i ch time when Catholic Croatia looked to Austria and, be• had also been subjugated to Turkey in later years, na• yond, to Rome, whilst Orthodox Serbia looked to Mon• mely Bulgaria.' It was to B u lgaria therefore that Bos• tenegro, then r u led b y a n O r t h odox vl a dika, and, o f nians should look for cultural links, rather than to We• course, to Russia. stern or Central E u rope. That Bosnia had, during the period of the heresy's flourishing, been generally under Hungarian eontrol wa s no t d e nied. Catholic H u ngary A FALSE HISTORY OF BO SN IA had at times deigned to forgive and forget this heresy, which had tainted most of B o snia's local rulers along W hat we might call t h e » B ogomilian« h i story of B o • with their subjects; equally Hungary had from t ime to s nia now seems t o h a v e b een i n l a r g e m easure t h e time conducted c l ean-up c a m pagins, a t Papal i n s • brainchild of Janos von Asboth, an official in the early t igation, a i me d at res t o r in g Bo s n ia to adherence A ustro-Hungarian administration and a member of th e to t h e t ruc chur c . T he fac t remained h o w ever, Hungarian parliament, and of his better-known associ• A sboth a r gued, t h a t Bo s n ia, b y vir t u e o f it s re • ate Benjamin vo n K a l lay (W en el, K o jić 19 80; pages l igious h i story, l a y out s i de a ny E a stern o r W es • 209, 210), the administrator of Bosnia from 1882 to 1903 t ern m a i n stream. I t w as obv i o usly n e c essary f o r (ćorović 1925; page 80.) That this was t he case seems the success of Asboth's argument that hi s account of to have occuređ to several Jugoslav scholars over the Bosnia's heretical isolation during the later Middle Ages years. An intersting discussion of the situation occurs should not be contradicted by its cultural heritage. Bo• in an u n p u b lished w o r k on the Bos n ian m e d ieval snia certainly had its own unique heritage of late medi• tombstones by the numismatist Ivan Rengjeo (Srednjo• eval monuments: large, rather s t r ange, t o mbstones, vječni nadgrobni spomenici, stećci, ttndated), the type• strewn in t h ousands about the land, some elaborately script of w h ich i s i n a p r i v ate library i n Z agreb. The decorated. These, then, Asboth concluded, were clearly work as a whole is of no great interest now, since it has the cultural survival of t hose brave, heretics who sho• been superseded by far m or e comprehensive accounts uld obviously be called, like their B u lgarian brothers, of thc same type (e.g. by Šefik Bešlagić), but in his bi• »Bogomil«(vor> Asboth 1890; pages 30 — 100.) b liography Rengjeo provides some valuably critical di• The devising of this »history«so that it both fulfilleđ scussion of the early sources for what had become the Austrian purposcs and more or less accorded with an widely accepted theory of the origins of the stećak phe• existing historical framework was ingenious. Asboth of nomenon. Rengjo saw the creation of the false history course counted on t h e f a ct t h at f e w B o s nians would as the result of a r ealisation by the Austro-Hungarian have had access to the detailed historical sources avail• authorities, looking back on th e f i rst years of the oc• able in Austro-Hungarian libraries. The principal me• cupation, that some kind of idealogical support was ne• ans to A sboth's end — t h e a c count o f t h e B o s nian eded for what they saw as the necessary separation of national r e ligion — di d n o t , h o w ever, d emand a n y Bosnia and Hercegovina from Serbia. The notion that particular i n t ellectual v i r t uosity o n t h e pa r t of it s the propogation of t h e » B ogomil hypothesis«, as it ca• creator. T h i s w a s si m p l y be c ause t h e e x c eeđingly me to be called, was not seriously undertaken until af• enigmatic nature o f me d i eval B o snian r e l igious b e• ter the first few years of Austro-Hungarian eontrol cer• l iefs an d p r a c tices l en t t h e m selves (and s t i l l le n d tainly accords with th e comments of Ferdo Šišić, pu• blished in 1938, about the general direction of Austrian policy at that time (Šišić 1938; pages 19, 20, 43 — 4), and ' A re-examination of Bulgarian Bogomilism in the light of in fact von Asboth's»popular«book about Bosnian cul• recent scholarship is undertaken in John V. A. Fine, The Bulgarian Bogom>/ Movement~, East European Quarterly, ture, which was aimed at outsiders, and was the fi r st Vol. XI, no. 4, Boulder, Colorado, 1977; page@ 385 —412.~
30 M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY .. . AN D TH E K I N G T V RTKO GRAVES PERISTIL 30/1987. themselves) to a w ide r ange of m ore or l ess plausible Bosnia and Hercegovina, who remained Catholic or interpretations. The»Bosnian Church«, an institution Orthodox depending on w h ere t hey l i ved (F ine 1973; frequently maligned in Catholic sources of it s p eriod, pages 19 — 29;Fine 1975; pages 131, 361.) has been the subject of endless puzzlement and discus• There is every reason to believe that profound ignor• sion over the last century. On p resent knowledge the situation seems to have been, in brief, as follows. ance of doctrinal m a t ters p r evailed at p easant level, then as more recently, and the beliefs of many people It is generally held that f rom th e 13th century until who would have called themselves Catholic or O r t h o• the Ottoman invasion Bosnia had a distinctive national dox might well have surprised more sophisticated ad• church, whose churchmen generally referred to t h em• herents of t h ose b r anches of C h r i stianity elsewhere. selves as»Christian« ( k r stjani), but wh o w ere someti• There is similarly a possibility that most or all of w hat mes locally called » p atarin« ( P etković 1953; page J3; Rome found offensive on heretical in the beliefs of the Fine 1975; page 334), which w as o r i ginally an I t a l i an uncomplicated souls wh o c a l led t h emselves »Christi• term for a schismatic. It must be said, of course, that the a ns
31 M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY . . . AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987.
had read. He did not devote much space to this specu• T HE GR AV E O F T V R T K O I lation in the published account of his travels, but justi• fied it w i t h t h e o b servation that t h ose stones which Another i n t eresting c o mment i n Re n g j eo's bi b lio• he had come across did not include in t heir iconogra• graphy concerns what he saw as the role ofthe Zemalj phic repertoire the cross, which was known to be ana• s ki Muzej i n S a r ajevo i n s p r eading th e w o r d a b o ut thema to d u alists (E vans 1973; pages J63, 164.)' The Bosnia's supposed Bogomilian past. This national mu• fact that Ar t hur E v ans soon became an archaeologist seum for B o snia and H e rcegovina had been f ounded of great international renown helped to give weight to b y the A u stro-Hungarian a d m inistration i n 1 8 85, to this w il d f a n cy, f i r s t k n ow n i n Aus t r i an circles as promote the study and appreciation of the history, ar• »Evans' opinion« (von L« schan 1881; page 107, note I), chaeology and natural h i story o f t h e r e gion. Rangjeo when Asboth chose, for political reasons, to propagate felt there was evidence that w h ilst von Asboth's Ger• it as unquestionable truth. m an and E n g lish l anguage works p r esented th e e x • Von Asboth subtly combined this concept — that the t remely tendentious theory as established fact t o t h e s tećci were w i t hout d o ub t » B ogomil« m o n u ments • o utside world, the m u seum staff wa s e n t rusted w i t h with a qu ite di fferent one: that v i r tually all B o snians the same task at a local level. Any unbiased considera• h ad been Bogomils, and t ha t t h ese Bogomils had so tion of the f ollowing facts will l ead to th e conclusion s uffered Roman-inspired p ersecutions t hat t h e y h a d that Rengjeo was very probably right. converted en t n asse to I s la m ( a gain, something von The grave of King Tvrtko I was originally discovered A sboth may have heard rather than i nvented, but f o r by the Zemaljski M uzej curator K a rlo Patsch in 1909, which there i s n o h i s t orical b asis (F ine 1975; pages the year f o l lowing Austria-Hungary's most p o l itically 382 — 385.) Austria-Hungary made much use of the Mu• explosive act, the illegal annexation of Bosnia and Her• slim population during the early years of it s adminis• cegovina (Andelić 1980; pages 227 — 230). tration of Bosnia and Hercegovina. The Islamic religion in Bosnia, whose ties of dependence with Istanbul had The finding of th e grave was apparently accidental. been all but d estroyed during the f i rst t h r ee-quarters Excavations of some ruins at Arnautovići, a few m i les of the century, as mentioned in (a), was at t hat point north-east of Visoko in Central Bosnia, had been initi• still free of any dangerous political ties with the out• ated in a n a t t e mpt t o lo c a te t h e s i te o f t h c c h u r c h side v orld, and wa s a s a r e sult r a t her p r o moted by founded by Ban K u li n i n 1 193 and commemorated on the occupiers. One outcome of t hi s was that M u slims an inscription-stone which had come to light at Bisku• were allowed t o r e t ain t h ei r C a t holic an d O r t h odox pići-Muhašinovići, not far a way (Vego IV, 1970, pages serfs (Dedijer 1967; pages 79 —81), so that many of t he 70, 71, no. 254; Andjelić 1980, page 232) Ban Kulin him• Bosnian Catholics who ha d a t f i r s t r a t her w e lcomed self was seen as a key figure in the new Bosnian history the Habsburg t a keover as a li b e r ation w er e c r u elly outlined in (b), according to w h ich he was an notable disappointed. religious renegade who, in sp ite of t h e c lear p r ohibi• t ions off hi s suzerain, Bela I I I , h a d » w i t h h i s w h o l e T he imposition of th e spurious » Bogomil« c olour t o f amily and t e n t h o usand subjects, gone over t o t h e Bosnian history, on the other hand, was part of a cam• Bogomilian faith«(von Asboth 1890, page 43) His later paign to r emove from th c p o tentially dangerous Bos• r ehabilititation and r e t ur n t o t h e H u n garian f ol d a s nian Christians as much of t heir j ust cultural heritage result of Papa/ intervention was also acknowledged, of a s possible. It wa s t o t h e M u slims therefore that t h e course, but it was seen mcrely as a temporary redempt• stećci — i n r e ality th e t o mbstones of th e f o refathers ion in the obviously heretical succession of the Banate. of Christians of all p ersuasions as well as of M u slims In the course of clearing a later medieval church in — were, by means of thisstrange theory, presented as the expectation that some r emains of K u l i n's church a gift, and one which seemed to emphasize their here• might be f o und a t a l o w e r l e vel, a c onsiderable rec• ditary r i ghts i n t h e l a nd, w h i lst i m p lying t hat l a t ter tangular mausoleum space was revealed via an access day Christians there were, comparatively, »newcomers« beneath a large stećak near the altar of the church, an (Wen"el, Kojić 1980; page 209.) area which had been called»the royal chapel« in a local tradition recorded as early as 1600 (Andelić 1980; page 199) Within it w ere eight skeletons, suggesting that the v ault had b een t ha t o f a n e x t ended family.' One o f ' This notion — that the presence or absence of crosses on grave markers can be taken as implying something about the beliefs of the people buried beneath them — has been constantly raised by proponcnts of the B o gomil hypothesis~ ' Eyewitnesses to the excavation, interviewed by I rma Č r e• with the conviction that i t s t r ongly supports their claims. mošnik in 1950 — 51, agreed as to th e n u mber of s keletons In fact it is complete nonsense; a survey of European tamb• that had been found (Anđeltć 1980, pages 187, 230, 231). It stones from the middle ages to the present easily demons• is my own v iew t hat t his same mausoleum had served as trates that their iconography is a matter of fashion only, and final resting place for Ba n S t j epan I I K o t r omanić (died that burial i n p r ecints recognised as hallowed has always 1353), who is known to have built the Franciscans a church been considered a sufficient indicator of piety. As an example at Mile to that purpose. Bosnian 14th century burial habits o f the non-applicability of t h e »cross principle o n e m i ght often lead to th e l ast burial i n a c o m munal grave being mention that among the large number of elaborately brought carefully arranged, as it was here, while earlier burials were medieval tombs in W estminster Abbey, London, only one displaced to give i t r o om (B e šlagić, Bcsler 1964: page 22, has a cross of any k in d amongst its decoration: certainly grave 62„T . X I V , sL 4, af t er 1329. Page 52, grave 251, T. the kings, queens and nobility of m edieval England were XXXII, sl.5, after 1342. Page 14, grave g, T Xlf, sl.2, after not noted for their adherence to dualist heresies. I34Z). One of the rings found in the mausoleum (figs. 2b, 2c; M . Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY ... AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987. these skeletons lay in a coffin once draped with a r i ch Moreover, in th e delicate political atmosphere follow• p alI, the f r agmentary r emains of w h i c h ar e n o w o n ing Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia, any publi• display in the Zemaljski Muzej (inv. no. 608), and un• city about th e d i scovery of a ri c hl y e q u ipped bu r ial mistakably bear the bearing royal insignia used by King chamber of Bosnia's first king could only have encour• Tvrtko I (fig. 1, a — c.)~ aged undesirable nationalistic feelings among Bosnians. M ost unfortunately, the s u bsequent actions o f t h e A ccordingly, th e e v iđence ivas f a lsified. Th e l a r ge excavators and m u seum s t aff p r ecluded th e s u r vival stećak actually described in a j o t ted n ote by M u stafa of any accurate k n owledge of h o w o t h e r r i c h g r a ve Salihagić, a local assistent t o K a r l o P a tsch (i bid., p. goods which have since been ascertained as being from 2)4), was drawn into the site map as an item of small this site were originally disposed within the vault, alt• size, about the size a c o f fin w o uld h ave been w i t h in hough it i s u sually assumed now t hat a m a ssive gold the grave (ibid., porges 190, 199, 228, 229). The coffin it• and crystal ring (fig. 2a, b) must have been the king's s elf seems to h ave b een destroyeđ. An a t t empt w a s (A@delić ) 980; page 221) The r i n g a nd a nu m b e r o f made to destory the actual stećak, v hich was identified other valuables from th e excavation (some illustrated by Anđelić as a h u ge, p eak-topped slj en>enj ak w i t h fig. 2a, c), were added to the Zemaljski Muzej eollecti• integral base. According to t hat w r i t er, the stone was ons under a single inventory number, » G-I — 14-VII I • s o large that all th e Austrians could do was hack of f - 1909«, given w i t hout an y e x planations as t o p r o v e• most of the simple, carefully tooled outer surface, and nence, but recognized as being in K a rl o Patch's hand drag the c ore o f t h e m o n u ment o u tside th e c h u rch by Dimitrije Sergejevski in 1947, ivho then suggested ((bid., pages 211, 229). The hacked-off pieces remained in an inventory note that these might indeed be Arna• around th e m a u soleum e n t r ance i n side t h e c h u r ch, utovići finds ((bid.; pages 187, 212 — 213, 22)) Additional ivhile other broken-up decorative material in red stone, A rnautovići m aterial w a s l o c ateđ subsequently i n a interpreted by Anđelic as a base for the monument was n umber of di f ferent places within the museum; in t h e buried inside the mausoleum, and was found when An• c lassical eollections, the m edieval eollections, and i n đelić re-excavated the site in 1976 and 1977 (ibid., pages the basement storage; (ibid: page 185). 2()2 — 203, 227 — 229).
