General Index

Italic page numbers indicate that the topic appears in an illustration Authors are listed in this index only when their ideas or works are or in its caption on the cited page; the topic may also appear in the discussed; full listings of their works as cited in this volume may be text of that page. found in the Bibliographical Index.

Aardenburg (Zeeland), 485 Aegean Sea, 133, 387 Agbaron, 265 Abbreviations and Buondelmonti's island book, 482, Agennius Urbicus, 217 on portolan charts, 402 483 Ager arcifinius, 218, 220 Roman, 215, 222 n.42, 223, 226 n.51 on Greek maps, 144, 145 Ager publicus, 222 Aberdeenshire, 82 periploi of, 237 Agisymba, 172, 179, 184, 189 Abraham bar Chiia, 494 on Peutinger map, 240 Agosta (Augusta), 382 Abravannos River, 193, 194 on portolan charts, 421, 438, 448 Agrarian law of 111 B.C., 210 Abu Salabikh, 107 Aelian, 139 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 178 Academicians, Platonic, 154 Aenon, 265 Agriculture Acanfora, Maria Ornella, 83, 90 Aerial Photographic Archive for Babylonian, 110 Accuracy Archaeology, 241 n.39 and constellations, 85, 92 of ancient maps, 276 Afonso V (king of Portugal), 315, 324 cultura promiscua, 79 n.119 and cartographic progress, 3-4, 10 Africa. See also Agisymba; Exploration, of and fear, 86 and cosmological maps, 507 Africa; Libya; North Africa Agrigentum, 236 and mappaemundi, 288, 342 Kamal's facsimile atlas for, 18, 294 Agrimensores, 212. See also Corpus of portolan charts, 371, 445, 446 on mappaemundi Agrimensorum Achaea, 328 legendary figures and races, 331, 332, survey methods of, 213-16 Achill Island, 407 n.278 333 Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 207, 253 Achilles, shield of, 131-32, 505 T-O type, 296, 297, 343, 344, 345 commentary of, 255 Acre transitional type, 299, 358 map of, 207-9, 243 n.53 on Carte Pisane, 404 n.253 Ptolemaic regional maps of, 190, 198, and Caesar's survey, 205 plans of, 473, 474, 475, 477, 478 270 and mappaemundi, 278, 309 Acta Cartographica, 5 n.31 southern and Ptolemy, 195 Actus, 214, 216 Bushmen, 86 n.161 reconstructions, 106, 286 "Ad Taum," 239 on Medici atlas, 448 and Theodosian map, 209, 259, 278 Adam, 332 rock art of, 57 n.ll, 63 Pliny on, 7 n.40, 106,207-8, 209, 242, Adam of Bremen, 321 western 243,254,255 Adamnan (abbot of lona), 340, 466 Agrippa on, 208 Agronomists, Roman, 85 n.148 Adela (countess of Blois), 339 on portolan charts, 372, 406 n.267, Aguiar, Jorge de, 433 Adige River, 479 411-14,415,440 chart of 1492, 374, 378 n.65, 396, 412, Adler, Bruno F., 46, 47, 66 n.62 Afterlife 433 and bone plaques, 54, 64, 65 Egyptian, 117, 119, 120-21 Aguja Point (Peru), 199 "Karty pervobytnykh narodov," 46 Etruscan, 201 Ahaygar, 63 n.54 Administration and government, 507 fear of, and cosmological maps, 53 Aigues-Mortes, 378 n.64, 382, 439 and development of map libraries, 8, 15 labyrinths representing, 68 n.74, 88 Aijalon, 265 n.38 and medieval local maps, 491-92, 493 in Plato's myth of Er, 138 Ailly, Pierre d', 287 n.l0, 332, 353-54 and Roman maps, 205, 210, 227, 252, and Scandinavian memorial stones, Imago Mundi, 287 n.l0, 353, 354 n.29 278, 507 91 Ainu sand maps, 45 andVenetianmap~439, 480 Agathemerus, 243 Aisne River, 207 Adrianople, 477 on Anaximander, 134 Ak River, 158 Adriatic Sea, 387 and charts, 381 Akhbara, 265 on Greek maps, 152, 157, 195 on Dicaearchus, 152 Akkad, Akkadians, 107, 113 islands of, 483 on Hecataeus, 134 Akrotiri, 132 on portoIan charts, 421 on Hellanicus of Lesbos, 134 Alba, 478, 480 Cornaro atlas, 438 on Sicily, 209 Alba Fucens, 191 flags, 401 on Timosthenes, 153 Albani, Villa, 171 Medici atlas, 402, 421, 439, 448 Agathodaimon of Alexandria, 190, 266, Albania, 237 place-names, 372, 421, 425 271-72 Alberti, Leon Battista, 495

559 560 General Index

Albertinischer plan. See Vienna, scale plan Americas, the Aparcias (Aparctias, Septentrio), 248 of and Alexander von Humboldt, 17 Apeliotes, 144 Albertus Magnus, Saint, 321 and Antilia, 411 Apennines, 201 Albi map, 301, 347, 348 Amida (Diyarbakir), 244 Apollo Albion (Britain), 192 Ammianus Marcellinus, 193 n.84 in art, 171, 248 Alboran Sea, 387 Amun, 123 Delphic oracle of, 135 n.25 Alcibiades, 139 Amyctyrae, 330, 331 temples of, 139-40, 239, 276 Alcuin, 306 n.99 Analemma, 232 n.66 Apollonius (Egyptian administrator), 128, Alexander (explorer), 198 Anati, Emmanuel, 75 n.96, 89,90 129 Alexander III, the Great, 149-5° Anatolia. See Asia Minor Apollonius Rhodius, 154, 158 and Aristotle, 144, 145, 149 Anaxagoras, 136 Apostles, 330 and Gog and Magog, 332, 333 Anaximander, 134 Apulia, 495 and India, 149, 330 globe of, 134, 136 Aqaba, Gulf of, 241 and western conquest, 151 n.24 map of, 134, 135 Aqua Crabra, 210 mentione~ 241,277 Strabo on, 134, 137, 152 n.27 Aquae, 239 Alexander III (Pope), 333 n.231 texts lacking, 13° Aqueducts Alexander Polyhistor, 199 n.l07 Ancona, 374, 432,433, 434,437 and Forma Urbis Romae, 227, 229, 230, Alexander romances, 330, 333 n.229 Ancyra (Ankara), 237, 239 232 Alexandretta (Iskenderun), 427 n.383 Andree, Richard, 45, 47, 54 Frontinus's treatise on, 232 Alexandria Andres, Juan, 13 individual use of, 210-11, 252 as cultural center, 148, 159, 161, 201, Andrews, J. H., 36 plans, 210-11, 230, 232 258,261 Andrews, Michael Corbet, 295, 296, 403-4 Aquileia, 239, 241 Eratosthenes' measurements at, 155 Andronicos II Palaeologus, 268 Aquitania, 191, 243 and Heron's distance measurement, Anemoscope, 248-49 Arab flags and insignia, 386, 399, 401 232 n.66 Angelus, Jacobus, 316 Arabian Gulf, 189, 261 latitude of, and Farnese Atlas, 143 n.71 Angers, 493 Arabian peninsula, 243 Library, 7 n.38, 148-49, 154, 173 Anglo-Saxon map. See Cotton"Anglo- Arabic cartography map and chart production in, 106, 149, Saxon" map charts, 374, 381 437 Angola, 438 and Europe, 11 n.86, 279, 283 mathematics at, 234 Animals, spatial consciousness of, 50-51 grid maps, 496 medieval plan of, 477 Ankara (Ancyra), 237,239 Lelewel's work on, 293 meridian of, 155, 156, 167, 169,505 Annaba (Bone), 420 n.333 and mappaemundi, 286, 316, 325, 337, Ptolemy's use of, 183, 184 Antarctic 354 on portolan charts, 427 n.383, 428 monstrous races placed in, 316 orientation in, 208 n.34, 276, 337 Ptolemy's residence in, 181, 198 and Ptolemy, 197 n.97 and Ptolemy, 177, 189, 268, 278 on Roman maps, 208, 239 Antarctic Circle, 147,248 signs in, 326 table of tariffs for, in Cornaro atlas, 444 Anthropological Society of Berlin, 64 Arabic numerals, 268 technicians in, 271 Anthropology. See also Ethnography Arabic science, translations of, 304, 306 Algeria, rock art from, 69, 70 and archaeology, 49 Aragon Algiers, 386, 428 and cartographic history, 47, 48, 49 ordinance regarding charts, 440 Allegory. See also Symbolism and gesture, 52 on portolan charts, 393, 399, 400, 405, in Byzantine mosaics, 263 Antichrist, 332 424 n.361 of Fortuna, 339 Antigonus Gonatas, 141 Aragon, prince of, 439 and mappaemundi, 263, 334, 339 Antilia island, 410, 411 Aramaic language, 115 Almagia, Roberto, xvi n.8, 419, 421, 430, Anti-Meroe, 184, 186, 187, 188 Aratus of Soli, 141-42, 171, 172, 255, 277 432 n.424, 441 Antinous, 214 n.9 criticized by Hipparchus, 164, 165 Alpen, 236 n.13 Antioch, 258, 330 and Farnese Atlas, 143 Alps Paolino Veneto's plan of, 474 revised by Planudes, 268 on Etzlaub map, 497 on Peutinger map, 238, 239, 240 Arausio. See Orange Ligurian, 75, 78, 90 Antiochus I of Commagene, 166 Araxes River, 253 in Notitia Dignitatum, 244 Antipodes, 163, 164,263,300,304,319, Arcesilas of Pitane, 154 prehistoric maps from, 62 n.49, 80. See 321,332,357 Archaeology also Bego, Mont, petroglyphs; Antiquarianism and Achilles' shield, 131 Valcamonica and cartographic history, 6-12, 63-68 and anthropology, 49 Aluion (Britain), 192 in medieval maps, 492-93 and prehistoric art, 57-58, 63 n.55 Alveus Oceani, 300, 353. See also Oceans, Antiquarium Comunale (Rome), 225 and prehistoric maps, 45, 47, 49, 68, 80, equatorial Antoikoi, 163 81 Amalfi, 383, 384 Antonine itinerary, 235-36, 237, 254, 309, Archania, 414 Amat di San Filippo, Pietro, 294 348 Archimedes, 136, 159-60 Amber, sources of, 150 Antoninus. See Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus Architects, plans by Ambracia, 242 n.44 Anu, "road" of, 114 Greek, 139-40 Ambrose, Saint, 301 Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', 10, Roman, 225 American Geographical Society, Research 19 Architecture Catalogue, 31 Anxur, 218 manuals, 217 n.19 General Index 561

medieval, symbolism of, 340 mentioned, 7 Asia Archives Ark, Noah's, 313, 318, 330, 335, 505 Carpini journey to, 304 ancient, 6 n.38 Arles, 383 on circular Greek maps, 135 photographic, 37 n.306 Armenia, 112 East, on Greek maps, 179 Archivio di Stato (Florence), chart of 1487, Armenia Minor, 400 Herodotus on, 136 396 Armignacco, Vera, 402, 435 "Jerome" map of, 288, 289, 292, 299, Archivio di Stato (Venice), chart fragment, Armillae, 168 322,324,325,505 374,423 Armillary spheres, 141, 159, 167, 168, on mappaemundi, 358 Archivo de la Corona de Aragon 171 n.66, 188 Catalan atlas, 315 (Barcelona), Caja II, 419 Armiraio, 434 Gog and Magog in, 333 Archivo General de Indias (Spain), 19 Arms, coats of, 394, 435 T-O type, 296, 297 Archytas, 137 n.44 Arno River, 195, 427 on periploi, 237, 238 Arctic Circle, 151 n.22 Aroura, 125 Polo maps of, 315 as boundary of oikoumene, 151, 156, Arquivo Nacional (Lisbon), Portuguese on portolan charts, 394-95 162 chart, 402 on Ptolemaic maps, 189, 190, 198-99, on Crates' globe, 164 Arrian, 149 n.9, 254 270 on Pesaro wind rose map, 248 Arrotrebae, 243 in Ravenna cosmography, 260 solstitial day at, 168 Art. See also Manuscripts, illumination; Southeast and Strabo, 173 n.83 Mosaics; Portolan charts, prehistoric period in, 49 and Theodosius, 168 ornamentation and Ptolemy, 198-99 Thule placed on, 151, 179 Byzantine, 263-66, 267 Strabo on shape of, 174 Arctic circles (celestial), 141, 146, 147, and cartography, 16, 22 n.174, 36 Asia Minor, 133 162 n.5 mappaemundi in, 324 Akkadian campaign into, 107 ever-visible, 141, 146, 147 maps and globes in, 171, 173, pls.4, 10, 11 Assyrian routes to, 108 for Athens, 165 medieval, 493 on "Jerome" map of Asia, 288, 289, 505 and Geminus, 170 n.61 mobiliary, 53, 55, 92 Ottoman expansion through, 399 and Hipparchus's climata, 167 prehistoric, 55. See also Maps, prehistoric periods in, 57 for Rhodes, 162, 174 prehistoric; Symbolism, prehistoric on Roman maps and itineraries, 236, Theodosius on, 168 composition in, 57, 61 240,241 on Farnese Atlas, 142, 143 n.71 continuity of, 57 Xenophon's description of, 149 on globes, 170, 171 and "cosmic anguish," 86 Asian cartography never-visible, 141, 146, 147 dating of, 55, 57, 58 Crone's omission of, 26 of Farnese Atlas, 143 n.71 figures, 60, 61 n.45 eighteenth-century European study of, 11 Posidonius on, 169 n.44 figures, landscape, 97 and history of cartography, xviii n.17, xix and Pytheas, 151, 174 figures, "topographical," 66, 67, 68, prehistoric, 49 Arctic region, and Ptolemy, 197 n.97 70 n.81, 75, 78, 92 al-A~nam (Algeria), 252 Arcturus, 85 function of, 58, 68 Aspatria, 63, 66 Arculf, 466, 467, 469, 473 and hunting territory, 57 n.11 Aspremont, 343 Arden, 494 interpretation of, 53, 55, 58-59, 63, Assyria, Assyrians, 108, 112 Ardre, 91 n.193 64, 66 Asti, 478, 480 Arefloe (Harfleur), 427 Lloyd Brown on, 45 Astrolabes Arentzen, Jorg-Geerd, 294, 295, 296, 307 and magic, 55, 58 Babylonian, 115 Arethusa, 253 momentary nature of, 58 and Hipparchus, 167 Argentaria, Casa dell', 171 nonnaturalistic markings in, 55 medieval, 441 Argo (constellation), 143 n.71 palimpsests, 58, 61 Astrology. See also Zodiac Argonauts, 193 n.84 publication of, 63 n.53 and ancient astronomy, 507 Argonauts, Porticus of the, 207 sexual grouping in, 57 n.11 Babylonian, 114-15 Argyros, Isaac, 269 n.58 sites, 56, 57 and development of map collections, 8 Aries, 170 studies of, 48, 63-68 Greek, 130, 166,277,508 Arin (Aryn), 323, 354 Arta, 249 in Byzantium, 268 Aristagoras of Miletus, 135 Artabrum, 243 medieval, 323, 340 Aristophanes, 138-39 Artadur, 425 Astronomy. See also Celestial maps Aristotle, 144-46 Artaxata, 249 and ancient astrology, 507 on circular maps, 135, 145, 277 Artaxerxes, 149 n.5 Babylonian, 114-15 on circumference of earth, 148 Arte del navigare, 443 n.517 Greek. See also individual astronomers cosmography of, 145, 146, 261 Artemidorus of Ephesus, 242 n.44, 255 Archimedes' influence on, 159 Meteorologica, 145, 153, 248 n.81 Artemis, temple at Sardis, 140 in Byzantium, 266, 268 on oikoumene, 145 Artifacts. See also Maps, as artifacts Hipparchus's importance to, 164 Posidonius on, 169 n.44 attitudes toward, 106 and Roman scholars, 234 and sphericity of earth, 144, 145,321 inventories, need for, 503 and Thales, 134 and symbolism of number four, 335 Artistic intention, 61, 62, 63, 88 medieval, 506 system of winds, 145-46, 248, Artists, and portolan charts, 393 prehistoric, 81-85 249 n.83 Aryn (Arin), 323, 354 Ptolemy's importance to, 177 and world maps, 277 Ascension, Church of the, 466 Aswan. See Syene 562 General Index

Athanasius, 268 Autun, 207, 209, 237 n.18, 290 Bagnolo stone, 87, 88 Athena, temple at Priene, 140 Avezac-Macaya, Marie Armand Pascal d', Bagrow, Leo Athens 13 n.96, 293, 322 and anthropology, 47 Draco's visibility from, 165 Avienius, Rufius Festus on "Church cartography," 299 latitude of, 141 Aratus translated by, 143 n.72, 172 definition of map, xv maps and globes in, 138-39, 158, 508 Dionysius translated by, 172, 243 and early maps parallel of, 152, 155, 156,506 Ora Maritima, 150, 243, 502 bone plaques, 64, 65 tablet from, with labyrinth, 251 Avignon, 404, 405 n.262, 487 preference for, 25-26, 27 Athens and Thebes, Catalan duchy of, Axis prehistoric, 45, 46-47, 54, 85 425 n.366 celestial, in geocentric hypothesis, 146, on facsimile projects, 18 Atlantic islands 154 n.47 founder and editor of Imago Mundi, 23, and mappaemundi, 299 earth's, 171, 506 26-27 on portolan charts, 372, 410-11, 414, Axis mundi, 87 founder of Circle of Lovers of Russian 415,440 Ayer, Edward E., 16 Antiquities, 22 Atlantic Ocean Azala, 113 Die Geschichte der Kartographie, 25-26 Eratosthenes on, 156 Azores, 378 n.65, 410-11 History of Cartography, xv Greek knowledge of, 149, 150 Azov, Sea of, 387 on international communication in on portolan charts, 377, 384, 385 n.134, on Greek maps, 145, 153 cartography, 27, 29 386,415,445,446 on mappaemundi, 301, 302, 328, 343 Istoriya geograficheskoy karty (History of of Beccari, 427, 428 Y-O maps, 345,347 the geographical map), 24, 54 Carte Pisane, 404 on Peutinger map, 240 on Maikop vase, 73 n.90 Cortona chart, 404 Pliny on, 242 n.44 on Fra Mauro map of 1459, 315 North Atlantic, 414 projects for cartographic history, 27 scale, 384, 414 on Ptolemaic maps, 178, 189 and Zaccaria, Benedetto, 382 Babel, Tower of, 330 Baito, 149 as source of Nile, 152 n.29 Babil 'amud, 265 Balbus (Gromaticus), 217 Atlas (god), Farnese statue of, 142-43, 181 Babylon Baldacci, Osvaldo, xvi n.8, 37, 318 n.149, Atlas Mountains, 71, 393 on Babylonian maps, 111, 114 405 Atlases. See also Facsimile maps and atlases map of, 110 Baldaia, Afonso Gon~alves, 413 breaking up of, 6 on mappaemundi, 330 Balearic Sea, 387 portolan, 393, 440. See also individual in Notitia Dignitatum, 245 Balearics, 437 chartmakers Babylon (Old Cairo, Egypt), 246 Balkans, 236, 488 indexes of, 449-61 Babylonians Baltic Sea Atrium Libertatis, 210 astronomy, 114-15 Mela on, 255 Attica, mine plan from, 139 calendar, 114 on portolan charts, 409-10 Atticus, Titus Pomponius, 255 cosmology, 85, 86, 87, 112 and Ptolemy, 197 Atwell, George, 494 geographical knowledge, 107-8 Pytheas's voyage to, 150 Augusta (Agosta), 382 influence on Greece, 130, 134, 503 Baltic tribes, 197-98 Augusta Taurinorum, 239 itineraries, 108, 113 Baltzer, Lauritz, 82, 83 Augustine, Saint, 300, 301, 309, 319, 326 links to East, 107-8 Banners. See PortoIan charts, flags on City of God, 340 maps, small-scale, 111-14 Barbari, Jacopo de', 477, 493 Augustodunum. See Autun mathematics, 109, 114 Barberini mosaic. See Palestrina mosaic Augustus, 207 measurement, 109 Barberino, Francesco da, 441, 478 and Agrippa's map, 207, 208, 243 pictographs, 49 Barbie du Bocage, Jean Denis, 19 n.150 and Caesar's survey, 205, 206, 207, 309 place-name lists, 107 Barbie du Bocage, Jean Guillaume, 19 n.150 cursus publicus of, 236 plans, 109-11, 112, 113,114,276 Barbosa, Antonio, 385 division of Rome by, 227 and administrative control, 507 Barcelona on Hereford map, 205, 206, 309 and Greek maps, 135 charts shipped from, 409 n.285, 437, 438 land allocation by, 207, 220-21 and prehistoric maps, 92 mapmaking in, 430, 432 n.421, 436, 437, and land survey, 210, 212, 216 scale, 109, 110, 113, 276 438 n.476 regional division of Italy, 242 scribes, 114 on mappaemundi, 328 Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, 226, 234, survey, 109, 113 merchants' inventories, 444 n.522 235 tablets, 109-15, 135, 502 Bardo Museum (Tunis), 248 Aurich, 91 and Thales, 134 n.12 Barholm, 485 Auriga, 82, 83 World Map, 88, 91, 111, 114 Barletta, 259 n.7 Aurignacian, 82 influence, 130 Barth, Heinrich, 63 n.55 Australian aborigines Bacon, Roger, 304, 305, 321, 354 Bartholomeus Anglicus, 332 pictographic maps of, 53 n.18 and projection, 305, 322, 342 Bartholomew, Saint, 330 shaman's drum, 87 mentioned, 301, 323 Bartolo, Taddeo di, 493 topographic signs of, 58 n.18 Bactria, 153 Bartolo da Sassoferrato, 490 Austria, 497. See also Kienbach Gorge; Badajoz, 68, 69 Basil, Saint, 328 Notgasse; Stollhof Baden, 489. See also Wiirttemberg-Baden Bas-Rhin, 488 cartographic history in, 24, 32 Badrah, 112 Basses Alpes, 487, 491 Autolycus of Pitane, 154 Baetica, 208, 243 Bately, Janet M., 301 General Index 563