It was detective enterprise by Pavao Andelić — fol• Only rather casual reference was made to the Arna• lowing up e a rlier wo r k b y I rm a Č r e m o šnik đ o ne i n utovići excavations in the Zemaljski Muzej records and 1950 — 51 under the impetus of Sergejevski's discovery publications at the t i me. No p r oper excavation report — which made clear the lengths to which Karlo Patsch i vas published. Minutes of a m u seum meeting of N o • a nd his museum associates were prepared to go in or • vember 2, 1909 do describe the excavations, but con• der to eliminate traces of the finding of this royal grave centrate on the question of whether or not the church underneath a stećak within a Christian church, although could be said to relate to Ban Kulin, with the conclusi• Andelić was not concerned to draw any particular con• on that it probably could, and remark only that graves clusions as to th e r easons for t h eir actions. However, »connected ith« the churcb had produced rich finds. two immediately suggest themselves. Asboth's construct (b) stated that the medieval Bosnian state had an es• »Dr. Patsch, u vezi sa svojim r e feratom na zadnjoj tablished heretical church and t hat m ost of i t s r u l ers sjednici, izvještava o i s k opavanju u A r n a utovićima i (including Tvrtko I) w ere Bogomils. It also stated that kotaru Visoko. Iskopavanje je trajalo čitav mjesec av• Bogomils avoided a t l e ast t h e i n t e r iors o f ph y s ical gust i sve đ o s ada n ij e z avršeno. Produženje radova churches as l o c ations f o r the i r st e ćak t o m b stones objašnjava sa veličinom o t k r ivene crkve i o k o l nošću (themselves a purely Bogomil fo rm.) All of t h i s ivould d a su se unutar prvotno otkrivene crkve pojavili i o s • h ave been seriously weakeneđ had k n owledge of t h e taci jedne manje — starije (crkve) i da se tako đer na• discovery of the grave of Tvrtko I i n a v a ult sealed by i šlo na gr obove iz i s tog v r emena. Stoga je d o šlo d o a stećak in a church building been much spread about. većeg iskopa zemlje, a bi o j e n u žan i j e dan oprezniji i polaganiji radni postupak. 0 značaju građevine za na• šu srednjevjekovnu crkvenu arhitekturu moći će se dati suđ kada se otkrije čitavi tloris. Već sada se može za• Anđelić 1980, p uges 187, 230, 231) is much earlier in s t y l e ključiti, ali uza sve rezerve, da položaj dviju c r k ava u than those of Tvrtko's own t i me. It has been correctly as• cribed by Bojana Radojković to the later 13th (Radojković A rnautovićima asocira na natpis bana Ku lina koj i g o • 1969; puges 180, 334, 352.) Although Anđelić has sought to vori o gradnji cr kve na temeljima neke starije (crkve). identify the ban's grave with one near the church entrance Nalazište natpisa je svega 20 minuta udaljeno od Arna• (Anđelić 1980; pages 231, 232), this mausoleum's central po• u tovića i leži neposredno na obali B o sne, tako da j e sition would accord w it h t h e r espect one imagines ivould have been due to the church donor — a carrier of Arpad p rijenos kamena sa natpisom bio lako moguć. Da li j e as well as Nemanja bI@od, whose daughter has become Queen ova pretpostavka prihvatljiva, da li je, dakle, Kulin ban of Hungary in th e year of hi s death (ć irković 1964„page izgradio crkvu u A r n autovićima, provjerit će se i sko• 121.) pavanjem na mjestu gdje je nađen natpis. Ako se tamo ' The heraldry — a helmet surmounted by a bou@uet of ne nađe nikakva crkva onda je gornja sumnja oprav• feathers above a shield blazoned by a bend dexter and f leurs-de-lys — was used both by K i n g T v r tko I a n d h i s dana.« successor, King Dabiša (dieđ 1395) and also by Dabiša's ivi• đow, Queen Jelena Gruba (1395 — 1398.) Anđelić gives most »Grobni nalazi s u m n o gobrojni i vr i j e d ni, o sobito c onvincing reasons for believing that the coffin u nder t h e zbog priloga nakita, zlatnih i s r e brnih p r stenova, na• royal pali containeđ the body of K in g T v r tko rather than ušnica i.t.d., tako d a će n aša srednjovjekovna zbirka one of these less important personalities (Anđehć 1970; page 21, 1980; puges 187, 214, 218.) biti znatnije obogaćena.« M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY . . . AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987.
»Od skeleta, samo j e j e da n n a den č itav. Kosti su cluding, one p r esumes, Rengjeo h i m self, must have zbog močvarnog tla v rlo tr o š ne«( A n delić 1980, pages known the truc situation, which they did not then cho• 186, 187). ose to divulge publicly. One person who did speak out An another meeting on September 17, 1910, Patsch at this t ime was V l adislav Škarić, who i n a S a r ajevo m ade a very short s t atement to t h e e f fect t hat w o r k publication of 1932 blamed Austro-Hungarian propagan• at Arnautovići was now complete (ibid., page 187.) d a for th e w i d espread acceptance of t h e n o t ion t h at Beyond these mentions in i n ternal museum records, »Bogomils«were responsible for the production of Bos• a certain amount o f i n f o r m ation about th e excavated n ian medieval tombstones. Not h a ving access to t h e church was released in print by Patsch's associates. Ci• original publication, I q u ote Alojz Benac on the t opic ro Truhelka wrote in the Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u (Benac 1951, pages 69 — 70). Sarajevu of 1 914 (page 223; Andelić 1980; page 187, n. »... Vrlo ispravno prilazi ovom problemu i V l . Š k a• 11) that the church at A r nautovići had been an early• rić. On još 1932 godine piše da u jugoslavenskom nau č• -Christian basilica, of the same date as others at D a• nom svijetu postoji »skoro utvrčeno vjerovanje, da su bravina, Zenica and Turbe. Vladimir Čorović in the sa• bosanski mramorovi grobni spomenici ljudi bogumilske me year's Glasnik maintained that the discoveries indi• vjere» (V. Škaric, »Bogomilski grobovi i bosančica», Na• c ated a monumental structure built in t h e t ime of t h e rodno jedi~stvo, almanah-kalendar, Sarajevo 1932, str. Bosnian kings, utilising in p ar t t h e f o undations of an 356)»Nitko se nije obazirao — veli dalje Škarić — i na older, smaller church beneath which, in turn, were Ro• druge okolnosti iz kojih se bogomilsko porijeklo mr a• man remains (ibid.; page 187, note 13, GZM, 1914, page morova ne samo nije moglo izvesti, nego ga je i p o b i• 12) These remarks were not inaccurate as speculations jalo«(Ibidem). On smatra da je u ovo p i tanje i p o l iti• about the c h urcb i t self, wh ich i n deed exhibited four ka unijela svoje prste. Austrija je h t j ela da Bosnu na• distinct levels — one romanesque and two gothic-style cionalno odvoji od Srba i H r v ata i d a stvori neke Bo• buildings on the site of w ha t c o uld w ell h ave been a šnjake. Stoga je njena uprava u K alajevo vrijeme vrlo late-antique basihca (Anđelić 1980, pages 187, 190)• rado prihvatila teoriju o b o g um ilskim g r obovima, jer but the public at large was clearly and deliberately kept je ta teorija išla u prilog ovakvoj zamisli«. in the dark a b out th e f ul l i m p or t o f t h e A r n autovići excavations. To Benac in 1951 the idea had made sense. »I do not enter here«, he said, »into the question of th e n ature As a pendant to the accounts of these first three com• of Bogomilism or i f i n d eed such ever existed in B o s• ponents in th e k n o tted pr oblem w h ich i s th e subject nia and Hercegovina. Nonetheless, some of Škarić's i• o f this article, one can hardly forbear to m ention t h e deas are to me totally acceptable. The indisputable in• grim poetic irony that the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, fluence of Austrian politics solves many problems, and the heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was l ikely this«. Škarić, however, wrote little more on t hi s d ue to declare open th e g r and new b u i l dings of t h e topic, and th e » B ogomil hypothesis«was repeated un• Zemaljski Musej on the morning of June 28, 1914, and challenged in the popular press. was indeed on his way there when Gavrilo Princip shot and mortally wounded him thereby, initiating the chain In the first decades after World War Two, there was of events which led to the outbreak of the First World another reascm, no less political in i t s w ay , al though War, and the eventual downfall of Austria-Hungary it• much more honourable, why many popular writers we• self. re happy to continue to promote the »Bogomilian«ver• s ion of Bosnia's past, and this had little to do w it h i t s picturesque contribution to tourism, as is sometimes al• T HE BOG O M IL ROM A N C E leged. For these writers t h e » B o snian heretics«, were notable figures in a l o n g t r a dition of p r o test, against Literature about B osnia and H e rcegovina and t heir established churches, and a gainst established f o r m s. history published in the period between the First and They were seen as heroes, standing out for the country Second World Wars in the main r eiterated the » Bogo• against all manner of outside interference, and against m il hypothesis« o u t lined i n ( b ) , and a s t h i s w a s t h e the religious intolerance so characteristic of the spiritu• view learned by most schoolteachers in their own child• al monopolies of East and West during the later Mi d• hood studies in A u stro-Hungarian sponsored schools, dle Ages. In fact they were seen as the partisans of their they continued to teach it i n t h e absence of any con• age, maintaining in their mountain fastnesses the inde• tradicting literature. Often works of i m p eccable gene• pendence of a proud people. Understandably, writers ral scholarship s t il l a t t r i b uted al l B o s nian medieval o f this persuasion did no t m uc h c are to b e t ol d t h a t tombstones to Bogomils; to give one example the title their account did no t c o r respond to any h i storical or of an article by Vejsil Čurčić, »How our Bogomil forbe• geographical realities, and that the »heresy«of the Bo• ars cut and t r ansported medieval tombstones» (»Kako snian Church was the result not so m uch of a i n t elli• su naši bogomilski predji sj ekli i p r e vozili nadgrobne gent protestant spirit, but o f s heer ignorance and ne• spomenike«, NAPREDAK IX, 3 — 4, Saraj evo 1934, pages gligence. However worthy their m o t ifs, these post-war 35 — 39) repeats the utterly uncritical assumption about, writers managed to contrive a romance of Bogomilism the origins of the stećci, but is completely sensible as which, after dissemination in a number of i l l -informed an account of the actual mechanics of the stećak car• books in foreign languages, has proved a considerable ver's art. nuisance for scientific wr i ters who have had to w a ste Obviously, certain cultured f i gures who engaged in v aluable pages in r e f utations w hich should no t h a v e the study of B osnia's past throughout this period, in• been necessary. This has been an unfortunate long-term
34 M , Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY ... AND THE KING TVRTKO GR A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987.