Batestein castle, 8 n.53 Benincasa, Grazioso, 432, 433, 434 Gospels, 336, 338 Baths, plans of, 225, 226 and Africa, 412, 413-14, 415 locational information in, 115, 326, 340 Battaglia, Raffaelo, 75-79 and Atlantic islands, 411 manuscripts Battle plans, 62 atlas of 1463, 374, 411, 412 maps accompanying, 324 Baudouin, Marcel, 82 atlas of 1467, 391 n.189 Octateuch, 261 n.25 Baudri de Bourgueil, 339 atlases of 1468, 374 n.33, 411, 412, 414, mosaic illustration of, 264, 265, 266 Bavaria, 494 425 and Peutinger map, 241 Bay (survey implement), 125 atlas of 1468 (London), 431, 435, 446, and seas, 328 Bear (constellation). See Ursa Major 447 Bibliographia cartographica, 21 n.171. See Beasts atlas of 1469,376,419 also Bibliotheca cartographica of Babylonian World Map, 111, 112 atlas of 1473 (Bologna), 400 Bibliographie geographique internationale, on Egyptian astronomical ceilings, 121 atlas of 1473 (London), 390 n.184, 421 31 Beatus of Liebana, 287. See also chart of 1470, 411 Bibliographies, 19-21 Mappaemundi, Beatus type maps chart of 1472,421-22 cartobibliographies, 19, 20-21, 22 Commentary on the Apocalypse of Saint chart of 1482, 393, 411, 435, pl.27 geographical, 31 fohn, 302,303,331,343,346,355, and latitude scales, 386 in Imago Mundi, 28-29 357 legends, author's, 432, 438 subject, 31, 37 Beazley, Charles Raymond lunar calendars, 447 Bibliography of Cartography, 31-32 Dawn of Modern Geography, 293 place-names, 425 Biblioteca Ambrosiana (Milan) on mappaemundi, 288, 291, 293, 295, portolano, written, 374, 422 n.342, 433 Catalan chart, 414 n.319 342 portrait of, 434 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 189 on portolan charts, 371 scales of, 392 Borgiano V, 378 n.62, 394 n.210, 430 Beccari, Batista, 438 style, 393 Pal. Lat. 1362A. See Vesconte, Pietro, apprentice to, 431 n.415 and Topkapi Sarayi atlas, 392 n.198 atlas of [1320] chart of 1426, 398, 400, 425, 427 n.381, mentioned, 391, 407 n.278, 443 n.517 Reg. Lat. 548, 406 n.273 435 Bergamo, 479 Rossi. 676, 376 n.48 chart of 1435, 414 n.313 Beringsweiler, 488 Vat. Lat. 2972. See Vesconte, Pietro, atlas influenced by Roselli, 431 Berlin, cartographic history in, 24 of [1321] place-names on charts of, 425, 438 n.476 Bernard the Wise, 340 Vat. Lat. 9015,441 Beccari, Francesco, 393, 432 n.421, 438 Bernice, Lock of (constellation), 159 n.75 Vat. Lat. 14207, 395 n.211, 404 n.252, and Atlantic scale, 414, 427, 428 al-Bersha, 120, pl.2 418-19 chart of 1403, 386, 397, 414, 423 n.359, Bertran, Jacme, 433 n.432 Biblioteca Estense e Universitaria (Modena). 425, 427, 428, 437 n.474, 440 Bertran, Jaime, 431 n.412, 432, 433 n.432 See also Catalan (Estense) world Cornaro atlas, copying of, 401 chart of 1456, 429, 431 n.412, 437 map on informants, 427-28 chart of 1482, 374, 414 chart C.G.A.5c, 374, 377 n.61, 413 place-names on charts of, 425, 438 n.476 sovereigns depicted by, 400 n. Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, 191 world maps, 393, 401 n.239, 430, 435, Bertran, Jaume, 433 n.432 Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale (Florence) 436,437 Berwickshire Naturalists' Club, 64 Port. 16, 394 n.209, 418 Bede, Saint, 302, 304, 320, 345 Besevliev, Bojan, 371 n.5 Port. 22, 418, 445 De natura rerum, 335, 346, 347 Betelgeuse, 165 Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana (Venice) Bedolina map, 62, 77, 78, 79 Beth-Alpha mosaic, 266, 267 It. IV, 1912, 418, pl.26 Bego, Mont, petroglyphs, 66-68, 74, 75, Bethlehem, 330 Mauro map in, 315 80,503 Bethzachar, 265 Biblioteca Vittorio Emanuele III (Naples) and Bicknell, 66, 67, 75, 78 Bevan, W. L., 288 Sala dei MSS. 8.2, 418 celestial ladders, 86 Bianco, Andrea, 432-33 Bibliotheca cartographica, 19 n.148, 31, 32. "Monte Bego Village," 77, 78 and African discoveries, 412, 413-14 See also Bibliographia cartographica picture maps, 70 n.81 atlas of 1436, 378 n.62, 409, 410 n.289, Bibliotheque de la Ville (Lyons) "Skin Hill Village," 77,78 440-41,442 MS. 179,398,419,435 Behaim, Martin chart of 1448, 374, 412, 414, 432-33 Bibliotheque Nationale ~ob~ 8,31~413,414 and Dulcert chart, 415 Departement des Manuscrits, Fran~ais Bejaia (Bougie), 211, 386, 401, 420 n.333 and Fra Mauro's map of 1459, 315,433 24909, 423 Bekhen, 123, 124 Toleta of, 441, 442, 443 Departement des Manuscrits, MS. Lat. Belforte, 426 world map of 1436,317,358 4850, 435 n.444 Belgian Archaeological Mission, 139 world maps, reissue of, 8 map collections of, 15 Bell, James Ford, Collection, 316, 358 Bible Res. Ge. AA751, 418 Bellori picture, 239 n.33 and centering of maps, 340, 341 Res. Ge. D3005, 397 n.219, 418 Belomorsk, 76 and cosmography, 261 n.25, 262-63, Bibliorheque Royale, 13, 15, 19 Bematistai, 149 319,326 Bicknell, Clarence M., 66-68, 75, 78 Benese, Richard, 494 division of the world, 296 n.69, 331, Bilbao, 426 Benevento, 195 334, pl.12 Bindings, 373, 376, 434 Bengal, Bay of (Gangetic Gulf), 189, 198 and four corners of the earth, 112, 262, Biobibliographies, 20, 38 Benincasa, Andrea, 432, 433, 434 319,336 by Cortesao, 13-14 chart of 1490, 374, 391 n.189 geography of, 10, 17, 115, 326 of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, portrait of, 434 Gog and Magog, 332 11 564 General Index

Biondo, Flavio, 477, 481 Books of hours, 436 prehistoric, 57 Roma instaurata, 492 Bootes, 83 art, 64 n.56, 68 Biondo, Luca del, 376 n.48 Borchardt, Ludwig, 125 and Ptolemy, 191, 192-94 Blr al-l:fammamat, 123 Bordeaux itinerary, 235, 237, 254 and Pytheas, 150, 194 Blr Umm Fawakhir, 123 Bordighera, 66 in Ravenna cosmography, 260 n.2l Birch, Samuel, 121 Boreas, 248 on Roman maps and itineraries, 209, Bird's-eye views Borgia map, 317, 328, 358 236, 238,239-40, 244, 245 n.69, Egyptian drawings likened to, 117 cynocephali on, 331, 332 254, pl.6 medieval, 464 representational style of, 327 Strabo on shape of, 174 city ideograms, 469, 476 Born, Ernest, 466 British Cartographic Society, xv Italian, 464, 474, 476-77, 478, 493 Borno stone, 69, 71, 75 British Channel, 193 of jerusalem, 474. See also jerusalem, Borysthenes (Dnieper River), 151 n.21, 166, British Columbia Map Society, 23 plans of 183,249 British Isles Birrens, 236 Boscoreale fresco, 171, pl.4 Dionysius's description of, 173 Birten, 236 n.13 Boscovich, R. G., 248 on portolan charts, 403, 406, 407-9 Biscay, Bay of, 388 Boscovich anemoscope. See Pesaro wind and Ptolemy, 189, 192-94 Bit Yakin, 111 rose map Pytheas's voyage to, 150 Bithynium, 214 n.9 Bosporu~ 235, 445 Roman circumnavigation of, 178 Bitter River, 88, 91 Bothnia, Gulf of, 410 British Library Black Death, 426 Bouches-du-Rhone, 487 Add. MS. 18665, 390 n.184, 419 Black Sea, 250, 387 Bougie (Bejaia), 386, 400, 420 n.333 Add. MS. 25691, 390 n.184, 393, ancient chart of, 383 Boundaries 399 n.231, 418, 424 on Catalan atlas, 315 in Babylonian documents, 108 Add. MS. 27376):'. See Vesconte, Pietro, climata, 183, 243 Burgundian maps regarding, 487, 491, atlas of ca. 1325 in Lo compasso da navigare, 382 n.l08 pl.36 Higden world map, 312, 313, 348 on mappaemundi, 358 concept of, 52 mappamundi fragment of Mediterranean, Martellus Germanus map of, pl.25 Low Countries maps regarding, 485, 486, 312 n.123 periplus of, 260 487 British Museum place-names, 250, 421 maps related topologically to, xvii Babylonian tablets in, 110, 111, 113, 114 on portolan charts, 371 n.5, 421, 444- in Nile valley, 105, 128 catalog of maps, 19, 375 45,446 scent marking of, 50 Chaldean terra-cotta liver, 203 on Carte Pisane, 382 n.l08, 390 Bourne, William, 409 n.285 Department of Maps and Charts, 16 Cornaro atlas, 438 Boutillier, jehan, 487, 490 map collections of, 8 n.54, 15, 16 distortion, 386 Bowersock, G. W., 241 n.39 British Ocean, 193 flags, 399, 401 Brandt, Heinrich, 265 Brittany, 150 Medici atlas, 448 Bratislava Broc, Numa, 403 projection, 386 plan of Vienna and Bratislava. See Bronze relationship to Mediterranean, 383, Vienna, scale plan of Greek maps, 135 384, 390 sundial from, 215 Piacenza liver, 202-4, 507 on Roman maps, 240, 249, 250, 254 Brazil, island of, 410 prehistoric, 81 n.123 mentioned, 149 n.5, 150 Brenan, Lieutenant, 63 n.54 Roman maps, 210, 216,222, 278, 502 Blakemore, Michael j., 38, 48 Brescia, 479 Bronze Age, 55, 57 Bled Segui, 212 Breuil, Henri, 60, 69 n.78 British rock art dated to, 64 n.56 Blemmyae, 331, 332 Breusing, Arthur A., 375 Magourata cave paintings, 89 Blois, 339 Breydenbach, Bernard von, 474, 475, 476 plan maps, 62 n.49 Blumer, Walter, 54, 78 Bric del Selvatico, 76 n.l03 Scandinavian petroglyphs, 53 n.18 Boechout (East Flanders), 485 Bridge House estates (London), 492 Valcamonica petroglyphs, 69, 75, 78 Boethius, 255, 301 Brie, Comte Robert, 207- Brown, john Carter, 16 Boetia (Spain), 7 n.40 Brielle, 494 Brown, Lloyd A. Bohemia, 328, 393 Brincken, Anna-Dorothee von den, 288, on origin of maps, 45, 47 Bohuslan, 82 325, 326, 334, 357 on Phoenician ship incident, 252 Bojador, Cape, 406 n.267, 411, 413, 415 Bristol, 485, 493 The Story of Maps, 25, 26, 47 Bologna Bristol Channel, 406, 407, 408 Browne, George Forrest, 81-82 on mappaemundi, 328 Britain. See also England; Scotland Bruges, 376 n.4R, 410 University of, 306 Britannia Prima, 244 Bruges Itinerary, 4lJS Bon, Cape, 198 on Carte Pisane, 407, 408 Bry, Theodore dc, I () Bone (Annaba), 420 n.333 cartographic history in, 29, 37-38 Buache, Philippe, 8 n.54 Bone and Diodorus Siculus, 194 Buca, Lucius Aemilius, 164 mammoth, 70, 71 "dogleg" of, 194 Buczek, Karol, 37 plaques, 47 n.14, 54, 64, 65, 66 n.61 and Eratosthenes, 194 Buildings Bonner, john T., 50 Gough map. See Gough, Richard, map of on coins, 158 Book of Common Prayer, 326 n.207 Britain in Corpus Agrimensorum, 217 Book of the Dead, 119 Matthew Paris map. See Paris, Matthew, on Egyptian Turin papyrus, 123 Book of the Two Ways, 120, pl.2 map of Britain plans Books, history of, 5 n.29, 36 medieval maps from, 465 Egyptian, 127 General Index 565

Greek, 139-40 and scientific research, 208 Capsa, 238, 254 medieval, 466-67, 468, 470-71, 472 survey ordered by, 205-6, 207, 309 Capua, 204, 205 in prehistoric maps, 75, 77, 79. See also Caffa (Feodosiya), 401 Caput de non, 411 Enclosures; Huts Cagliari, 399, 439 Caracalla, 226, 234, 235 prehistoric models of, 80, 81 Cahill, Thomas A., 368 Caraci, Giuseppe Bulgaria, 290, 328. See also Magourata Cairo, 477 on Catalan atlas, 447 n.5 cave paintings Cairo Museum, 126 and Cortona chart, 402 n.243 Bull (constellation), 83 Caistor Saint Edmund (Norwich), 240, and Italian/Catalan controversy, 389, Bunbury, Edward Herbert, 157 245 n.69 392 n.201, 415 n.329 Bunsoh stone, 66, 80 n.121 Calapata (Teruel), 60 and place-name analysis, 415 n.329, 420, Buondelmonti, Cristoforo Calapoda, Georgio 422 n.348 Descriptio insule Crete, 482 atlas of 1552, 411 n.301 on Pongeto chart, 396 n.215 Liber insularum arcipelagi (island book), chart of 1560, 411 n.301 on use of portolan charts, 440 n.490 379, 482-83, 484 Calendars mentioned, 403, 424 n.361 world map of 1420, 358 agricultural, 92 Carbon paper, smoked, 391 Burges, Frances, 433 n.432 Babylonian, 114 Caria, 152 Burghley, First Baron, 9 Greek, 130, 137, 159 n.75 Carignano, Giovanni da, 390 n.179, 404-5, Burgos, 437 on mappaemundi, 317 432 n.421, 432 n.442, 438 Burgstaller, Ernst, 87 on portolan charts, 429, 440, 446-47, Carignano map,374, 38~404-6 Burgund~48~490,491,pL36 448, pl.32 orientation, 378 Bursa, 406 Calices, 210 Prester John on, 333 Biisching, Friedrich Anton, 10 n.69 Calligraphy, 325, 401-2, 403 scale, 377 n.58 Bushmen of South Africa, 86 n.161 Caloiro chart of 1665, 401 n.233 Scandinavia on, 409-10 Biiyiik Menderes River, 158 Calydonian boar hunt, 193 mentioned, 395 n.211, 399, 411 n.304, Byblos, 265 Camarero, Garcia, 403 413 Bybona (Byzone), 249 Camargue, 487 Carlao (Portugal), 83 Byzantine cartography, 258-72, 279 Camels, 69 n.80, 70 Carlisle, 236 and charts, 381 Camogli, Prospero da, 435 Carmody, Francis j., 236 n.13 and Christianity, 261-65, 266, 278 Camonica Valley. See Valcamonica Carnsore Point, 407 Greek influence in, 260, 266-72 Campania, 204, 209, 210, 218 Carolingian age, 299, 467 losses and survivals, 258, 503 Campus Martius, 229 n.57 Carpentras, 222 practical, decline in, 259, 266 Camulodunum (Colchester), 236, 239 Carrhae, 244 and Ptolemy, 189, 191 n.74, 260 Canaan, 119 Carta, xvi, 375 Roman influence on, 234, 258-60 Canada, 37 Carta d'uso, 440 n.489 and survey, 259 Canadian Cartographer, 33 Carta da navigare, 287 Byzantine Empire Canadian Cartographic Association, Carta de marear, 375 knowledge and use of maps in, 279 33 n.267 Carta de navegar, 375, 409 n.285, 437 Theodosian map of, 259 Canaries (Fortunate Isles) Carta plana quadrata, 385 Byzantine scholars, 190, 268, 272, 278, on Greek maps, 184, 190, 199, 276, 505 Carta pro Navigando, 375 279. See also Planudes, Maximus on portolan charts, 378, 401 n.233, 410, Carte, xvi Byzantium, 238, 258 n.2, 508. See also 448 Carte Pisane, 404, pl.30 Constantinople and Toledo tables, 323 African coast on, 411, 412 on Dura Europos shield, 249, 250 Cancer (constellation), 83, 170 Britain on, 407, 408 Byzone, 249 Candace (queen of Ethiopia), 265 n.40 and Lo compasso da navigare, 382, 383 Canepa, Albino da, 438 Cortona chart compared to, 404, 405 "Cabinets of Curiosities," 9 chart of 1480, 414 n.318 cross sign on, 378 n.68 Cabo de buyetder, 411 Genoese flags, 401 dating, 402 n.243, 404 n.253 Cadamosto, Alvise da, 374 n.33 Canis Major, 165 grid, 392 Cadaster, defined, 220 Cannibals, 332 origin, 389, 390 Cadastral maps, 507 Canopus, 142, 143 n.71, 169 and origin of portolan charts, 380, 382, Babylonian, 92, 110, 113, 114 Cantabrio-Castilian language, 389 390 Egyptian, 128, 508 Canterbury, 227, 492 place-names on, 382, 383, 422, 426 Roman, 209-10, 220-25, 255, 278 Canterbury Cathedral Sardinia on, 371 n.5 Cadastral survey. See Survey plan of, 467, 469, 484, 491, 493 scale, 377 n.58, 395 Cadiz (Gades), 150, 252, 253 Cao, Diogo, 414 mentione~ 291, 37~ 37~ 378,406 on mappaemundi, 328 Cape of Good Hope, 371 n.l, 413 Cartes et figures de la terre, 21 on Roman itinerary, 235 Cape Verde Islands, 374 n.33, 411 Carthage Caerleon (Isca), 252 Capello, Carlo F., 306 centuriation near, 219 Caert-Thresoor, 23 Capes, on portolan charts, 377 on mappaemundi, 328 Caesar, Julius Capitastrum, 220 n.36 mosaics from, 248 and Alexandria, 106 Capo de lardiero, 427 n.379 on Roman maps, 239 Gallic campaigns, 206-7 Capo de sancta maria, 427 n.379 Carthagena, 153, 208 land allocations, 210 Capo di Ponte, 75, 76. See also Bedolino Cartobibliographies, 19, 20-21, 22 and land survey, 210 map Cartographer (Australia), 33 as promoter of maps, 253 Capricorn (constellation), 83, 170 "Cartographia Americana" (Harrisse), 20 566 General Index

Cartographic Journal, 33 periods of, 5 Caucasus Mountains, 324, 332, 348 Cartographica, 33 popularization of, 22-23, 25 n.199 Cauo de osero, 439 Cartography Strabo's importance to, 173 Cauo de sancta maria, 414 n.310 coined by Santarem, xvii, 12 technical history, 34-35, 508 Caverio chart of ca. 1505, 386 definitions, xv-xvi, 30, 34 and theoretical cartography, 30 n.237, Cavo ferro, 407 n.274 discipline of, 23, 30-36 33-36 Cayster River, 158 and discipline of geography, 30-31 Cartophile Society of New England, 22 Cebrian, Konstantin, 25 historical Cartostorie, 38 n.321 Cecil, William, First Baron Burghley, 9 defined, xvii n.16 Cartularies, 484 Ceilings, astronomical, 121 in eighteenth century, 10 Casae litterarum, 226, 228 Celestial globes. See Globes, Greek, celestial mathematical, in history of cartography, Casali, Giovanni de, 323 Celestial maps. See also Constellations 17 Casamance, 14 Babylonian, 115 origins of, 50-53, 503-4. See also Maps, Caspian Gates, 253 and cartography, xvi-xvii, xx, 63 n.50, prehistoric Caspian Sea 84-85 historiography, 45-49, 54-55 Agrippa on, 208 and Charlemagne, 303 Ptolemy's importance to, 177 and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261 Egyptian, 121 scientific, 3-4 Eustathius on, 266 Greek, 130, 140, 142, 164-66, 276 omitted from Bagrow's History, 25 on Greek maps, 153, 174, 189, 198, Hebrew, 248 progress in, 3, 5, 10, 12 261 n.25 origins of, 53 social significance, 4, 5, 36, 139, as gulf, 261 n.25, 328 planispheres used in, 287 506-9 on mappaemundi, 328 prehistoric, 68 n.74, 81-85,92 technical processes on portolan charts, 394, 448 reversed, 82, 83 historical concern with, 34-35 Lesina chart, 376 n.48, 422 n.343 Triora stela, 90 n.186 theoretical concern with, 33, 34 Cassiodorus, 255, 259 n.13, 301 Celtes, Konrad, 238 thematic, xx, 35, 36 on Dionysius and Ptolemy, 172, 261 Celtic languages, 337 theoretical Cassiopeia, 82 Celtic Promontory, 243 cartographic history as part of, Cassiterides (Tin Islands), 150, 252 Celtica, 151 n.21, 153 30 n.237 Castella, 227 Celts, 144 development of, 33-36 Castellammare di Stabia, 240 Cemmenus Mountains, 174 transmission of cartographic knowledge, Castelliere del Dos dell'Archa, 78 n.116 Cennini da Colle di Val d'Elsa, Cennino 507-8 Casterino, Val, 67 n.70 d'Andrea, 324, 431 Cartography, history of Castile and Leon, 435 Centaurs, 252 antiquarianism in, 6-12, 63-68 Castorius, 238 n.25, 260 Centering of maps, 504, 505 and bibliography, 20 n.161, 21 Casus River, 208 on Greece, 135, 144, 145 cognitive transformation in, 504-6 (:atal Hiiyiik, 58, 71, 73, 74 on Delos, 340, 505 and collectors, 16, 22-23, 26 Catalan atlas of 1375, 314-15, 356, 358, on Delphi, 135 conferences, 29 n.235 432, 435, pls.17,32 on Rhodes, 153, 156 and dealers, 16-17 African coast on, 411, 412 on Jerusalem, 310, 315, 316, 317, 332, definitions, xvii-xviii Asia on, 315, 372 340,341-42,471,505 directory of research, international, 37 authorship of, 430 on Rome, 340, 505 and discipline of cartography, 23, 30-36, cartographic signs on, 397 n.220 Centre National de la Recherche 39 compass rose, 395, 396 Scientifique, 38 n.327 and discipline of geography, 12, 14-15, distortion grid for, 386 Centumcellae, 239 17-18,30-31,38,39 "establishment of the port" on, Centuria, 215, 216 Eurocentricity, xix, 11, 28-29 429 n.390, 440 Centuriation, 201, 212-24 evidence for, 502, 503 lunar table, 446, 447 accuracy of maps, 218, 255 exhibitions, 21-22 place-names on, 420, 425 and administrative control, 507 forces in, 22 and size of earth, 321 coordinates, 212, 213, 215 gaps, 502-4 mentioned, 328, 393 nn.204,208; discovery of, 219 general histories, 23, 24-26 394 n.209, 413, 432 Etruscan origin of, 202, 203 authorship, xix-xx Catalan (Estense) world map, 317, 328, illustrations of, 217, 218-19, 221, 222, definitions of map and cartography in, 358, 379 n.71, 412 223-25 xv Catalan language, 389 in Italy, 210 on origins of cartography, 47 Catalan ordinance of 1354, 375 Campania, 210, 218 historiographic review, 5-39 Catalogs Hispellum, 218, 219 reasons for, 6 dealers', 17, 22 Minturnae, 218, 219 and history of science and technology, 3, of exhibitions, 21-22 Po Valley, 195, 196,219,224 13 institutional, 19-20, 292, 294, 302 Terracina, 218 as humanistic endeavor, xv,S, 39 of mappaemundi, 292, 294 Trieste, 219 identity, scholarly, 23-24, 36-39 Catalogue geographique raisonne, 19 methods, 213-16 interpretive shift in, 342 Catana (Catania), 236, 255 in North Africa, 198, 212, 219 literature of, 22, 23-24, 28-29, 32-33 Cato the Elder, 205 orientation, 195, 19~ 198,219,221,222 and magnetic variation, secular, 385 Cattigara, 184, 186, 198 and Ptolemy, 195, 196, 198 paleocartographic bias, 25-26, 27-28 Caucasian Gates, 253 and scaled map of Mediterranean, 381 patterns in, since 1800, 17-23 Caucasus, 72, 73 in Spain, 221, 223 General Index 567