b
FIG. 1 ( a-d): a ) R e peat m o t if ; s u r v iving f r agment FELIX VON LUSCHAN'S STORY from the royal Bosnian coffin palI excavated at Arna• utovići, Visoko, in 1909; gold and silver brocade. Sara• In the year 1921, an article in the German periodical jevo, Zemaljski muzej (608.) — b) Arms of King Tvrtko »Cicerone«, (Munchen 1921, pp. 659 — 666) published hat I reconstructed from surviving motifs from th e A rna• purported to be evidence for a q u ite d i fferent Tvrt ko utovići textile. After Andelić, 1980. — c) Seal of K i n g grave. This rather surprising claim was presented as the Tvrtko I, preserved in six copies dated 1385 — 1389. Dia• logical conclusion to be drawn from the study of f i nds meter 3 cm. After Anđelić 1970. — d) Silver ring, east, from an excavation made by th e a r t icle's author, one engraved, with arms of a retainer of Tvrtko I, excavated Felix von L u schan, at a m e d ieval cemetery at R a vna from the royal mausoleum at Arnautovići, Visoko. Dia• Trešnja, near Tuzla in nor th-east Bosnia. This excava• meter 2.3 cm. Sarajevo, Zemaljski muzej (620.) tion had taken place long before, early in 1879. Felix von Luschan had been a mi litary surgeon with the Austrian army when Austria-Hungary had occupied legacy of the Austro-Hungarian domination of Bosnian Bosnia and Hercegovina, and he stated that he and his =ulture in the years before World War I, the importan• commanding officer had discovered the cemetery, which =e of which is that i t d i scouraged for many years the had had no t o m bstones of any sort, qu ite by c hance. critical re-examination of m u c h o f t h e a r chaeological He had not remained long in the service of the Austro• work done during that period. -Hungarian Empire and by 1885 was in the employ of the Museum fur V o l k erkunde in B e r l in. Hi s r elation• ship with the Austro-Hungarian authorities throughout the period between his excavation and its downfall can• not now be clarified. Obviously he remained in contact with his former military companions, since he was able to record in hi s 1921 article (page 659) that one of his fellow officers (Hauptmann Schaffer, whose artillery• men had moved earth for the excavation) had by then died, but t hat a d a gger fro m h i s share of t h e g rave• -finds had been lost and a glass cup from the same so• urce had been shattered by one of his children or a do• mestic servant. Whether or not von Luschan became M . Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY . . . AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987. involved in Austria-Hungary's political manipulation of simply that the spoils from th e f o rty graves they had Bosnia's cultural history cannot now be deduced with opened had been divided up, and that he himself now any certainty. H owever, some startling discrepancies had a valuable collection of weapons and trinkets. between his original account of the excavation finds, pu• blished in 1881 (»on L«scš>an 1881 : 112 — 114) and his Von Luschan's publication of 1921, by contrast, ex• new publication of 1921, could best be explained by the panded on the convivial nature of th e excavation pro• assumption that he did. j ect undertaken by t h e A u s t rian o f f icers, on ho w i t came about, and on i v hat was found. The f i nds were Von Luschan's 1881 publication ivas of a report read listed with greater care than before, and those in von to a si tting o f t h c V i e nnese Anthropological Society, Luschan's own possession were illustrated. Since this e lucidating the circumstances of the f i n ding of t h i r t y m aterial is o f t h e g r eatest im portance in r e lation t o skulls excavated at Ravna Trešnja, which he had pre• other Bosnian grave-goods to which attention has been sented in 1879 to the Anthropological Section of the ci• g iven in recent years, I h ave for th e p u r poses of t h i s ty's Natural History Museum. His d:scussion of the spe• article, copied each one of von L u schan's illustrations cific excavations followed an extended exegesis on Bos• (figs. 5 — 11.) nian and Hercegovinian medicval tombstones. Some of t hese, he was able to state, dated without doubt to t h e The grave-goods not i l l u strated by vo n L u schan in 14th century. He had personally excavated graves bene• 1921 ivere those no longer accessible to him either be• ath thirty such monuments; two of the graves had cont• cause they had d i sintegratcd as t hey w er e o r i ginally ained 14th century coins. Under one tombstone at Han uncoveređ, or because they had been given to other Šibošica (north-east Bosnia, between Srebrenik anđ Tu• members of the excavation team. Even so he was able zla — now Šibošnica) (ibid., pages 109, 111; Bešlagić 1971, to describe most of t h ese. The pieces discovered in a page 194), he had found an H u ngarian coin of L o u is I state of disintegration were iron belt b uckles in some (1342 — 1382), and under another at Han Kolibača on the o f the male graves, and what w ere described as » t h e Drinjača (north-east Bosnia south of Z v ornik), a coin miserable remains of notched cutting knives, that pro• o f Louis' đaughtcr, Quecn Maria ( 1382 — 1395). In t h e bably once had wooden grips«. The iron spurs listed as graves under these tombstones had been a fine sclecti• found in the supposedly royal grave were not included on of short, vđđe, (brachycephalic) skulls'. Indeed, con• in von Luschan's illustrations, and had prcsumably go• cluded von Luschan, because there was a piety for tomb• ne to someone elsc. The two i t ems alrcady mentioned stones of any kind amongst the Muslim inhabitants of as having been in the possession of Hauptmann Schaffer the land, the graves in their areas ivere generally qui• had both subsequently disappeared. These were a rela• te undisturbed; Bosnia was Eldorado for the craniolo• tively ivell-prcserved thrce-edged dagger, and»a r oun• gist (ibid., page lš3, 114). ded and flattened little cup w ith h u mped base, 10 cm. in diameter, of transparent, nearly colourlcss pale grecn Von Luschan's personal Eldorado had obviously been at Ravna Trešnja; a gravcyard with n o t o m bstones at glass.«(»o» L»scš>an š921; pages 659 — 660) all, which n a turally greatly f acilitateđ it s excavation. Grave-goods from von Luschan's collcction which ca• The locality had o nly a t t r acted his a t tention because me from graves other than the supposed Tvrtko grave h e chanced to n o t ice leg bones pr otruding f ro m t h e are illustrated here as figures three to eight. They in• earth (V on L » s c)>a»1 92š, page 659.) It s skuls were clude one pair of b r onze spurs said to be like the pair unusual; as described in his 1881 publication, they we• in the » r oyab< grave (fig. 6a) (ibid., page 660, Abb. 2); re all narrow anđ long (dolichocephalic), and he chose two silver finger rings (fig. 4a; from one male and one then to hazard that they had belonged to members of female grave) (ibid., p. 661, Abb. 3); nine silver buttons a R agusan m e rcantile c o m m u nity r e s ident i n those (fig. 4b, from one female grave, and said to resemble o• parts (ibid., page 113). In s upport of t h i s t h e ory v on thers he had excavateđ in East Bosnia from Mramor ne• Luschan said t hat a s i l ver-gilt sw orđ belt (» N~e)».ge• ar Zvornik) (ibid., p.661, Abb.3); and a beaker of c l ear l>enk«) found in one grave looked to have been decora• glass (fig. 3) (i b id., p. 6 61, Abb. 4a, 4b.) The b eaker, t eđ by a m aster f ro m t h e t im e o f G i o tto; the sort o f which he described as being paper-thin and completely thing, he opined, appropriate to a R agusan visitor. colourless, had a c u p ped r i m t o wh i c h b l u e t h r eads In 1881, von Luschan had left it at that. Now, in 1921, ivere applieđ, and twelve vertical ribs formed by blow• it was this belt, (fig. 7, a-c,e, fig. 8a,b), and the skulI ing into a mould. Its base had been given a deep kick, of its oivner — somewhat differently described this ti• in the shape of a eone. This beaker was found laid aga• me — ivhich were said to iđentify the grave as that of inst the skulI of one of th e skcletons, in a way w h ich a Bosnian King Tvrtko. corresponds to the positions of beakers of similar sha• pe uncovered more recently at V eličani, Popovo polje, Von Luschan, in h s earlier publication, had remar• in Hercegovina (Kojić-IVen-el 1967; pages 78, 79, jigs. ked, without going i nto m u c h d e tail, t hat t h e R a vna 7, 8) and at K a k anj, V i soko, Central Bosnia (To»>ičić Trešnja graves had been richly equipped. Without men• 1975; pnges 182 —18S) tioning how t h e d i scoveries had b een d i stributed a• mongst the p articipants in t h e ex c avation, he h i n ted The male grave which ivas subsequently assigned by von Luschan to K ing Tv r t ko, contained an iron sword with doivnward-turned, bow-shaped quillons, traces of ' Similar brachyeeI>halie skulls have been recently excavated a scabbarđ attachment, iron spurs (described as iden• under stećak tombstones at Raška Gora, Mostar region (Mi• tical to those illustrated here, which were found in an kić 1978; p»ges 226 — 241.) adjoining grave), an iron and bone dagger, and an iron M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY .. . AN D TH E K I N G T V RTKO GRAVES PERISTIL 30/1987.
FIG. 2 (a-c): a) Four gold rings with various settings, excavated from t h e r o yal m a usoleum at A r n autovići, Visoko. Sarajevo, Zemaljski muzej (618, 616, 619, 617.) — b) Gold ring, filigree and rock crystal. Diameter 2.5 cm. Diameter from bezel to back of hoop, 3.4 cm. Sa rajevo, Zemaljski M u zej ( 6 16.) — c ) G o l d r i n g vvith s apphirc, hollow h o op, b ezel su pported b y c u t w o r k trefoils. Diameter 2.1 cm. Sarajevo, Zemaljski m u zej (619.) Photographs by the author, vvith kind permission of Nada Miletić. M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY .. . AND THE KING TVRTKO GR A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987.
FIG. 3 (a-b): a) Glass beaker excavated from Ravna FIG. 4 (a-c): a) Two silver rings excavated at Ravna T rešnja, Tuzla, Bosnia, in 1879. Clear glass with a p • Trešnja, Tuzla, in 1879. Actual size. After von Luschan plied blue thereads, mould-blown. Rim diameter 12.8 cm. 1921, Abb. 1. Present location unknown. — b) Two silver Height 16 cm. After von L u schan 1921, Abb. 4a. — b) buttons from Ravna Trešnja, actual size. After von Lu• Profile. After von L u schan 1921, Abb. 4b. Present lo• s chan 1921, Abb. 1. Present lokation u n k nown. — c ) cat ion unknown. Two silver b u t tons f rom A l i šić, Sanski Most, Bosnia. After Kovačević-Kojić 1978. Sarajevo, Zemaljski muzej.
buckle (figs. 5, 6). This last may have been from a leat• considerable precision (fig. 7a, b, e.) It was largely on her sword belt w h i ch, like all t r aces of clothing, had the basis of these costumes that von Luschan made the disappeared. As well as these there was a silver-gilt belt, assumption, mentioned in his 1881 paper, that this belt which von Luschan described as a dagger belt since the was manufactured by a craftsman of the time of Giot• above-mentioned dagger lay d i r ectly u n der i t s c l a sp to (vo» L»sc~a» 1881, page )13, >tote I) (figs. 7, 8a, b.) This belt must be described in some detail since much Felix von Luschan's change of heart about the dating depends on its dating. It had been composed of 52 se• of this belt, and indeed of everything else found along parate metal pieces, attached to a woven band 15 mm. with it, arose, he claimed in his 1921 publication, as re• wide and around 2 mm . t h i ck, largely intact, perhaps, sult of an encounter which occured immediately after von Luschan suggested, because the fabric had become h e completed his excavations, and before he w ent t o impregnated by metal salts which had acted as a pre• live in Berlin. Indeed, on his own account he must ha• servative (ibid., pages 663, 664) Appliques of crowned, ve been familiar with the material which so altered his Lombard letter»M«shapes alternated with rectangular v iews before he presented his excavation report to t h e a nd star-shaped forms d ow n t h e l e ngth o f t h e b a n d V ienna Anthropological Society, although no hint of i t (fig. 8b). In amongst them w ere tw o suspension rings is made therein. Von Luschan claimed that what hap• a nd a suspension book (fig. 8a), the rings in the for m pened was as follows. o f a figure eight, and the book h aving on it s f r on t a crowned and sceptred f emale, suggesting a m a donna One year after the Ravna Trešnja excavations, in 1880, Ragusa became von L u schan's military h eadquarters. (ibid., pp. 663, 666, Abb. 6, 10) The belt b u c kle and a hinged double plaque which f o r med th e t o ngue were Truc to h i s n a t ure, the i n veterate craniologist found himself at once involved in study of m or e skulls; this each secured to the belt band by t hree .silver rivets. time they were still covered with skin, and belonged to W hilst the appliques along the band of th e belt ar e the people he met. He observed that the type of skulI d ecorated by t h e r e p oussi technique, designs on t h e apparent among patrician families of Ragusa accorded buckle attachment plaque and the tongue are engraved. with the greater number of the skulls he had excavated The buckle carries a dragon with a f o liate tail (fig. 7c) at Ravna Trešnja, and were, he felt, of the same root (ibid., p, 663, Abb. 7) On each side of o ne of t h e p l a • s tock. This observation would seem to l i e b ehind t h e ques of the tongue is a bird; on each side of the other, conclusion he d rew a bout R avna Trešnja i n h i s 1 881 a man and woman each holding a bunch of leaves (fig. publication: that many Ragusans had been buried there. 7, a, b.) Slanted lines form a background for these ima• » There was«, he r e p orted e n thusiasticaHy about h i s ges and parallelrows of gouges are used to suggest sca Ragusan associates, »the same astonishingly great capa• les, feathers and fur (ibid., p. 665, Abb. 8, 9) The flowing city and narrow w i dt h i n r e l ation to th e great length garments worn by t h e l eaf-carriers are rendered with of brain area; in contrast, the people of the land in all
38 M , Wenzel: BOSNIA N H I S T O R Y . . . A N D T H E K I N G T V R T K O G R A V E S PERISTIL 8O/1087.
FIG. 3. Sord, dagger and assorted fittings excavated from Ravna Trešnja in 1879, in a grave later attributed to King Tvrtko. Base metal. One-sixth actual size. After von Luschan 1921, Abb. 5. Present location unknown.
south Dalmatia had very wide and on the whole quite small skuls' (vo» L«sc1>a»1921; page 664)« Naming various Ragusan families whose hospitality had obviously aided him in his studies of craniological matters, he remarked that many had I talian as well as Slavic forms to their names; this had been so for cen• turies and emphasized the d i f f erence between Ragu• sans and other members of the populace. He cited the families ol' Bona and B onda (sometimes called Bunić and Bundić), Cerva lin hi s day called Criewić or, pre• sumably, Crijević), and the family of his particular great friend Ghetaldi-Gondola, a descendant of the historian Ivan Gundulić (vo«L«sc1>an, 1921, page 664) It was Ghetaldi-Gondola, von Luschan says, who in 1880 introduced him to the Prior of the Franciscans in Ragusa. Curiously this individual is never named, but von Luschan attests warmly to his fame, claiming that he was at that time one of the chief experts in history of the South Slav lands. This knowledgeable man had,
Fig. 6 (a-b): a) Iron spurs excavated from Ravna Tre• š nja, Tuzla, identical t o o t h er s f o un d i n t he g r a v e a ttributed t o K i n g T v r t ko . L ength 18 cm . A f ter v o n Luschan 1921, Abb. 2. Present location unknovvn. — b) S pur excavated at K r a ljeva Sutjeska, first half o f t h e 14th century. After A nđelić 1973. Sarajevo, Zemaljski muzej.
39 M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY .. . AN D TH E K I N G T V RTKO GRAVES P ER ISTI I 30/1987.
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FIG. 7 (a-e): a,b,c): Fittings from a belt excavated at ously, would have been a gift of hi s cousin, the Queen Ravna Trešnja from the grave attributed to King Tvrt• Maria of Hungary, of the House of Anjou, as the crow• ko. Silver-gilt, cutwork, chasing. — a,b) The t o ngue, ned»M« o n t h e belt (f g. 8b) » i r r efutably« d emonstra• 14.5 x 1.8 cm. After vo n L u schan 1921, Abb. 8. — c) ted. Excited by t hi s d i scovery, the Prior-historian re• Buckle attachment, 10.7 x After von Luschan 1921, Abb vealed to von Luschan his plan to w r i t e a l earned hi• 7. Berlin, Zeughaus (1924.) — d) 1420s Italian costume. storical t r eatise concerning t h e c o n nection b e t ween Painting by Maestro di S. Pietro in Sy lvis, Christ, the France, Hungary and B o snia, to w h ic h v o n L u s chan Virgin and Saints, detail. Guggenheim collection, New would contribute a discussion of the ercavation. York. — e) Detail of »b«, after von Luschan Abb. 9. V on Luschan says that he was willing to fall in w i t h this plan. Also that he was convinced by the Prior that the owner of the luxurious belt had indeed been King Tvrtko, because he had recalled that in 1879 when he it seems, heard of von Luschan's excavations at Ravna had donated the Ravna Trešnja skulls to t h e V i enna Trešnja, and one day startled him with the communica Natural History Museum, they had been measured, and tion that he,von Suschan, and by an chance come upon o n checking it had been established that the man wi t h the cemetery of the Ragusan colony at Tuzla. Further• t he belt had possessed the widest head of any i n t h e more, an »early manuscript« w h ich happened to be in e ntire series of sk ulls uncovered at th e s i te, and t h e the Franciscan's library recorded the amazing informa• smalles. He was thus a »foreigner« in the Ragusan gra• tion that King Tvrtko II o f B o snia had fallen ill during veyard, a person of the land. Given the Ragusan Prior's the course of a journey to Tuzla, died there in the hos• impeccable evidence, von Luschan would have us belie• pital of the Ragusan colony, and was buried in the co• ve, the conclusion was obvious. l ony's graveyard. In f a ct, the reverend Prior felt h i m • Von Luschan did not in th e end j oin f orces in scho• self able to c onclude, the man w i t h t h e c ostly gr idle l arship w it h t h i s e m inent bu t u n n amed h i storian. I f was»quite obviously« the king. The belt, equally obvi• one takes his account at face value, one might feel that
40 M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY . . . A N D TH E K I N G T V R TKO GRAVES PERISTIL 30/1987.
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FIG. 8 (a-b): a) Woven band with appliques, hangers t ration instead on th e I t a l ianate-seeming style of t h e and hook, portion of the belt excavated at Ravna Tre• belt as evidence for th e v iew t hat t h e skeletons as a šnja, Tuzla, Bosnia. Silver-gilt, repoussc, cutwork, cast• group were those of people from Ragusa. i ng. After vo n L u s chan 1921, Abb. 6. P r o f ile o f t h e Certainly, many years passed before von Luschan ca• hook (von Luschan 1921, Abb. 10), actual size. Berlin, me to publish his conviction that he had discovered the Z eughaus (1924.) — b) S i l ver gil t a p p liques from t h e grave of Tvrtko II , w h ich seems very strange if he had belt excavated at Sveti Spas, Cetina, Sinj, Croatia. Width held it since 1880 or thereabouts. Ruefully he tells us, of appliques: 1.2 cm. After Gunjača 1952. Split, Muzej in the 1921 publication, that soon after the Prior's re• hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika. quest for a collaborative publication was made, he was required to leave Ragusa and even the Austrian sphere (I92I, page 664.)As a doctor, he was needed to accom pany the expeditions of 1881 and 1882 in and around A sia Minor, and after t hat wa s called to w or k i n t h e perhaps it was his intention of p resenting the news of field for t h e B e r lin Academy of S c iences. In 1885 he the finding of t h e K i n g's grave alongside the Pr ior's was invited to take up employment at the Museum fur l earning which led hi m t o a v oid any m e ntion o f t h e Volkerkunde in Berlin, and with this last appointment, striking differences between the belt-owner's skulI and he says, his Austrian connections were cut off. »Now«, the others at Ravna Trešnja when he first outlincd the he continues, »towards the end of m y l i f e, it a p pears results of his excavation to the Vienna Anthropological a duty to me t o r escue from oblivion this small exca• Society, although it i s i m p ossible to deduce from von vation of former years.« Luschan's account whether or not the Proir would ha• ve revealed the full i m p ort o f R a vna Trešnja finćs to In the very strange story recorded above a degree of him before his lecture. Yet the craniological differen• h istorical ignorance is prominent both on th e p ar t o f ces themselves would have been apparent to him at the von Luschan and of his unnameđ Franciscan colleague. time of the lecture, from his own account of the order In von Luschan, ignorance is perhaps understandable; of events. One's suspicions are therefore aroused by less so in t h e » l earned Franciscan.«When in hi s 1881 his avoidance of any mention of them and his concen• a rticle von L u schan said t hat L o uis o f H u n gary w a s
41 M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY . . . AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 80/1987.
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FIG. 10 (a-d): Assorted fitting from a b elt excavated from a m ale grave at S t ara B i la, Travnik, Bosnia, in
• , • 1959. Silver, cutwork, casting, chasing, engraving, green enamelling in the recesses. After Kova čević-Kojić 1978, draw.ngs not to scale. Travnik, Zavičajni muzej.
King Tvrtko's father-in-law (uon Luschan 1881; page )li) he shows an ignorance of medieval Hungarian geneo FIG. 9 (a-b): Fittings from the belt excavated under logy not unusual in hi s day. On the other hand when the largest tombstone at S v et i S pas c h urch, Cetina, he accepts that K ing T v r tko I I ( d ied 1443) was inter• Sinj, Croatia; sex of the deceased: unknon. Silver-gilt, red in the later 14th century (u on Luschan 1921; page cutwork, casting, chasing and e n graving, enamelling. 664), and claims moreover that his reasons for so beli• — a) h inged tongue, 17 x 1.4 c m . — b) T h ree-sided eving derive from one of the greatest South Slav histo• buckle and shaft: 11.5 x 1.4. After Gunjača 1952. Split, rians of his day (whom he does not name), something Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika. seems very wrong. One wonders whether the learned Franciscan ever existed, or i f h e d i d w h e ther he ever m ade such a claim as von L u schan attributes to h i m . M . Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY ... AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987.
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FIG. 11 (a-d): a,b,c) Details of a silk belt with t h ree• t o defend t h eir l a ter a r cheological activities, he d i d -sided buckle and appliques along the band; 128 x 1.5 not feel obliged to remember that country by enriching cm. Paris w o r k shop, f i rst h al f o f t he 1 4 t h c e n tury. it with his greatest find. Since von Luschan's death in Silver-gilt, casting, chasing, engraving. — a) Buckle and 1924 the Ravna Trešnja silver-gilt belt has been preser• shaft, 8 cm. long. — b) Tongue, 9 cm. long. After Fin• ved in the Berlin Arsenal museum, the Zeughaus, (Fin gerlin, cat. no. 14. Badan-Baden, Zahringer Museum geli», op. cit.; catalogue no. 21, pages 312 — 314) ( 1169.) — d) T h r ee-sided belt b u ckle and shaft f r o m Chalcis, Euboea, Greece. 12.4 x 1.4 cm. Silver-gilt, cut• REPERCUSSIONS work, casting, chasing, engraving. After Fingerlin, cat. no. 150. London, Briticsh Museum (AF 2820.) In 1930 the Cleveland Museum of Art o b tained a su• perb belt in the same genre as the Ravna Trešnja piece, but worked with more technical finesse and having in• set enamels (figs. 13 — 16.) The museum currently cre• It is not n ecessary to assume that von L u schan was dits this belt (inventory number 30.742) to late 14th cen• lying; the Franciscan himself may have been real and tury Sienna. It was, however, an heirloom long preser• may have been th e f a b r icator; again th e F r a nciscan ved in Georgia in the family of Prince Nicolas Mingrel• might have been genuinely taken in by a forged docu sky. The museum's director at the time of the belt's aq• ment (there were many about during the 19th century, uisition, W. M. M i l liken, in publishing the piece in the some alas prepared by Franciscans whose religious zeal Bulletin for t hat y ear (W. M . M i ( l ike», »Girdle of t h e outweighed their concern for strict honesty (Fine 1975, Fonrtee»th Century «, Btilletin o f the Clei ela»d M»seu>n pages 106 — 108), although von Luschan does not claim of Art 27, 1930, pages 35 — 38), mentioned that another, to have seen the manuscript himself. l ess elaborate, belt »unquestionably«deriving from t h e It is u n necessary to r e solve this p articular p uzzle; same Italianate workshop as the Cleveland piece, had the point is that von Luschan in giving in his later wark been found in B osnia at Tuzla during the Austro-Tur• a late-14th century date to the grave which he claimed kish war. From t hat t im e on, the Tuzla belt has been was that of K in g T v r tko I I i m p l ied a similar date for taken in the l i terature as a companion for th e Cleve• land examples. t he belt, abandoning his earlier i n stinet to d ate i t t o the time of G i otto, and t hat t h i s l ater d ate has been In 1971 a German researcher, Ilse Fingerlin, published taken as accurate for that belt and for others resembling a catalogue of belts and belt buckles, within which belts it by more recent writers with no knowledge of the rat• of the Cleveland-Tuzla style formed a d i s tinct gr oup. her devious background. One cannot help wondering, All had originally been composed of a supple belt band however, what prompted von Luschan to publish, after (cloth, leather or woven metal wires) to which were ad• 40 years, the views of the real or imagined Franciscan. ded a mixture of repousse and east attachments and ap• If his former Austrian colleagues had been inviting him pliques, with the band itself terminated at one end with M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY .. . AN D TH E K I N G T V RTKO GRAVES PERISTIL 30/1987.