stones, 210, 212,216 Chlamys, 156, 167 Circuits of the Earth. See Periodoi ges in Tunisia, 198, 212, 219, 223 Cholfo,375 Circular maps Cepheus (constellation), 82 Chora,268 Greek, 135, 13~ 171,277 Cerano, 425 Chorography mappaemundi. See Mappaemundi, Ceriborg (Cherbourg), 427 and cosmography and geography, 9 circular Cesanis, Alvixe, 432 Eratosthenes' importance to, 154 Cirencester, 244 Cesanis, Francesco de Ptolemy on, 183 Cisiarii mosaic (Ostia), 230, 231 chart of 1421, 399 n.232, 400, 403, 431 Chott el Fedjedj, 212 City of Man, 340 and Luxoro atlas, 406 n.273, 424 Christ, 290, 326 Civitavecchia, 239 Ceuta, 399,400,401,413,418,444 IHS monogram, 398 Clapier rock, 80 Cevennes Mountains, 174 and mappaemundi, 290, 313, 330, 334 Claudiopolis, 214 n.9 Chalcedon (Kadikoy), 237 Christ in Glory, 335 Claudius, 245 Chalcolithic period, 55. See also Borno Ebstorf map, 290, 291, 310, 332, 334, Clavus, Claudius, 7 n.42, 316 stone 342 Clenchwarton, 484, 485 gold disk, 91 Christianity. See also Bible; Prester John Cleomedes, 7, 152 n.30, 154, 169 Ossimo stela, 90 and Byzantine cartography, 261-65, 266, Clew Bay, 407 n.278 tombs, 72 278 Cliffe, 484 Chaldea, 203 and geographical knowledge, 299, 326 Climata Charax, 208 and mappaemundi in Eudoxus's Periodos ges, 143 Charlemagne, 303, 467 biblical sources, 326, 330 of Hipparchus, 166-67, 182 Charles IV, pl.l0 religious functions, 263, 286, 309, 334, Isidore's misunderstanding of, 320 Charles VI (king of France), 315 342 and mappaemundi, 183, 278, 296, 300, Charles Close Society for the Study of symbolism, 290, 291, 313, 334-36, 322,357 Ordnance Survey Maps, 22 n.179 338, 342 of Marinus, 179 Charles's Wain. See Ursa Major Nestorian, 261 Muslim reception of, 320 n.166 Chartarum Amici, 23 in Roman Empire, 237 and orientation of maps, 276, 337 Charte da navichare, 287 Chronicles, medieval, 288 of Pliny, 243 Charterhouse (London), 491, 495 Chronicles of Saint-Denis, 288 n.17 of Ptolemy, 182-83 Chartes, xvi n.7 Chronogeography, 326 and Romans, 201 Charts, astronomical. See Celestial maps Chrysoloras, Manuel, 268 Clos-Arceduc, A., 385-86 Charts, nautical. See also Portolan charts Chrysorroas River, 244 Cloverleaf device, 396 n.215 ancien~ 278-79, 380-81, 383 Chudeau, M. R., 63 n.54 Cnossos, 251, 252 chart trade, 435-37 Chukchi of Siberia, 87 n.162 Codanus Gulf, 255 collections, 9 n.66 Church fathers, 286 Codex, codices. See Manuscripts; Ptolemy, importance of itineraries to, 234 and Antipodes, 319 manuscripts latitude scales, 371 n.l on geographical knowledge, 299, 326 Coffin Texts, 119 n.6, 120 Marco Polo's mention of, 315 and monstrous races, 332 Coffins, painted, 120, pl.2. See also stick, 48 as source, 301, 304 Sarcophagi terminology, 375 and sphericity of earth, 342 Cognitive development, 50, 52, 504-6 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 387 Churches Cognitive mapping, 1, 5, 31, 52 Cherbourg, 427 gable ends representing, 470, 471 Coimbra,36 Chersonesos (Tauric Chersonese), 249 orientation of, 340 Coins Chester, 236 Cicero globes and orbs on, 164, 290, 337, 339 Chiana valley, 488 Aratus translated by, 143 n.72, 255 labyrinths on, 251 Chicago Map Society, 23 Archimedes' globes described by, 159, maps on Children, and maps, 2 160 Greek, 157, 158-59 Chin dynasty, 7 Macrobius's commentary on, 164, 243­ Roman, 245-46, 507,508 China. See also Sera, Seres 44,300,346,353,354 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 8 n.54 archivists of, 6 n.3 8 and Posidonius, 168 Colchester, 236, 239 cartographic history in, 6-7 on shape of oikoumene, 244 Colchians, 158 distance from Spain to, 179. See also Cilicia, 237 n.18, 244 Colombo, Bartolomeo, 375 Oikoumene, size on Dicaearchus's parallel, 152, 166 Colonia. See Rome, colonies; and individual European contact with, 372 Cinnamon-producing country, 156, 157, colonies Great Wall, 333 174 Colonia (Colchester), 236 prehistoric period, 49 Circle of Lovers of Russian Antiquities, 22 Colonnades, maps on, 207, 209. See also Prester John in, 333 Circles Pillars, maps on and Ptolemy, 198, 199. celestial, 141, 170. See also Arctic circles Color Chinese cartography (celestial); Colures; Ecliptic; Equator, in Corpus Agrimensorum, 217 Andree's treatment of, 45 celestial; Tropics, celestial; Zodiac in Egyptian maps, 120, 123, 126 city pictures, 469 division into 360 parts, 109 on globes, celestial, 159 and medieval European cartography, 284, hidden, on charts, 376, 391, 392, 396, of Madaba mosaic, 265 496 431 on mappaemundi, 325-26, 327, 336 origins, 52 n.17 as hut sign, 69 n.79 on medieval Italian district maps, 479 and portolan charts, 381 n.93 quartered, 87 on Peutinger map, 239 Chirographic era, 36 and rectangle, 87, 88 Plato on, 137-38 568 General Index

Color (cont.) Compass makers, 429 Byzantine understanding of, 268 on portolan charts, 378, 392 n.196, 393, Compass roses, 394,395-96. See also Wind ecliptic, 181, 182 pl.24. See also Portolan charts, flags roses Hipparchus's use of, 165 n.25 on on Etzlaub map, 497 medieval use of, 286, 292, 314, 322-23, scribal traditions, 428 thirty-two point, 397 324 n.187, 506 winds, 377, pl.24 Compass variation. See Magnetic Alberti's, of Rome, 495 on Ptolemaic maps and globe, 181,269, declination Bacon's system, 305, 322 270 Compasse, 312 n.118 in Germany and Austria, 497 on Roman itineraries, 237 Compasses (dividers) of Ptolemy, 180, 181, 191, 192-97, 505 Columbus, Christopher, 199, 328 in Greek cartography, 135 accuracy of, 183, 191, 276 effect on maps, 371 n.l and portolan charts, 391, 443 and celestial globes, 182, 183 and size of earth, 170 n.55, 354 Roman, 214 n.l0 for India, 209 mentioned, 342, 372 Compasso, 375 and manuscript maps, 189-90, 191 "Columbus chart," 374 n.32 Lo compasso da navigare, 382-83, 387, and mappaemundi, 314, 322 Colures, 141, 146, 170 422, 426, 427 n.379, 437 and Marcianus of Heraclea Pontica, on Farnese Atlas, 142 Comum, 195 199 n.l07, 237 Combitis atlas, 396 n.215, 402, 406 n.273, Congo River, 414 Toledo tables, 284, 316, 323 429 Congressi Geografici Nazionali, 21 n.170 Copernican theory, 306 dating of, 411 n.305, 419, 424 Conon of Samos, 159 Copper Age, 55 Comes formarum, 244 Conrad of Dyffenbach, 316 Coptos, 123, 245 Comes Italiae, 244 Consciousness, 509 Copying of maps. See also Portolan charts, Comes limitis Aegypti, 245 in oral cultures, 58 drafting and copying Comite Fran~ais de Cartographie, 33 n.267 spatial, 51, 52, 92 Ptolemy on, 180 Comite Fran~ais de Cartographie, Bulletin, Constance, Lake, 65, 488, 493 Corbulo, Domitius, 253 32 Constanta (Tomis), 239, 249 Cord, measurement by, 494 Comiti, 433 n.425 Constantina, 244 Corinium, 244 Commagene, Lion of, 166 Constantine the Great, statue of, 239, 240 Cormerod (Switzerland), 252 Commission for the History of Constantinople, 258. See also Byzantium Cornaro atlas, 432, 435, pl.23 Cartography, 37 cartographic study in, 268, 269, 279. See African coast on, 413, 414, 415 n.323 Commission on Early Maps, 294, 296 also Byzantine cartography Alexandrian table of tariffs in, 444 Commission on the History of Cartography Charlemagne's map of, 303, 469 copying of, 391 n.188, 401 (USSR), 33 n.267 founding of, 234, 238, 299 grid on, 392 n.199 Commission pour la Bibliographie des on mappaemundi, 328 instructional function, 438-39 Cartes Anciennes, 18 n.141, 19 Marcellinus's description of, 259 navigational rules in, 440 Commission pour la Reproduction et la medieval plans of, 477 portraits, 398 Publication des Cartes Anciennes, on Peutinger map, 238, 239, 240 place-names, 423 n.359 18 n.141 on portolan charts, 386, 399, 400 regulations in, 433 n.425 Committee of Cartographers of the USSR, Constellations rhumb line network, 376 n.54, 392 n.199 33 n.267 on Achilles' shield, 131 n.6, 132 Toleta in, 442 Communia, 219 and agriculture, 85, 92 Cornaro family, 435 Communication in Aratus's Phaenomena, 141-42, 143 Corners, four, of the earth, 112, 262, 319, aural, 52 on Archimedes' globe, 159 336, 338, 505 and cartography, 33 Babylonian, 115 Cornish language, 337 n.247 eras, xviii n.21, 36 and Democritus, 137 Cornish peninsula, 407, 408 graphic, development of, 50, 52-53 drawing of Cornwall, 88, 150, 307, 496 spatial, xv, xvi, xviii, 1, 34, 50, 51, 504 and Hipparchus, 165, 166 Cornwall, Duchy of, mappamundi, 307, by animals, 50 and Ptolemy, 181 pl.14 and surprise, 51 n.7 Egyptian, 121 Corona (constellation), 82 theory, applied to cartography, 34, 35-36 Eudoxus's effect on iconography of, 142 Coronelli, Vincenzo, 11 visual, 52 on Farnese Atlas, 142, 143 Coronelli Society for the Study of Globes Como, Lake, 195, 205 and navigation, 85, 92 and Instruments, International, 22 Compass, magnetic prehistoric representations of, 68, Corpus Agrimensorum, 105, 217-20. See land compass, 494, 497 80 n.121, 81, 82-84,92 also Agrimensores mapping without, by indigenous peoples, and religion, 277 on Caesar and land s'urvey, 210 45 Conti, Simonetta, 383, 389 Casae litterarum, 226, 228 and medieval English local maps, 473 Continents corruptions in, 189,234 and portolan charts fourth illustrations, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, compilation, 375, 381, 384-85, 388 on Beatus-type maps, 304, 332 222 use, 375, 440 on T-O maps, 302, 303, 343 Libri Coloniarum, 217 n.15 Compass, points of the, 145-46, 153. See and Posidonius, 169 manuscripts, 217, 226 n.49 also Winds three. See also Mappaemundi, tripartite origins, 212 Compass cards, 384 in art, 264 n.32 prehistoric picture maps compared to, 62 "Compass charts," 375. See also Portolan and sons of Noah, 334 scale in, 226, 276 charts Coordinates, 276 teaching maps in, 218, 255 General Index 569