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FIG. 12 (a-h) : Eight belt fittings from Chelcis, Euboea, tongues consisted of two or t h ree separate plaques jo• Greece. Silver-gilt, cutwork, casting, chasing, engrav• ined by hings, their ends terminating in cut-work f oli• ing. — a-c) Fragments from one belt, 1.3 cm. wide, 12.6, age of a characteristic shape (figs. 7, a, b, 9a, 10a, 12a, 9 and 8.2 cm. long. Fingerlin, cat. no. 152. Lonđ>on, Bri• d, e, f, 13 — 15) rising out of a pendant acom or f lower tish Museum (AF 2813a, 2813, 2812.) — d) Belt tongue, bud. The buckles were east,sometimes having modelleđ 9.5 x 1.6 cm. Fingerlin, cat. no. 153. Photograph altered figures forming the uprights of a U-shape and thus re• to look complete. British Museum (AF 2816.) — e) Belt maining open at the top (figs. 7c, 9, 1 ld, 14.) tongue, 13.4 x 1.6 cm. Mentoneđ by Fingerlin under cat. no. 153, but not illustrated. After Tait 1986. British Mu• The pieces in Fingerlin's catalogue which are closest seum (AF 2817.) — f) Two sides of one belt tongue, 8.3 in style to the Ravna Trešnja, Tuzla belt (figs. 7, 8a, b) x 1.6 cm. Fingerlin, cat. no. 155, with illustration there (Fingerlin 1971, cat. no. 21, pages 95, 101, 104, 312 — 314) back-to-front. British Museum (AF 2814.) — g) Belt fit• are the belt found in Croatia at Cetina, Sinj (fig. 9) (ibid., ting, shaft, 11.11 x 1.3 cm. Fingerlin, cat. no. 156. un• cat. no. 465, pages 20, 95, 96, 444~4 6) anđ the portions illustrated. British Museum (AF 2821.) — h) Belt fitting, of belt found at Chalcis, Euboia, Greece (fig. 12) (ibid., shaft, broken to expose silver strip i n serted behind a cat. >tos. 152, 153, 155, pages 95, 96, 370 — 373), which silver-gilt openwork casing. British Museum (AF 2822.) however even more closely resemble another Bosnian an engraved buckle and at the other with a tongue. The belt found at Stara Bila, Travnik (fig. 10), not recorded M. Wenzel; BOSNIAN HISTORY ... AND THE K ING TVRTKO GRAVES PERISTIL 30/ž987. in the Fingerlin catalogue (Kovačević-Kojić 1978; page the two kings called Tvrtko by presenting the dates of 307; Bach 1980; pages 95 — 97) Of these, the Chalcis belts Tvrtko I ( never actually given by von Luschan) as ap• have long been assumed to be of Venetian manufacture, plying to T v r tko I I . T h e f o l lowing passages carry her since Vemce held Chalcis from 1385 until its conquest views : by the Turcks in 1470. »De Reihe lasst sich weiter fortsetzen mit zwei Gra• I lse Fingerlin dates all t h ese belts to t h e v ery e n d bern aus T uzla ( Bosnien) und C etina ( K r oatien), die of the 14th century. An o bservation made in 1930 by jedoch im Gegensatz zu den bisherigen Beispielen in• the German costume expert P. Post (ibid., p. 95, note nerhalb eines grosseren Friedhofs lagen. Durch ihre Bei• 356) t hat t he c ostume on t he T u z la p iece show it t o gaben vor a l le m d i e v e r goldet un d r e i c h v e r zierten date from the earlier 14th century is, she feels, dispro• Gurtel (Kat. Nr. 21 und 465) nehmen sie aber gegeniiber ved by the » f act< that the Chalcis material must post• d er armlichen Ausstattung der a n d eren G r aber c i n e date 1385 (her assumption: there is in reality no reason Sonderstellung ein. Moglicherweise lasst sich der in Tu• why Venetians should not have brought existing pieces zla Bestattete (Langschwert, Dolch und Sporen kennzei• to Chalcis (Fingerlin, op. cit., p. 96), a nd a lso by t h e chen ihn als Ritter) mit T v r tko II . von Bosnien (1353• clear dating based on historical information about the — 1391) identifizieren, der nach Aufzeichnungen im Fran• Ravna Trešnja, Tuzla, find. She repeats the story that z'skanerkloster Ragusa wahrend einer Reise in T u z la King Tvrtko sickened and đied in T u zla, and then in• erkrankt und auch dort auf dem Friedhof bestattet sein creases the confusion begun by von Luschan between solim (Fingertin, op. cit.; pages 20, 21) »Fiir den bekannten Tuzla-Giirtel sind schon entspre• chende Vorschlage unterbreitet worđen: P. Post (n ote 356) datierte ihn i n đ i e c r ste H a lfe des 14. Jahrhun• FIG. 13: Belt from the Georgian family of Prince ąi derts, aus kostiimgeschichtlichen Erwagungen, auf die colas Mingrelsky, 238 x 2.9 cm. Woven silver wire wit h in anderem Zusammenhang noch naher einzugehen ist. silver-gilt attachments. Casting, cutwork, repousse, Doch sei hier vorausgeschickt, dass sie fiir donesen Zeitan• chasing and engraving, polychrome enamelling. Cleve satz keine Stiitze abgeben. Zu einer spateren Datierung, land, Museum of Art t30.742, gift of the John Hunting• wie sie auch hier vorgeschlagen wird, kommt F. von ton Art and Poltytechnic Trust.) Luschan, wenn auf Grund anderer iiberlegungen. Er ver N. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY . . . AND THE KING TVR TK O G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987.
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FIG. 14 (a,b): Belt from the family of Prince Nicolas FIG. 15: Belt in the Cleveland Museum of Art (30.742, M ingrelsky, Georgia, silver-gilt a n d p o l y chrome e n • gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust), amelling, details. — a) H i nged tongue, 31.5 cm. x 2 .9 detail of the tongue, reverse shown in f i gure 14. cm. — b) Three-sided buckle anđ hinged shaft, 18.6 x 2 .9 cm. Cleveland, Museum of A r t ( 30.742, gift of t h e John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust.)
mutet namlich, dass der mi t r e ichen Beigaben bestat• gary (ibid., page lOI) H e r e, of c o u rse, she allows her tete Man (die iibrigen Graber des Frieđhofs waren nur b elief in vo n L u schan's material t o b l in d he r t o t h e armlich), der sich auch i m a n t h ropologischen Befunđ obvious fact that t h e » M « c a n be perfectly well explai• deutlich von der einheimischen Bevolkerung unterschi• ned as simply referring to the Virgin, and that there is ed, mit Konig Tvrtko II. von Bosnien identisch sei (1353 no,need at all t o a ssume that i t m u s t also have been — 1391). Er solI auf einer Reise in Tuzla erkrankt, dort the gift of someone whose initial was M. The problem im Spital gestorben und auf dem nahegelegenen Kirch• is that once the claim that t his crowned » M « s t r ongly hof bestattet worden sein«(ib m., page 95) supports the contention that the belt was owned by a Fingerlin is convinced by the Tvrtko story, although relative of the Hungarian Queen Maria is brought into she does comment that the crowneđ » M « o n th e Tuzla question, the whole late 14th century dating of the belt b elt might well b e a sy mbol of t h e V i r gin M ary — i t begins to lok shakey indeed. was used in t his wa y t h r o ughout medieval Europe• In fact the belt and it s associated finds can be well as well as of the late 14th century Queen Maria of Hun• dated from stylistic features, in a way which flatly con•
46 N. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY . . . AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987.
tradicts the theory proposed by von L u schan and ac• cepted by Fingerlin. We must now examine these feat• ures, as well as testing the main points of th e Prior's story and their implications in the light of von Luschan's finds. It ha s t o b e s aid t h at, in t h e l a t ter enterprise, we immediately encounter the difficulty that although V the Prior apparently referred to Tvrtko I I a s the ruler who was visiting Tuzla when he sickened and đied, the whole context of von Luschan's discussion implies that he is thinking of Tvrtko I, although he never quite says so. We do not know wh o is being devious, so we have to take both kings into account.
For clarity, this section is presented as seven separa• . .cQ te discussions. (1) The liklihood of either King T> rtko paying an official
visit to Tuzla C Even if we consider Tvrtko I a s t h e real subject of + the story, it i s c l ear t hat th e exigencies of history as they touched Tuzla were such that a late 14th century royal visitor would have found there no welcoming no• ~e bility, no Dubrovnik colony, and no luxuries such as a hospital to care for him, when ill. The historical record shows that Tuzla (medieval SO• LI or SALENES) was of some importance as a regional centre and a salt-mining locality during the 13th cen• tury and the early 14th. The town had been at different times variously in Serbian and H u ngarian possession, and hađ come under the eontrol of B osnian Ban Stje• pan II K o t r o manić by 1324 (mirković 1978; pages 72, 74 — 5, 89) Mention is made in Bosnian court documents from around that period of wi tnesses from Soli actual• ly present at Stjepan's court. Later, Soli is still included among the t i t u lar p o ssessions of B o snian r u l ers, but no actual courtiers f ro m t h ere ar e m e ntioned (D inić 1978; page 295). In f act f r o m a b out 1325 it seems to have declined, and between that time and the Turkish period is mentioned only once in any Dubrovnik sour• ce, and then only as an abode of b andits (Kovačević• -Kojić 1978; page 84.) FIG. 16: Belt m the Cleveland Museum of Art (30.742, By all accounts, Soli in the late 14th and 15th centu• gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust), ries was little more than an insignificant settlement. By band with repousse and enamel appliques, detail. the early 16th century, there were two Franciscan mo• nasteries, one inside and one to the north of the town (the graveyard of Ravna Trešnja was well to the south), but the dates of t h eir f o u ndations are not clear, and (2) The liklihood of a Bosnian graveyard >vithout at that time also the Turks began to redevelop the town ton>bsto»es dating from the second half of the 14th under the nc w n a m e of »T u z la«( F i s ković 1960; pa• century ge 89; Vego 1957b; pages 106, 107: Kovače> ić-Kojić 1978; T he fact that th e R avna Trešnja graveyard had n o pages 84, 226) There was no export of salt from the town tombstones points to a date earlier rather than later in during it s l on g p e r iod o f d e c l ine and i n significance, t he 14th century for th e b u r ials. My own study of t h e and a Dubrovnik colony there during this period wo• dated tombstones of m edieval Bosnia and H e rcegovi• uld have been out o f t h e q uestion. There is certainly na, soon to be published, has led to the firm conclusion no mention of one i n any h i storical source, save pos• that the widespread creation of l arge, permanent out• s ibly the u n l ocated one p e rhaps k n own t o v o n Lu • door grave markers in Bosnia postdates the middle of schan's mysterious Prior. If all the above points to the the fourteenth century. The f irst of t h e f a miliar, size• extreme unliklihood of a v i sit by T v r tko I ( d ied 1391), able»stećci«zvere seemingly erected around the middle a visit by Tvrtko I I ( d ied 1443) must be still less likely. of that century in Hercegovina. After the mid-14th cen• Furthermore, it seems certain that material remains of tury in both Bosnia and Hercegovina there was a great any foreigners or o f w e althy i n habitants in r e sidence u psurge in the b u ilding of o u t door m o numents of al l in the area must date to the f i rst decades of the 14th sorts, and of th e vast number w h ich survive, the ma• century or earlier. jority must have have been erected during a period of M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY .. . AN D TH E K I N G T V RTKO GRAVES PERISTIL 30/1987.
I t
FIG. 17 (a-e): a,b) Female costume in Giotto's paint• Even without this evidence, homever, it should have ing, first decade of the 14th century. Frescoes, Annun• b een clear to a nyone tempted t o b ase claims on t h e ciation to St . A nne, Meeting at t h e G olden Gate, de• story told by von Luschan, that an outdoor, unmarked tails. Padua, Arena Chapel. — c) Female costume i n b urial of a f i g ure of t h e i m p ortance of either T v r t k o Italy in t h e l a ter 1330s. Fresco, Ambrogio Lorenzetti, mould have been deeply unlikely. The Effects o f G o o d G o v erment, 1337 — 1340, detail. Siena, Palazzo Pubblico. — d,e) Male costume in Giotto's (4) The liklihood of the svvord discovered at Ravna painting, Assisi, S. Francesco, details. Trešnja being appropriate for either King Tvrtko The sword uncovered at Ravna Trešnja (fig. 5) dates very obviously f ro m t h e f i r s t h al f o f t h e f o u r t eenth little more than a century. The inhabitants of Dubrov• centuty. It s w i de, gently down-turned quillons are of nik were accustomed to b ur y t h eir d ead u nder f l oor the sort depicted in a number of Serbian frescoes from markers inside churches until the plague epidemics of that time: at G račanica, painted around 1320 (Škriva• the mid-14th century created a situation in wh ich out• nić 1957; page 46, fig. I), at Dečani and Lesnovo, painted door bu r ial s p aces mere o b viously t o b e pre f erred. about 1348 (ibžd., page 47, figs. 10, 14; page 48, figs. 15, When this happened they continued to mark their gra• 16, Pribaković 1954, page 80, Tabla I — Išš, Prilog I) and ves with m o numents, as before (Petrović 1972; pages in one of the later f rescoes at St. Sophia, Ochrid, pa• 7 2 — 79) There is no d o ubt i n m y m i n d t h a t an y l a t e inted 1346 — 50 (Burić 1975, fig. 67) T he s cabbarđ t i p 14th century cemetery in B osnia in w h ich people who (fig. 5e) resembles one depicted at Dečani (ibid., page owned goods of th e sort f o und i n t h e R avna Trešnja 48, fig. 16) The sword was of a u t i l i t arian rather than graves are burieđ, would have had tombstones. ceremonial type, having n o p r e cious embellishments, a nd is thus much m ore l i kely to b e contempory w i t h (3) The liklihood of a royal burial in an unmarked, the body than an heirloom buried with it . Smorđ sha• outdoor grave pes in the later 14th and 15th centuries were quite dif• T his part o f t h e d i s cussion simply ref lects on t h e f erent, so th e s or d p r o v ides yet a n other r e ason f o r credulity of von Luschan, his Prior (if he existed) and believing the b u r ial t o b e o f e a rl y 14th century d a te those writers who h a ve accepted the Tvrt ko s tory a s rather than of the time of either King Tvrtko. a basis for dating the group of belts previously menti• oned. There is no longer any mystery about the burial (5) The liklihood of the spurs discovered at Ravna Trešnja being appropriate for either King Tvrtko p lace of either King Tvrtko. The tomb of T v r tko I h a s b een discussed above, whilst the the tomb of Tvrtko I I The spurs uncovered at Ravna Trešnja (as in fig. 6a) has been located by Pavao Anđelić, since Ilse Finger• reinforce the d eduction m ade f ro m t h e s w o rd. T h ey lin's work was published, in the royal chapel at Castle are rowel spurs (the type which has a star-shaped whe• Bobovac. Although the bombardment of Bobovac laun el, or rowel, to function as the actual spur), and have the ched by the Turks from the nearby hills in 1463, shatter• curving sides usual for the earlier part of the 14th cen• ed most of the grave monuments, a number have been tury. Excavations at t h e t w o m a j o r C e ntral B o snian reconstructed from t h e f r a gments so as t o s u f f iently courts of K r a ljeva Sutjeska and Bobovac have demon• identify them as marking the graves of kings or t h eir strated that the usual dating of t his spur-type throug• immediate relations. One of these is convincingly assig• hout Europe to b e fore 1350 holds good for m e dieval ned to Tvrtko II (A n delić, 1973; pp. 89 — 91 : 1980; page Bosnia (Andelić 1973, page 197, note 75) One such spur 231). was found at Kraljeva Sutjeska (fig. 6b) (ibid., page M . Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY ... AND THE KING TVRTK O G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987
9 /št ala Insha I lžš P~ RSA ~ II gtg Co
'll 1I l
FIG. 18 (a-d): Balkan silver engraving utilizing stiff leaves — a) Silver and gilt p l aque, chasing, engraving and enamelling, Reliquary casket of St. K r ševan, 1326, detail. Zadar, Cathedral t r easury. — b) Silver p l aque from the centre of a b o wl, engraved with Bosnian he raldry, 14th century. From Kosovo, Beograd, Muzej pri menjene umetnosti (4581.) — c) Engraved plaque on a garment fastener, 14th century, detail. Split, Cathedral treasury. — d) Processional cross from Bibinj, engra ved and gilded silver on a wooden support, local metal w orking, 1360 — 1379. Zadar, Permanent exhibition o f religious art.
49 M. Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY . . . AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987.
197), while an example of the costumary later style of We need to turn t o I t a l ian painting of a sl ightly la• 1 4th — 15th century spur, h aving straight r a t her t h a n ter date, in fact of th e 1320s and 30s, to find women's curving sides, as uncovered at Bobovac (ibid., page J34.) costume of exactly the cut and decoration depicted on A word is necessary have about the relative dating of the von Luschan belt (fig. 7e.) A good example is in a these two important sites. w ork now i n t h e Guggenheim collection in New Y o r k (Ladis 1982; page 22, fig. 79) painted by the Master of Kraljeva Sutjeska and Bobovac, both located within S. Pietro in S y lvis du r ing th e 1320s (fig. 7d.) Here a the same medieval župa in Central Bosnia (ibid., p. 152), dress with a s h or t y ok e ha s slim e d ging bands only w ere both occupied throughout the second half of t h e on both sides of the yoke. The sleeves, which have no 14th century. Kraljeva Sutjeska, however, looks to have been built and occupied first. It is known to have been decorative panels on the upper arm, anđ the loose ma• terial hanging from the shoulders rather closely paral• constructed by Stjepan II K o t romanić (1314 — 1353), and was in all probability used by him as a principal court lel features shown on the Ravna Trešnja belt. throughout his reign (ibid., page 156.) Bobovac was a Whilst discussing this whole matter of using costume strongly fortifieđ castle by the time of it s f i rst known p arallels to date Fingerlin's group of b elts and it s r e• mention in sources of 1449 — 50 (ibid; page 46, note 36, latives, it ought to be said that the general style of the page 139), and by 1356 was used by Stjepan's successor, Ravna Trešnja belt i t self, outlived the style of d r e ss d epicted on it. The 1330s and 40s was a period of r a • the young Ban Tvrtko, as his court. An đelić speculates that Tvrtko would have lacked time both the time and pid change in fashion. During the 1330s, female neckli• t he strength to engage in m a jo r b u i l ding du ring t h i s nes became wider t o w ards th e s h oulders, and w a i s• period, when he was involved in a dispute with his bro• tlines became lower, at t i mes being emphasized by a belt. The Cleveland belt, somewhat later than the Rav• ther about the succession, so that, An đelić feels, most of the work at Bobovac must have been done during na Trešnja example, though close in design, shows the the time of Ban Stjepan. Even so, there is much eviden• t ighter sleeves for l adies dresses with s t r ips of c l o t h ce that Kraljeva Sutjeska was indeed occupied earlier hanging from t h e e l bows, and th e shorter t u n ics for than Bobovac, during the f i rst p ar t o f B a n S t j epan's men, which became fashionable in the later 1330s and reign. Certainly, it i s t h e case that amongst the fi nds the 1340s (figs. 14 — 16) (New(an 1980; pages 6 — 13.) The• from the two sites, all those which can be dated through se new styles are well shown in the painting of 1337• — 1340 by Ambrogio Lorenzetti on the theme of the ef• good parallels to the earlier part of t h e century, such as the spur illustrated as figure 9, come from K r a ljeva fects of good government, at the Palazzo Publica, Sien• Sutjeska. na, (fig. 17c) (Dupont, Gnudi 1979; pages 98 — 102) The decorative silver-gilt belts here under discussion have often been said to be V e netian, or at l e ast from (6) The liklihood of the costume depicted on the Ravna elsewhere in north I t aly (B ach 1980; page 102; Ronald Trešnja belt dating to the time of either King Tvrtko I Lightbow:n, personal communication). The fact that none of this type has ever been found there may be historical The wide-cut, full-hanging costume style worn by the accident. However, for some of them at least, a manu• plant-carriers on the Ravna Trešnja belt (fig. 7, a, b, e) facturing centre i n n o r t hern D a lmatia, at somewhere conforms to an Italian style of the earlier 14th century, like Zadar or S p l it, seems to m e a s t r ong possibility. and certainly does resernble in some respects costume This would account both for t h eir distribution and for as painted by Giotto in the first decade of that century, t heir I t a lianate feel, since much o f D a l m atia was a t as originally observed by von Luschan (J881; page 113, that time i n V e netian hands and I t a lian masters like note 1) Giotto's customary loose-hanging male costume Paolo Veneziano were at w or k t h ere, providing inspi• resembles the costume of the male figures on both Tu• ration and even designs for locally-made products (Zla• zla and Cetina belts, and his caps tied under the chin inalik 1967; pages 45 —47, 56, 57) The reliquary casket (Supino J920; Vok II, p late CLV) — wo rn alone, or be• of St. Krševan, Zadar, produced in the 1320s (fig. 18a), neath f lat-topped male headgear in hi s p a inting f r om shows enamelling similar to that on the Cleveland belt, the first years of th e 14th century, as at th e B asilica as well as bunches of foliage with upright, overlapping of S. Francis at Assisi (fig. 17d, e) — resemble the male leaves of the sort found on all the belts (Krleža, Grgić, headgear shown on both these belts (figs. 7a, 9a), as do, Grčević 1972; p. 59-61, J65, 166) This particular upright• however, the similar caps still being painted in 1321 by -leaf style survived in the Zadar manufacturing tradi• Paolo Veneziano (Zlamalik 1967; pages 4, 13, 17) If one tion until at l east 1360 (fig. 18d) (Petricioli 1980; page c ompares Giotto's female costume w it h t h e a t t ir e o f 76, no. 80) by which time it had been mainly replaced in the female figures on the belts — here exemplified by Italy by the more undulant Bolognese-style foliage de• a n enlarged sketch of o n e o f t h e l eaf c a r r iers f r o m sign'. The continued use of the upright bunch of leaves the Ravna Trešnja example given by von Luschan (fig. 7e) (1921; page 661, Abb. 9) — it is not difficult to paral• ' A lascinating chronology of one area of Italian metalwork• lel the belt's wide-cut dresses, but there are interesting ing design, a large group of ecclesiastical objects preserved d ifferences of detail. The women in G i otto's work f o r in the North It alian diocese of Lucca, indicates that Italian the Padua Arena Chapel of 1303— 05 wear dresses of si processional crosses did emphasize upright, only-slightly• -curving, foliage on either side of the t i gures of saints in milar wide cut ( f ig. 17a, b) but w i t h edges and seam• the first half of the 14th century (Cclderont Masetti, Cnrobbi, -lines covered by very prominent decorative hands, and Gtllotto and Sodink 1986; pages 102 — 103,figa. M, S7, page occasional patches of pseudo-Kufic embroidery on the 113, 118, figs. 64, 69) but that by the latter part of that cen• upper sleeves, as found on Islamic costume of the same tury thisaspect of design had been abandoned in favour of flovrers with round centres and stiff petals, and rather more general date (Dupont, Gnudi 1979; pages 61, 63) undulent foliage (ibiđ., pages 162 — 208,figa. 94 — I43.)