mentioned, 508 Cotton "Anglo Saxon" map, 301, 347, 348, as constellations, 68, 81, 82-83 Corsica, 157, 197 pl.22 from Cumberland, 66 Corsini chart, 400 coloring, 326 from Northumberland, 64, 65, 85 Cortes, Martin, 391, 443 n.518 nations, newly formed, 290, 328 from Yorkshire, 86, 87 Cortesao, Armando representational style, 327 Curcho, 400 on Aguiar, 433 ruling on, 325 Curiosum Urbis regionum XIV, 227 on Atlantic islands, 410, 411 Crates of Mallos, 162-64, 173, 243-44, Cursus publicus, 236, 239 on Bacon's projection, 322 255 Cyclades, 341, 482 cartographic historiography by, 13-14 ~ob~ 16~ 163, 164, 17~ 300 Cynocephali, 331, 332 on Eratosthenes, 157 Cree River, 193 Cyprus on histories of discovery, navigation, and Crepuscular light, 168 n.38 on portolan charts, 426 n.369 cartography, 18 Crescent, 399, 401 n.233 on Roman maps and itineraries, 236, 241 Medici atlas dating, 448 Crescenzio, Bartolomeo, 391 Cyrenaica, 198, 241 on Orosius, 301 Cresques Abraham, 315,429,430,432, Cyrus (the younger), 149 n.5 on place-name analysis, 420 434,442 on portolan charts, 371, 375, 415, 444 Cresques, Jefuda, 315, 432 Dainville, Fran~ois de, 35 n.293, 465, 486­ origins, 380, 381, 388 worldmap~ 393,430,435,436,437 87,490 on Portuguese charts Crete, 132 Daktylos, 140 dating, 386, 402 Buondelmonti's account of, 482 Dalby (Denmark), cup marks from, 82, 83, losses of, 374 on "Jerome" map of Asia, 324, 325 85 on Prester John, 333 labyrinth of, 251, 252 Dalmatia, 191, 422 on Santarem, 13 n.96 pictographs, 49 Dalorto (Angelino de) chart on Strabo, 173 n.80 and Roman itineraries, 236 African coast on, 411, 412 on Vesconte's chart of 1311, 444 n.532 Crimea, 249 dating, 390 n.179, 399, 409 Cortona chart, 390 n.179, 404, 405 Croce del Tuscolo, 210, 211 notes on, 378 commissioned, 435 Crone, Gerald R. place-names, 425 dating, 402, 418 on diversity of maps, 4 provenance, 438 function, 439 on function of mappaemundi, 288, 342 red cross on, 382 place-names, 426 and Hereford map, 288, 292, 330, 342 Scandinavia on, 410 scale bar on, 395 on history of cartography, 3, 37 town sign on, 397 n.220 mentioned, 407 Maps and Their Makers, 25, 26, 47 mentioned, 393, 395 n.2ll, 399 n.231, Cos, 483 on origins of mapping, 47-48 419,424 Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261-63, 319, 348, on portolan charts, 372 Daly, Charles P., on cartographic history, 351 on Ptolemaic maps, 178 13 on Ephoru~ 143, 144, 262 on Vesconte chart of 1327, 407 n.275 Damascus, 241, 265, 330, 477 representational style, 327 Cross Damascus Gate, 265 mentioned,264,26~271 as direction pointer, 470, 484 Damian, Saint, 299 Cosmographia (anonymous), 205, 206 on portolan charts, 378, 382, 404 n.253, Dance, 50, 52, 86 Cosmographia Iulii Caesaris, 205 407 n.274, 414 n.319 Danes, 197 Cosmography, cosmology, 507. See also flags, 374, 400, 401 n.233 Danish islands, 410 Geocentricity; Models, cosmological as town sign, 397 n.220 Dante, 301, 321 and afterlife, 53 symbolism, 334,335, 337 Danube provinces, 191 ancient, 86, 87 thoroughfares in form of, 475 Danube River, 249, 250, 253, 488 anthropocentric, 340 Cross-staff, 441 on portolan charts, 378, 392 Asian, 286 Croton, 136 Danubis, 249 Babylonian, 85, 86, 87, 112 Crusader states, 473, 474 Daphne, park of, 239 Byzantine, 261-63 Crusades, 402 n.243 Dardanelles (Hellespont), 152 n.30, 156, Egyptian, 87, 89, 117, 120-21 and Constantinople, 258 183 Etruscan, 201, 203-4 and mappaemundi, 304, 341, 342 Dark Ages, 279 flat earth. See Earth, flat Sanudo's work urging, 314, 406 Dartmoor, 64 n.57, 484 and geography and chorography, 9 Crux commissa, 334 Darwinism, 47 Greek. See Greek cosmography Crypta Neapolitana, 239 Data collection, xvii, 25 of indigenous peoples, 59 Ctesias of Cnidus, 149, 330 Dati, Leonardo di Stagio and maps, xvii, 4 Cubits coinage of "T-O," 301 medieval, 87, 306, 307, 340, 372 Babylonian, 109 La sfera illustrations, 379, 383-84, microcosmic, 340 Egyptian, 125 421 n.336 prehistoric, 68 n.74, 85-92 Cueva del Christo, 83 Daukiones (Dankiones), 197 Roman, 87,242,243-44 Cultura promiscua, 79 n.119 Day, length of of Macrobius, 243-44, 300 Cumberland, 63, 66 and Hipparchus, 167 spherical, 87, 136, 242, 277, 320. See Cuneiform and Pliny's climata, 243 also Earth, spherical; Spheres, beginnings of, 49, 107 at polar circle, 151, 168 celestial (sphere of fixed stars) of the Levant, 115 and Ptolemy, 182, 190 Cote-d'Or, 487 Cup-and-ring marks Pytheas's correlation with latitude, 150­ Cotton, Robert, 9 on Clapier rock, 80 51 570 General Index

De arte illuminandi, 324 Dimensuratio provinciarum, 208, on Roman maps and itineraries, 236, Dead Sea, 330 243 n.53 237, 238, 249 Death, labyrinths and, 68 n. 74, 88 Diocletianopolis, 236. See also Pella on Theodosian map, 259 Decans, 121 Diodorus Siculus, 194 Distortion grids, 385, 386, 390 Dechales (pilot), 379 n.70 Diogenes Laertius Dividers (compasses) Decumanus" decumani, 213, 215, 218, 219, on Anaximander, 134, 136 in Greek cartography, 135 222,223 and Theophrastus's will, 158 and portolan charts, 391, 443 Delaisse, L. M. ]., 436 n.458 Diognetos, 149 Roman, 214 n.l0 Delano Smith, Catherine, 325 Diois, 487 Divination, Etruscan, 201, 202, 203 Delgado, Cape, 172 n.75 Diomede, Villa di, 252 Divisio orbis terrarum, 208, 243 n.53 Delisle, Guillaume, 10 n.69 Dionysius Periegetes, 171-73, 243, 255, Diyarbakir, 244 Delos, 340, 341, 505 261 Djerba Island, 237 Delphi, 135 Eustathius's commentary on, 172, 266- Dnieper River (Borysthenes), 151 n.21, 166, Demetrius of Alexandria, 205 67 183,249 Demetrius of Phalerum, 148 Dioptra, 232 Do legname, 410 n.294 Democritus, 137, 143, 152, 277 Dipintore, 430 Dodecahedron, 137 Demotic script, 124 n.13, 127, 128 Dir al-Ba~ri, drawing from, 127 Dodecatemories, 142 Dendera, temple of, 121 Direction pointers, 470, 484 Dog (constellation), 165 Denholm-Young, Noel, 312 Directions. See also Orientation; Winds Dog, Little (constellation), 83 Denmark, 328 cardinal Dogana della Mene delle Pecore, 60 n.38 cup marks from, 82, 83 in ancient maps, 113, 114, 276 Domenech, Arnaldo, 432 n.421 Departement des Affaires Etrangeres, 19 cross symbolizing, 334, 335 chart of 148-, 431 Departement des Cartes et Plans, 15 n.115, on mappaemundi, 290, 296, 336-37, table of weights and measures, 429, 444 16 345 Domesday Book, 494 Depot des Cartes et Plans de la Marine, hand sign indicating, 53 Dometios, Archbishop, 264 8 n.54 importance of, for charts, 446 Domitian, 224, 253-54 Der (Badrah), 112 indigenous peoples' sense of, 45, 47, 48 Domneva (queen of Mercia), 493 Descartes, Rene, 323 naming of, 337 Don River (Tanais), 183, 296, 297, 328, Descriptio, 287 and origin of maps, 48 343, 345 Desensitization, 53 sunrises and sunsets as, 145-46, Donzere, Gorge de, 224 Desimoni, Cornelio, 415 n.329 249 n.83, 337 Dordogne, 55, 68 Destombes, Marcel, 294 Discovery. See Exploration Dordrecht, 486 classification of mappaemundi, 295, 296 Disks. See also World maps, circular Dositheus of Pelusium, 159 Mappemondes A.D. 1200-1500, 284 gold disk from Moordorf, 91 Dover, 496 on portolan charts, 382, 392 n.199, 423 sun, 87 n.172 Draco, Dragon (constellation), 141, 142, Detlefsen, D. (S. D. F.), 208 wind, on portolan charts, 393, 394 165 Deucalion, 193 n.84 Display, public, of maps and globes Drainage systems, maps related Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kartographie, 32, Greek, 157, 158, 159, 173 topologically to, xvii 33 n.267, 38 medieval, 303, 315, 335, 493 Drapers' School of London, 431 Deutsche Kartographische Gesellschaft, Roman, 159, 171, 173,278,507,508 Drawing 32 n.263 in colonnades, 207, 209 of constellations Devon, 484 Distance-decay maps, 288 Hipparchus on, 165, 166 Diagrams, medieval, 469-70, 484 Distances. See also Earth, size; Ptolemy on, 181 Diaphragma, 152, 153, 156, 162 Measurement; Oikoumene (known indigenous peoples' skills in, 45, 46-47 Dias, Bartolomeo, 414 inhabited world), size Dreams, 86-87 Dicaearchus of Messana, 152 astronomical measurement of, 155, 156 Dr6ber, Wolfgang, 45-46, 47, 48, 54 Democritus's influence on, 137 in Lo compasso da navigare, 383 n.111 "Kartographie bei den Naturvolkern," diaphragma of, 152, 153, 156 from Europe westward to Asia, 156, 45-46 distances given by, 152, 162 354 Drome, 487, 491 Ges periodos, 152, 256 on Greek maps, 276 Drovetti, Bernardino, 121 map, 152, 153 on circular maps, 135 Dublin, Ordnance Survey maps of, 36 Polybius on, 152, 162 of Dicaearchus, 152, 162 Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, 287 Strabo on, 137, 152 of Eratosthenes, 156-57 Duchy of Cornwall mappamundi, 307, tabulae, 255-56 on Greek periploi, 237 pl. 14 Dicalydones, 193 n.84 and Heron's dioptra, 232 n.66 Duekaledonios Ocean, 193 Dicks, D. R., 167 importance of, for charts, 446 Duhem, Pierre, 293 Dicuil, 208, 259 on medieval maps Dulcert (Angelino) chart of 1339 Didyma, 139-40,276 Gough map, 496 African coast on, 411, 412 Digest, 210 Italian regional maps, 479 Atlantic islands on, 378, 410 Digges, Leonard, 35, 494 of Matthew Paris, 475, 495, 496 Bianco charts compared to, 415 Digital mapping, 288 and origin of maps, 48 distortion, 384 n.129, 386 Dijon chart, 374,401 n.233, 431 n.414 on portolan charts, 377, 388, 446. See eastern sheets, 394 n.209 Dilke, O. A. W., 339 n.253 also Portolan charts, scale notes on, 378 Diller, Aubrey, 269 in portolani, 383 n.111, 384 n.120 place-names on, 424, 425, 426 General Index 571