50 N . Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY . . . AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987. as a design motif in the Bosnian sphere during the pe• New opinions from various experts, however, prefer to riod of Tvrtko's banate (1353 — 1377) is well demonstra• see it as an early style of V e netian enamelled glass," ted by the bowl medallion in a related style and with a and interestingly it seems that one of it s pr actitioners cyrillic inscription ( f ig. 18b) w h ich I ha v e e lsewhere came originally from Zadar". Recent excavations in Ita• shown to belong to the sphere of T v r tko i n t h e years ly and London have brought some such glass to light before he declared himself king (Wenzel 1984/1985, pa• in contexts much later than would previously have been ges 6 — 9.) By the early years of the Bosnian kingdom, thought possible, namely, from the earlier 14th centu• a fter 1477, the taste of t ha t r e gion had, in m y v i e w , r y," and th e excavation at K r a l j eva Sutjeska in f a c t changed somewhat away from the Dalmatian style, and f alls into t h i s c a tegory. H o wever, nobody w o ul d b e taken a more individual direction. prepared to see this glass dated into the second half of the 14th century and, of course, none of i t w a s f ound (7) The liklihood of t he o ther major g r a ve finds fro m at Bobovac. R avna Trešnja being f ro m t h e p e riod o f e i t her K i n g The finger rings discovered at Ravna Trešnja (fig. 4a) Tvrtko are of a type in use throughout the 14th century (Ra• G lass beakers wit h v e r t ical, mould-blown r ib s a n d doj kotić 1969; T. J, 104, 107: Ljttbinković 1975; sl. 1, 18) cupped rims are not infrequently found in Bosnian gra• The buttons (fig. 4b), are of a s t yle likewise found in ves and habitation sites, anđ some of the larger pieces m any 14th century B o snian graves", although in t h i s with relatively short rims, such as one found at Biskup case there is some evidence that they may only have near Konjic, may indeed date to the end of the fourte• recognised by high fashion in the third decade of that enth century (Vego 1957, pages 132— 134, Tab. 5; Kojić• century. Certainly, in Serbian frescoes, small round but• -Wenzel 1967; page 80; Andelić 1973, pages 129 — 130) tons on the neck-openings of r obes are fi rst depicted However, the small, highly delicate, ribbed beakers with on the daughters of Župan Brajan at Bela crkva Karan, large cupped rims decorateđ with applied blue threads painted around 1330 (Kovačević 1953; T. XX, XXa) Aro• such as the one found at Ravna Trešnja (fig. 3) seem to und the same time, western European styles began to have been in common use in Bosnia in the earlier 14th be more close fitting, and the requirements of the new century. At K r a ljeva Sutjeska over one-hundred frag• fashion, such as narrower sleeeves with rows of but ments of t his k ind o f g l ass were uncovered; at Bobo• tons, do seem to have affected Balkan dress (Ne~vton v ac, only t wo . B o bovac was r ich i n g l asses of m o r e J989; page 100) bulbous body, w it h a p plied p r u nts, a t ype r elated to To sum up then, both the sword and the spurs found the German »k rautstrunk« g lass of which no examples in the supposed Tvrtko grave must date to the first half were found at K r a l j eva Sutjeska (Anćehć J973; pages of the 14th century (assuming the spurs in t hat grave J29 — 132) The reasons for believing Kraljeva Sutjeska to have been identical, as he c l aimed, with t h e o n es to be the earlier habitation have already been set out von Luschan i l l ustrated), long b efore vo n L u s chan's above. Thus it seems likely that the Ravna Trešnja glass, »King Tvrtko«'s supposed death in 1391, let alone the like the sword anđ t he spurs, points to B an S tjepan's Prior's king's death in 1443. Among the major f i nds in period as the most likely date for the burials there ra• the adjoining graves, the glass beaker decorated with ther than any later period. blue threads is m ost p r o bably f ro m t h e e a r lier 14th It is worth m entioning here that an early 14th cen• tury dating for m uch of th e glass complex at K r aljeva Sutjeska is supported by p r esence there of one other " Tait, op. cit., puges 151, 152; L. Zecchžn, Un decoratore type of glass, which no one has ever tried to date later di vetri u M u r ano alte fine del duecento«, Journal of Glass than the early 14th century. Alongside the fragments of Studies XI, Coming 1969;pages 39 — 42;D. Whitehouse, No• tes on late medteval glass in Itallt«, Annales du 8~ Congres the ribbed beakers with blue threads found there, were International d'Etude Historique du V erre, London — Liver• seven fragments of clear glass ith blue and red enamel pool 1979, Liege, Association Internationule pour I ' H istoire decorations on the inside edged in creamy white on the du Verre 1981; pages 172 — 173. outside (Andelić 1973; pages J88, 189, 191) This well• '-' Bartolomeo of Zara (Zadar: Bar t h o lameus pinctor, qui -known and characteristic style of glass painting is ge• fuit fr J adra ) w as a g lass palnter who worked ln V enlce between 1290 and 1325. It ls m oost probable that the glass nerally known as the»Aldrevandin«style after a famous he enamelled was decorated i n » A l d r evandin« s t yle, since example which has survived complete and has an ins• his repertoire ls known to have included»figures and trees~ cription mentioning»Magister Aldrevendin«.' There is (L. Zecchin, F o r naci rnuranesi fra ii 1279 ed il 1290«, Jour• now a large literature about this glass-type. It has so• nal of Glass Studies XXII, Coming 1970; pages 82, 83, J. Clark, »Medieval enamelled glasses from London~, Medieval metimes been called Syro-Frankish, implaying Crusa• Archaeologil XXVII, London 1983 (The Society for Medieval der-period manufacture of the 13th century Near East." Archaeologlt); pages 153 — 155 A. Gasparetto, ~.Daila realtd archaeologicu a quella contemporaneu« tn Mille annt di arte del vetro a Venezia, Exhibition cutalogue, Palazzo Ducale, Museo Correr, Venezža 1982; page 18.) ' British M useum, Registry no . 76, 11 — 4.3. The Maglster " Hugh Talt, British Museum, John Clark, Museum of Lon• Aldrevandin glass has white outllnes on th e exterlor and don, personal commurdcations. Fragments of enamel-painted o ther colour painted on the i nterior i n t h e m anner of t h e Aldrevandln g l ass excavateđ from Foster Lane, London, Kraljeva Sutjeska fragments. Hugh Talt ln Ma sterpieces of ivere dlscovered ln a pit together with pottery from the first Class, Exhibition catalogue, British Museum, London 1968; half of t h e 14th century. Partlal in scriptions i ncluded» S pages 151, 152. BARTOLOMEUS FE(clt)«anđ another STERBA, po ssibly " Ibid., page 151; Anita Engle in G l a ss Finds at Acre throtv »(magis)TER BA(rtolomeus~. John Clark has suggested that N ew Li ght o n the »Syro-Frank BIBLIOGRAPHY Čirković, S. 1964, Istorija srednjovjekovne bosanske države (Beograd, Srpska književna zadruga.) Anđelić, P. 1970, Srednjovjekovni pečati iz B o sne i Čorović, Vl . 1 925, Bo sna i H er c egovina ( B eograd Hercegovine (Sarajevo, Akademija Nauka i u m j e tnosti Srpska književna zadruga.) 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AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987. — 29 (Sarajevo, Društvo istoričara Bosne i H e r cegovi• ske narodne armije I; pages 53 — 82 (Beograd, Vojni mu• ne.) zej.) Fine, J. V. A. Jr. 1975, The Bosnian Church: A N ew P ribaković, D. 1955, »O srednjovekovnom oružju n a I nterpretation. A Study of the Bosnian Church and I t s umetničkim spomenicima Hrvatske«Vesnik Vojnog Place in State and Society from t h e 13th t o t h e 15th muzeja Jugoslovenske narodne armije II,pages 53 — 71 Centuries (New Y o r k , L o n d on, C o lumbia U n i versity (Beograd, Vojni muzej.) Press.) Rački, F. 1931,Borba Južnih Slovena za državnu ne• Fine, J. V. A. Jr. 1977, »The Bulgarian Bogomil Move• odvisnost. Bogomili i patareni (Beograd, Srpska Kraljev• ment«, East European Quarterly XI , no. 4; pages 385• ska Akademija, posebna izdanja knj. 38.) — 412 (Boulder, Colorado.) 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Gradovrha kod Tuzle i poreklo ikone»Crna Gospa«u Šišić, F. 1938, Kako je došlo do okupacije a onda do f ranjevačkom manastiru u Baču~, Članci i građa za aneksije Bosne i Hercegovine (1878 odnosno 1908) (Za• kulturnu istoriju i stočne Bosne, IV, pages 89 — 94 (Tu• greb.) zla.) Škrivanić, G. A. 1957, Oružje u srednjovekovnoj Sr• Gunjača, S. 1952 — 53, »Muzej hrvatskih starina od o• biji, Bosni i D u b r ovniku ( Beograd, Srpska Akademija slobođenja do danasa, Starohrvatska prosvjeta III seri• nauka, posebna izdanja, knjiga CCXCIII, odeljenja dru• ja, svezak 2; pages 221 — 232, sl. 12 — 14 (Zagreb, Muzej štvenih nauka, knjiga 24.) hrvatskih starina Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i Stubblebine, J. H . 1 969, Giotto, The A r ena Chapel umjetnosti.) Frescoes (London, Thames and Hudson.) Kovačević, J. 1953, Srednjovekovna nošnja balkanskih S upine, I. B . 1920 Giotto (Firenze, Instituto d i e d i • slovena (Beograd, Srpska akademija nauka.) cioni artistici.) Kovačević-Kojić, D. 1978, Gradska naselja srednjove• Tait, H. 1978, editor, Jewellery t h r ough 7000 years kovne bosanske države (Sarajevo, Veselin Masleša.) (exhibition catalogue, London, British Museum.) Krleža, M., M. Grgić and M. Grčević 1972, The Gold Tait, H. 1986, editor, Seven thousand years of jewel• and Silver of Zadar and Nin (Zagreb, Turistkomerc.) lery, (London, british Museum.) Ladis, A. 1982, Tađdeo Gaddi (Columbia and London, Vego, M. 1957a, »Nadgrobni spomenici porodice San• University of Missouri Press.) k ovića u selu Bi skupu k ođ Konjica«, Glasnik Zemalj• Luschan, F. von 1881, »Ueber altbosnische Graber«, skog muzeja n.s. XII, A., pages 129 — 139 (Sarajevo, Ze• Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in maljski muzej.) Wien, Bd. X; pages 104 — 114 (Wien.) Vego, M. 1957b, »Naselja bosanske srednjevjekovne Luschan, F. von 1921, »Funde aus einer mittelalterli• države (Sarajevo, Svjetlost.) chen Nekropole bei T u zla i n B o snien«, Cicerone, Bd. Vego, M. 1970, Zbornik saednjovjekovnih natpisa Bo• XIII; pages 659 — 666 (Wien.) sne i Hercegovine, knjiga IV (Sarajevo, Zemaljski mu • Mikić, Z. 1978, »Dinarski antropološki tip sa srednjo• zej.) vekovne nekropole Raška gora — Stećci kod Mostara«, Wenzel, M. 1965, Ukrasni motivi na stećcima, Orna• Godišnjak X V I I , C e n tar z a b a l k anološka i spitivanja mental tombstones from medieval Bosnia and surroun• knjiga 15 (Sarajevo, Akademija nauka i umj etnosti Bo• ding regions (Sarajevo, Veselin Masleša.) sne i Hercegovine.) Wenzel, M. 1982, »Two medieval rings in the Zavi čaj• Newton, S. M. 1980, Fashion in the Age of the Black ni muzej Trebinje«, Tribunia 6; pages 44 — 78 (Trebinje, Prince, a study o f t h e y e ars 1340 — 1365 (Woodbridge Zavičajni muzej.) Suffolk, Boydell Press, Rowman and Li t tlefield.) 