provenance, 438 Beazley on, 288, 342 pictorial nature of, 120 mentioned, 393, 395 n.211, 399 n.231, cardinal directions on, 290, 291 picture maps, 117, 118 n.4 448 centering of, 310, 340, 341 plans, 117, 126-29, 502 Dundalk Bay, 407, 409 monstrous races on, 291, 331, 332, 334 and prehistoric maps, 503 Duns Scotus, John, 304 and Reichenau local maps, 283 religious, 120-21 Dura Europos shield, 235, 249-50, 254 rubric concerning mappaemundi, 287 and religious elite, 506 Durand, Dana Bennett, 293, 316, 323, 324, symbolism of, 290, 291, 334, 342 survey, 105, 124-25, 128, 155 n.51 342 walls of Jerusalem on, 471 n.25 topographical drawing, 117-20, 132 Durazzo, P., 317 n.146 mentioned, 328, 330, 348 Turin Map of gold mines, 117, 121-25, Durham Cathedral Priory, 485 Eckert, Max 126, 129 Durst, Arthur, 457 and cartographic history, xix n.27, 24-25 Egyptians Durubla, 113 Die Kartenwissenschaft, 24, 30 n.237 afterlife, 117, 119, 120-21 Dutch cartography, history of, 16 on "rhumb line charts," 375 cosmology, 87, 89, 117, 120-21 Dux Britanniarum, 245 n.69 Eclipses funerary monuments, 117 Dux Thebaidos, 245 in Archimedes' planetarium, 160 gardens, 118-19 Aristotle on, 145 measurement, 125, 127 n.24 Ea, "road" of, 114 and Heron's dioptra, 232 n.66 mythology, 117, 120 Eagle (constellation), 137 and Hipparchus's globe, 165 pottery, 87, 89, 117, 118, 127 Eanes, Gil, 411 and longitude determination, 156, 166, priests, 140 Earth 323 spells, 119, 120 "beyond the ocean," 262 and Thales, 134 tombs, 118, 124, 126-27 colors of, Plato on, 137-38 Ecliptic, 141, 146, 154 n.47, 170 Eichstatt, 497 cylindrical, 134 in art, 171 Einhard, 467 division of on Farnese Atlas, 142 Elam, 112 biblical, 296 n.39, 331, 334, pl.12 on mappaemundi, 353 Elea, 136 into degrees, 155 n.49, 164 obliquity of, 151 nn.20, 22 Elements into sixtieths, 155 n.49, 171 and Ptolemy, 181, 188 of Aristotle, 145, 335 flat, 87 Edgerton, Samuel Y., 189 medieval, 335, 337, 340 Babylonians, 87, 112 Education, maps and globes in Elevation. See Bird's-eye views; Picture Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261-63, 319 Greek, 157, 159, 167-73,277,508 maps; Profile representation Greeks, 135, 136 textbooks, 167-70, 171 Elites, 506, 507, 509 Isidore of Seville, 320, 342 Roman, 209,254-55, 290,508 Elten Abbey, 486 four corners of, 112, 262, 319, 336, 338, Edwards, Francis, 22 n.177 Emar, 108 505 Egmond aan Zee, 486 Emden, A. B., 312 rectangular, 144, 261-63, 319 Egmond Abbey, 486 Emmanuel of Constantinople, 333 n.231 SIze Egypt Encaustic, 174 n.90 Aristotle on, 148 Amratian period, 89, 117 Enclosures, in prehistoric maps, 68, 69, 70, and Eratosthenes, 154, 155, 168, 169 chronology, 117, 118 71, 74, 78. See also Huts and Geminus's globe, 171 documents from, 121, 128, 129 Encyclopedias and Macrobius, 243 Gerzean period pottery, 117, 118 Byzantine, 266 and Marcianus of Heraclea Pontica, Kamal's facsimile atlas for, 18 medieval, 255, 301, 304, 330, 332 237 labyrinths from, 251 maps in, 324 and Marinus, 170, 178-79, 184 in Madaba mosaic, 264, 265 Roman, 254-55 and medieval philosophy, 306 Middle Kingdom, 119 n.6, 120 Enfida (Tunisia), 219 n.30 Plato on, 137 New Kingdom, 118, 119, 121, 125 England. See also Britain and Posidonius, 168, 169-70 Old Kingdom, 117, 119 n.6 medieval maps and plans, 484-85 and Ptolemy, 168, 170, 184 prehistoric periods, 57 antiquarianmap~492-93 spherical, 136. See also Cosmography, and Ptolemy, 198 building plans, 470-71, 472, 498-99 cosmology: spherical Ramesside period, 121, 128 Canterbury Cathedral plan, 467, 469, and Anaximander, 134, 136 on Roman maps and itineraries, 235, 484,491,493 and Aristotle, 144, 145, 321 240,245 field plans, 493-94 and Eratosthenes, 155 and Roman trade, 246 itinerary maps, 495 and Homer, 163 sarcophagus depiction of, 121 legal and administrative purposes of, and Macrobius, 243, 319 unification, 117 490,491-92 medieval views on, 263, 319-21, 342 wind rose map from, 248 n.80 listed, 498-99 Ovid on, 319 n.158 Egyptian cartography, 117-29, 276 places associated with, 484 and Philoponus, Johannes, 261 cadastral maps, 128, 508 and Ptolemy's maps, 473 and Plato, 137 celestial, 121 scale, 496 and Romans, 337 charts, 381 survival rate of, 283, 464, 465, 486, East Flanders, 485 cosmography. See Egyptians, cosmology 489 Easter tables, 446, 447 influence on Greek cartography, 105, of Waltham Abbey's water supply, 469, Ebinichibel, 332 130,503 470,484,491 Ebla tablets, 107, 115 losses and survivals, 117, 121 on portolan charts, 400, 403 Ebstorf map, 291, 307, 309, 310, 318, 351 orientation in, 121, 123-24, 127, 128 prehistoric map of, 63, 66 572 General Index

England (cont.) on portoIan charts, 381 on mappaemundi, 328 and Pytheas's voyage, 150 regarding shape of Italy, 243 on Roman maps, 244 survey in, 493-94 on Strabo, 174 routes along, 108 Venetian fleet visit to, 408 map, 150, 154, 156-57, 166, 172, 173 settlements on, 107 Engraving Measurement of the Earth, 154 Strabo on, 175 Colchian maps, 158 on the Nile, 175 Eurocentricity in cartographic history, xix, of Nicolas of Cusa map, 497 oikoumene 11,28-29 of Peutinger map, 7 n.45 position, 155-56, 277 Europe prehistoric, 72, 73. See also Bone; size, 148, 155-56, 163, 174 cartographic history in, 28, 29 Petroglyphs and Pliny, 242, 243, 254-55 medieval, 7 Enlightenment period, 10 Polybius on, 162 central, medieval maps from, 488, 490, Enlil on Pytheas, 150 497 "road" of, 114 Strabo on, 106, 137, 152 n.27, 154, 156, eastern, 150, 328 temple of, 112 157 and Eratosthenes, 157 Entasis, 140 texts, lacking, 130, 154 Etzlaub's maps of, 473 Ephesus, 158, 239, 258, 330 and Thule, 162, 174, 179 on Greek periploi, 237 Ephorus, 143 Timosthenes used by, 153 Herodotus on, 136 Cosmas Indicopleustes on, 143, 144, 262 Varro on, 205 on mappaemundi, T-O type, 296, 297, History, 143, 144 mentione~ 171, 195 345 map of, 144, 145, 153 Erech (Uruk), 110, 111 new nations of, on mappaemundi, 328 On Europe, 144 Eregli, 237 northern, on portoIan charts, 409, 410 Strabo on, 137, 143-44, 152 Ernst, A., 66 Ottoman expansion into, on portolan Epidion island, 194 Eskimos, 45, 48 charts, 399 Epidion, promontory of, 194 Este, Borso d', 435 and Polybius, 161, 162 Epipaleolithic period,S5 Estey, F. N., 303 prehistoric periods, 57 Epiphanius of Jerusalem, 266 Estoire, 287, 312 n.118 and Ptolemy, 189, 190, 197-98, 269, Epistula Sisebuti, 320 Estuaries, on portolan charts, 377 270 Epitetartos, 179 n.17, 198 n.l03 Ethiopia, 172 n. 75 Pytheas's exploration of, 150, 151 Equator, celestial, 141, 146, 154 n.47, 170 Crates on, 163 Eusebius of Caesarea, 265 in art, 171 Cynocephali in, 332 Eustathius of Constantinople, 172, 266-67, Babylonian, 114-15 Ephorus on, 144 268 on Farnese Atlas, 142 oikoumene extending to, 145, 179, 189 Eutropius (anemoscope maker), 248 on Ptolemy's third projection, 188 Prester John in, 333 Evangelists, 336, 338 Equator, terrestrial Roman exploration of, 178,253 Evans, Sir Arthur, 251 and Crates, 163 in Timosthenes' scheme, 153 Exeter, 239, 490, 491 and Eratosthenes, 162 n.l Ethiopian Gulf, 189 Exhibitions, cartographic, 21-22 and Ptolemy, 186 Ethnography. See also Anthropology Exploration temperate zone at, 162 n.l, 182 and dreams, 86-87 of Africa Equinoctial points, 141, 145, 146 and prehistoric art, 58-59, 63 Kamal's facsimile atlas for, 294 Equinoxes Ethology, 53 and mappaemundi, 299, 358 and Eratosthenes, 162 n.l Etna, Mount, 384 and portoIan charts, 372, 411-14 and Hipparchus, 164 n.13, 167 Etruria, 201 west coast, 17, 299, 333 n.231, 358, precession of, 136 n.31, 164 n.13, 181 Etruscans, 201-4, 248 n.83, 251 372,411-14 and Ptolemy, 182 Etzlaub, Erhard, 473, 488, 497, 498 ancient, Pliny's discussion of, 242 n.44 and Thales, 134 mappamundi of 1500, 378 n.62 of Atlantic islands, 372, 410-11 Er, myth of, 138 Euclid, 148, 154 n.44, 319. See also Greek, 106, 148, 149-52 Eratosthenes, 154-57 Geometry, Euclidean history of, 10 and Archimedes, 159 Phaenomena, 154 nn.44, 46 and cartographic history, 12, 17-18 and Britain, 194 Eudoxus of Cnidus, 140-41, 143~ 152 n.30, and mappaemundi, 299, 342 and Caspian Sea, 261 n.25 154 n.44, 277 and Prester John, 333 n.231 and charts, 381 geocentricity, 140, 148 Roman, 178 Dicaearchus's influences on, 152 globe, 140-41, 142, 143, 148, 181 Eyesight and mapping abilities, 46, 51 distances given by, 156-57, 277 Hipparchus on, 164-65 Earth The Mirror, 141 Fabri, Felix, 443 size, 154, 155, 168, 169, 353 Periodos ges, 143 Facsimile maps and atlases sphericity, 155 Phaenomena, 141 biobibliographies with, 20 on equatorial regions, 162 n.l spheres, homocentric, 140, 146 in eighteenth century, 8 Geographica, 154, 155, 156, 162 Strabo on, 137, 140, 143, 152 hand-drawn and photographic, 17 n.134 Hermes, 242 Eumenes of Cardia, 149 and history of exploration, 17-18 Hipparchus's criticism of, 7 n.40, 157, Eumenius, 209, 255, 290 Kamal's Monumenta, 18, 294 166 Euphrates of mappaemundi, 292, 293, 294 influence, 154, 162 on Babylonian maps, 110, 112, 113, 114 Mercator's Ptolemy, 7 on Crates, 163 and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 262 in nineteenth century, 12, 13, 14 on Dionysius Periegetes, 172, 173 on Greek maps, 184 in Renaissance, 7 on Macrobian mappaemundi, 300, 353 on "Jerome" map of Palestine, 329 Skelton on, 14 General Index 573