'Wenzel, M. 1984/1985, »A Bosnian Kingdom metalwor• Petricioli, I. 1980, Permanent Exhibition of Religious king tradition«, Peristil X X V / X X V I ( Z a greb, Društvo Art Zadar, catalogue (Zadar, Permanent Exhibition of povjesničara umjetnosti SR Hrvatske.) Religious Art, Paulo Kero.) Wenzel, M. and Kojić, Lj. 1980, »Osvrt na tri inostra• Petković, fra L. 1953, Kršćani bosanske crkve (Kr'sti• ne knjige o stećcima; Austro-ugarska i nauka o » bogu• ani cr'kve bos'nske), povijesna rasprava o p r o b lemu milskim stećcima«, Starinar XX XI ; pages 203 — 212 (Be• patarenstva ili b o gumilstva u s r ednjovjekovnoj B osni (Sarajevo, Knjižnica»Dobrog pastira«.) ograd, Arheološki institut u Beogradu.) Petrović, Dj. 1972, »Prilog proučavanju kasnosrednjo• Žeravica, L. 1982, »Grobovi ispod stećaka na Pavlov• vekovnih gradskih grobalja«, Glasnik Etnografskog mu• c u kod S arajeva«, Glasnik Z emaljskog muzeja N . S . z eja XX XV , p ages 69 — 86 (Beograd, Etnografski m u • X XXVII , A., pages 179 — 199 (Sarajevo, Zemaljski m u • zej.) zej.) Petrović, Dj. 1976, Dubrovačko oružje u XIV veku (Be• Z lamalik, V . 1 967, Paolo V eneziano i n j e gov k r u g , ograd, Vojni muzej, Posebna izdanja, knjiga V,) Exhibition catalogue (Zagreb, Strossmayerova galerija Pribaković, D. 1954, »Oružje na zidnom slikarstvu Sr• starih m aj stora, Jugoslavenske Akademije znanosti i bije i Makedonije~, Vesnik Vojnog muzeja Jugoslaven• umjetnosti.) M . Wenzel: BOSNIAN HISTORY ... AND THE KING TVRTKO G R A V E S PERISTIL 30/1987. Sa ž eta k BOSANSKA P O V IJEST I AUSTRO U G A R SK A P O L ITIKA:NEKOLIKO SREDNJOVJEKOVNIH POJASOVA, BOGU• NILSKA RO M A N C A I GRO BOVI KRA LJA T V R T K A U tijeku drugog istraživanja autor se namjerio na neko• lja Tvrtka I., s bogatim inventarom, ali je prešutio to otkri• liko očito krivih datacija u međunarodnoj stručnoj literaturi će. Grob je naden u okolnostima koje ne svjedoče u prilog o skupini pozlaćenih srebrnih .pojaseva iz XIV. st. od kojih lažnoj povijesti; bio je u apsidi gotičke crkve, ispod veliko• su tri bila nađena u Bosni ili b l izu Bosne (nalazišta: Stara ga stećka. Kako se čini, osIetljivo razdoblje nakon nezako• Bila, Travnik, Ravna Trešnja, Tuzla, pa Cetina, Sinj). Prem• nite austrougarske aneksije Bosne 1908. nije se smatratlo po• da su pojasovi nesumnjivo balkanske inačice francuskoga godnim časom za iznošenje na vidjelo pukotina u lažnoj po• stila ranoga XIV. st,. i nose očito stilske pojedinosti ranoga vijesti ni za podsticanje nacionalisti čkih osjećaja novim po• X IV. st., jedan učenjak na dobru glasu datirao ih je u p o • dacima o upravo prona đenu grobu najslavnijega bosanskog sljednje godine toga stoljeća, zbog neobična razloga što je je• kralja. Iskapanje ostade neobjavljeno, njegov položajni na• dan od njih bio iskopan iz onoga za što se tvrdilo da je grob crt u određenim pojedinostima krivotvoren, a samo nalazi• jednog od bosanskih kraljeva zvanog Tvrtko. šte ispunjeno i građom iz drugih iskapanja; nadgradnja Tvrt• Ovdje se dokazuje da izvor toj konkretnoj tvrdnji, koju je kova groba bila je razbijena, i dijelovi izvu čeni izvan crkve u članku napisanu 1921. iznio bivši austrougarski časnik, le• a dijelovi nanovo zakopam. ži u istoj atmosferi obmane i propagande u pitanjima arheo• d) Prvi svjetski rat srušio je Austro-Ugarsko Carstvo i iz• logije iz koje je za dugo vremena poniklo prešućivanje stvar• mijenio političke okolnosti u Bosni, koja je postala dijelom noga groba Tvrtka I, što su ga 1909. pronašli suradnici Ze• ujedinjene zemlje Južnih Slavena. Ali se lažna povijest do maljskoga muzeja u Sarajevu. Iza jedne i druge priče nalazi toga časa toliko duboko ukorijenila u svijesti Bosne da se sa• se zamršen splet događaja, kojega razmršenje iznosi na vi• mo malo glasova podiglo protiv nje u poslijeratnoj stru čnoj djelo cijelu istinu o načinu kako austrougarska izvrtanja po• literaturi; a u t i j eku prvih godina poslije II. svjetskog rata vijesti Južnih Slavena iz XIX. st., učinjena iz političkih ra• u tzv. bogumilima čak su se vidjele romantičke preteče ka• zloga, s uspjehom utječu na znanost XX. st. Sastavni su dije• snijih narodnih heroja koje su podržavale đuh samoodređe• lovi spleta ovi. nja i prosvjed protiv uplitanja izvana. To je priječilo kritičko a) Razmjernu nezavisnost od Carigrada postigli su bosan• ponovno ispitivanje austrougarske arheologije. ski muslimani u početnom dijelu X IX . st. tako đa su stali e) God. 1921. Felix von Luschan, bivši časnik u austrij• sami sebi krojiti pravdu. Kađ je Austro-Ugarska 1878. sama skoj okupacionoj vojsci, objavio je gradivo o iskapanju što stekla pravo okupiranja Bosne i Hercegovine i upravljanja ga je 1879. izvršio s više drugova časnika i s njihovim ljud• njome, smatrala je k orisnim podupirati domaće muslimane stvom u Ravnoj Trešnji kraj Tuzle, na groblju bez nadgrob• na račun bosanskih kršćana jer muslimani, zemljoposjednič• nih spomenika. Lubanje iz toga iskapanja bile su u isti mah ka većina, nisu imali čvrstih političkih veza ni sa jednom prikazane u bečkom Prirodoslovnom muzeju, a izvještaj, ka• zemljom koja bi u to doba mogla ugroziti vladavinu Austri• snije objavljen, čitan u bečkom Antropološkom društvu. U je nađ Bosnom. izvještaju nema riječi ni o j e dnom predmetu iz groba; za• b) Lažnu povijest Bosne, sračunatu da uzvisi bosanske mu• pravo su bili podijeljeni među one koji su vr šili iskapanja. slimane na račun kršćana i da obeshrabri sve težnje dijela G od. 1921. von Luschan je objavio drugi izvještaj koji u • potonjih za u j edinjenjem sa Srbijom, izmislila j e A u stro• ključuje i pojedinosti o onim predmetima iz groba što su još -Ugarska između 1880. i 1890., i ona je bila širena u razli či• u njegovu oosobnom vlasništvu, i iznio sasvim novu misao da tim publikacijama s područja kulture. Lažna je povijest is• je u tečaju spomenutog iskapanja odredio smještaj grobu je• koristila činjenicu da je za srednjevjekovnu Bosnu poznato dnoga bosanskog kraljazvanog Tvrtko. Svojedobno, osamde• kako je imala vrst narodne crkve koja je u v iše rimskih iz• setih godina, tvrdio je on, jedan ga je veoma poznati prior vora bila žigosana kao heretička i koje je prava priroda izu• dubrovačkih franjevaca uvjeravao da se u njegovoj knjižnici zetno nejasna. Lažna je povijest tvrdila đa je religija Bosan• nalazi dokument iz kojeg izlazi da je Tvrtko II. obolio i um• ske crkve bila dualistička hereza i da su njezinim pripadni• ro u Tuzli ida je ondje pokopan na groblju dubrovačke ko• cima bili mrski križevi i crkve; da se zvala bogumilskom; i lonije. Razlike u tipu lubanje, tvrdio je von Luschan, upozo• da je bila unijeta iz Bugarske, druge zemlje što je još nedav• ravale su na pojedinca zakopana u grobu s najbogatijim in• no bila pođ islamskim jarmom. Srednjovjekovne bosansko• ventarom kao da potječe iz kraja različita od drugih na gro• hercegovačke nadgrobne spomenike, tzv.stećke, sve su po• blju, koji su bili stranci i imali tip lubanje dubrovačkih pa• digli ti heretici, glasila je teorija, i to bi dokazivala činjeni• tricija. To mora da je bio Tvrtko II. U tom je grobu nađen c a da na sebi nemaju križeva i d a n isu u c r kvama ni n a p ojas sa slovom M i k ru n o m , »nema sumnje«đar kraljeve g robljima. Bosanski muslimani, ne k ršćani, potomci su t i h rođakinje ugarske kraljice Marije, koja je umrla 1395. Prem• heretika jer su praktički svi Bosanci bili okruženi od hereze da je von Luschanov prior,ako je uopće postojao, spomenuo i masovno su prešli na i slam da bi i z bjegli progone Rima. Tvrtka II., neizravan je zaključak što izlazi iz von Luschano• Stoga su upravo muslimani pravi baštinici bosanske predaje. va dokaznog materijala, takva kakav jest, da je on, po svemu se čini, zapravo mislio na Tvrtka I. Prava povijest, kako su joj posljednjih desetljeća temelje čena pozna• f) God. 1971. njemački istraživač Ilse Fingerlin prihvatila udarili istaknuti učenjaci na osnovi s mukom ste je von Luschanovu priču i u svojem opsežnom zborniku sre• vanja arhivske građe, pobija sve te tvrdnje. Bosanska je cr• dnjovjekovnih pojasnih kopča ponovila je u p r i log svojem kva zacijelo bila hibrid, nastao prije od neukosti no od o• datiranju pojasa iz Tuzle i sličnih primjeraka u kasno XIV. štroumnosti, ali se zacijelo ne može opisati kao bogumilska. st. Ipak, iznijela je m i šljenje da slovo M s k r u nom m ože Bila je prihvaćena od pojedinih plemića, ali je imala malo označivati Djevicu Mariju kao i kraljicu Mariju. utjecaja na bosanske vladare ili na najveću većinu njihovih Da bi pokazao kako se ni za što oko toga groba ili groblja podanika, koji su bili katolici ili pravoslavni, već prema kra• ne može ustvrditi da pr ipada bilo Tvrtku il i n j egovu dobu, ju u kojem su živejli. Bosanski stećci nadgrobni su soomeni• autor tumači i pr etresa sve predmete iz toga i i z susjednih ci XIV. i X V . st., podignuti u slobodnoj prirodi u skladu s grobova što ih je objavio von Luschan. Za njih je na osnovi europskom modom toga doba za nadgrobne spomenike, jed• uvjerljivih stilističkih razloga utvrdio da su prije iz prve no nako od katolika. od pravoslavnih i od pripadnika Bosanske iz druge polovine XIV. st., dakle iz razdoblja prije no što,ie crkve. Često su bili smješteni oko crkvi, i na n j ima je bilo grad Tuzla stao opadati, od čega se pridigao samo u XVI. st. više križeva no na većininadgrobnih spomenika toga razdo• Nema podataka o kakvoj dubrovačkoj koloniji u Tuzli u do• blja u većini drugih zemalja. ba tog opadanja. Neobjavljeni rukopis numizmatičara Ivana Rengjela, sada Na osnovi novoga dokaznog materijala svi se pojasovi iz u privatnoj zbirci, prikazuje u glavnim crtama kako je iz• skupine Ilse Fingerlin lako mogu datirati u p rv u p olovinu mišljena ta lažna povijest i tvrdi da je u doba kad je visoki XIV. st. Sasvim je moguće da je publiciranju god. 1921. gro• austrougarski upravni činovnik Janos von Asboth bio zadu• ba ~kralja Tvrtka «bila svrha odvratiti pozornost s prekida žen da je propagira u inozemstvu, novo osnovanom Zemalj• prirodnih odnosa stvarnoga groba Tvrtka I., prekida što su skom muzeju u Sarajevu dano u zadatak da to stajalište širi ga počinili službenici Austro-Ugarske u onom osjetljivom ra• u zemlji. zdoblju između aneksije Bosne i Hercegovine 1908, i ubojstva c) God. 1909. Karlo Patsch, suradnik Zemaljskoga muzeja, nadvojvode Franje Ferdinanda dok se uputio da otvori nove otkrio je u Arnautovićima kraj Visokog grob-mauzolej kra• zgrade Zemaljskoga muzeja u Sarajevu 21. lipnja 1914. S UM M A R Y S Ante Šonje car/y years of it s oce<