in twentieth century, 18-19, 22 Foresti, Jacopo Filippo (Bergomensis), 404 Gal/eta (Portugalete), 426 Faiyum, plan from, 128 Forests, on Roman maps, 238 Galleys, 387, 408 n.282. See also Flanders Falbe, C. T., 219 Forma, formae, xvi n.8, 210, 225, galleys Falier, Ordelaffo, 478 238 n.25, 253, 287 Galloway, Mull of, 193, 194 Fanara, 427 n.379 Comes formarum, 244 Gallus, Marcus Fadius, 160 Farnese Atlas, 142-43, 181 Forma Urbis Romae, 212, 226-230, 252, Gama, Vasco da, 372 Fates (Parcae), 171 278,505 Ganges River, 172, 328, 329 Faustus, Lucius Aebutius, 213 mentioned, 259 Gangeticus, Sinus (Bay of Bengal), 189, 198 Fear, 53, 86 Formula picturarum, 287 Gap chart, 386 Feodosiya (Caffa), 401 Fort of the god, 112 Gapenc;ais, 487, 491 Ferdinand II (king of Aragon), 426 Fortor, 425 Garamantes, 153, 179 Fermat, Pierre de, 323 Forts, prehistoric plans of, 65 Garda, Lake, 76,478,479 Ferrer, Jaime, 413 Fortuna, wheel of, 339 Gardens, Egyptian, 118-19 Ferretto, Arturo, 404 Fortuna Primigenia, temple of, 246 n.75 Gargano, Monte, 195 Ferro, Gaetano, 38 Fortunate Isles, 184, 190, 505. See also Garigliano River, 218 Fezzan, 63 n.55 Canaries Garumna River (Garonne), 174 Fibonacci, Leonardo. See Pisano, Leonardo Forum Iulii (Frejus), 239 Gastaldi, Giacomo, 315 n.135 Fields Foscarini, Marco, 315 n.135 Gasur. See Nuzi, tablet from Babylonian plans of, 110, 113 Foss (Sweden), 87 Gaul (Gallia), 255, 328 Chinese character for, 60 n.33 Fossa, 227 Gallia Lugdunensis, 191 Egyptian sketches of, 127 n.24, 128 Fossa Bergamasca, 479 Gallia Narbonensis, 174, 209 in prehistoric maps, 75, 76, 78, 79, 88 Four, symbolism of, 335-36 and Ptolemy's signs, 191 Figura, 287 Frabetti, Pietro, 391 on Roman maps and itineraries, 209, 236 Figures France, Anatole, 373 stone map of, 206-7 geometric, for areas, 157, 174-75, 267, France. See also Gaul Gautier de Metz, 287 n.l0, 321, 332, 345 268,277 cartographic history in, 38 Gaza, 265 human, in prehistoric maps, 55, 62, 68, cave paintings from, 68 Gazetteer, on Duchy of Cornwall map, 307. 69, 70, 77, 79 cup-and-ring marks from, 81, 82 See also Itineraries topographical, 66, 67, 70 n.81, 75, 78, dispute over Casamance, 14 Geb, 121 92 medieval maps from, 465, 486-88, 493, Gebelein, 127 Finisterre, 243 503 Gediz River, 158 Finland, 197, 328 navigational law, 387 Gedrosia, 238 Finmark, 197 on portolan charts, 400, 421 Gedrusi, 243 Finnt6rp, 77 prehistoric period in, 57 Geertruidenberg, 485 Fiorini, Matteo, 385 and Pytheas's voyage, 150 Geminus of Rhodes, 170-71, 174 Fischer, Joseph, 189, 270 Francis of Assisi, Saint, 304 on circular maps, 135 Fischer, Theobald, 388, 406 Franciscans, 304-5, 342, 399 n.231 and Democritus's calendar, 137 Fitzherbert, John, 494 Franck, Sebastian, 332 n.223 Isagoge, 137 Flags. See Portolan charts, flags on Frascati, 210 on shape of oikoumene, 143 n.76 Flanders, 408, 409 n.285, 414, 415, Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, 388 n.165, Genoa 437 n.468, 486 488 archives, 404, 438 Flanders galleys, 408, 433, 434 Frederick Barbarossa, 333 n.231 chartmaking in, 430, 437, 438. See also Flavia Tricastinorum, Colonia, 222 Freducci, Angelo, 432 PortoIan charts, Genoese Flavians, 212 Freducci, Conte Hectomano, 411 n.299, colonies and trade, 401, 408 n.282, 421, Fleet, Water of, 193 432 444 Fleur-de-lis Freitag, Ulrich, xviii n.21, 36 and Lo compasso da navigare, 383 on compass roses, 396 Frejus, 239 documents and inventories from, 373, on portolan chart flags, 374, 400 French cartographers, 10 n.69 443 Florence. See also Biblioteca Nazionale Frisland (Frixlanda), 414 exploration by, 411 n.305 Centrale Frobenius, Leo, 89 galleys, 408 n.282 plans of, 464, 465, 477, 493 Frontinus, Sextus Julius, 217, 232, 252 and Lanzarote Island, 378 on portolan charts, 401 on centuriation, 202 and Maggiolo, 434, 438 mentioned, 427 definitions in, 218, 219 on mappaemundi, 328 Flores (Azores), 378 n.65 on subseciva, 212 on portolan charts, 428 FIorino, Nicolo, chart of 1462, 398 on water supply, 210 flags and insignia, 378, 401 Foca (Phocaea), 159 Fuerteventura, 410 views, 397-98, 477 Folch, Pere, 437 Fumissino, 425 and Vesconte, 434, 438 Font de Gaume (Dordogne), 68 Furianae insulae, 224, 225 Genoa, University of, 66 n.67 Fontanalba, Val, petroglyphs from, 66, 67, Furstenberg, 236 n.13 Genoese world map of 1457,317,379 n.7l 74,75,77 authorship, 430 n.405 Fonte Timavi, 241 Gabes, 198 portolan chart influence, 358, 372 Foot, Roman, 214 Gabes, Gulf of, 198 representational style, 327 Footprints, as cartographic signs,S3 Gades. See Cadiz scale, 314 Foppe di Nadro, 75 n.96 Galbraith, V. H., 312 shape, 335 Fordham, Herbert George, 20, 47, 48 Galilee, Sea of, 330 Geo Abstracts, 32 n.258 574 General Index

Geocarta, xvi n.8 and space, 86 of Crates, 162, 163 Geocentricity, 146 n.88, 154 n.47 spherical, 154, 162 n.l, 277 of Eudoxus, 140-41, 142, 143, 148, and Archimedes, 159 and Crates, 163 181 and Aristotle, 146 and Pytheas, 151 on Farnese Atlas, 142-43, 181 and Eratosthenes, 154 Theodosius's use of, 168 of Geminus, 170-71 and Eudoxus, 140, 148 Geopolitical process, 507 globe makers, 507 and Euclid, 154 n.47 George, Saint, cross of, 378, 400 of Hipparchus, 164-66 Plato on, 138 Gerard of Cremona, 177 of Parmenides, 136 Geodesy, Eratosthenes as founder of, 154 Gerbert, Geometria, 494 of Ptolemy, 181-82 Geogra(ia, xvi n.8 German Ocean, 193 of Pythagoreans, 136 Geographers Germania, 328 of Strabo, 174 biobibliographies of, 11 Germanicus, 143 n.72 Laon, 316 n.145 as map collectors, 16 n.124 Germany. See also Moordorf quadripartite, 163, 164 Geographia. See Geography, Greek meaning cartographic history in, 24, 29, 32, 37, as symbols, 171, 259 n.7, 290 of 38 tripartite, 290, pls.1 0,11 Geographical societies, 14, 19, 32 map collections of, catalogs, 19, Der Globusfreund, 22 Geographisches Jahrbuch, 31 20 n.155, 294 Gloucester, 470 Geography. See also Greek geography; medieval maps from, 283, 465, 488, 489, Gmunden, Johannes de, 316 Latin geography 503, 509 Gnomon, 134 as adjunct to history, 17 itinerary-based scale maps, 497 Erathosthenes' use of, 155 biblical, 115, 326 prehistoric art of, 64 Hipparchus on, 166, 167 maps as evidence for, 10, 17 and Ptolemy, 191, 197 and Pliny's climata, 243 bibliographies of, 31 Gerola, Giuseppe, 399 and Posidonius's zones, 169 and cartography, history of, 12, 14-15, Gervase of Canterbury, 288 and Ptolemy, 180, 182 17-18,30-31,38,39 Gervase of Tilbury, 296 n.69, 307, 332 God classical, maps as evidence for, 10, 17 Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, 14 and mappaemundi, 290, 335 cosmography and chorography as Gesture, 51, 52, 53 orb held by, 290, 337 inseparable from, 9 Ghent, 485,489 Goff, Beatrice, 71 Eratosthenes' importance to, 154 Ghoran, necropolis of, 128 Gog, 332-33, 348 Greek meaning of, 131, 135 Giadighe map, 78, 79 Gold, River of, 328, 413 historical, 31 Gibraltar, Straits of (Pillars of Hercules) Gold mines, Turin map of, 117, 121-25, human, 30 on Agrippa's map, 208 126, 129 maps' importance in, 30-31 on Greek maps, 152, 153, 156, 162, 170 Gold mining, Egyptian, 122-23 mathematical, 277 oikoumene as extending to, 145 Golden Chersonnese, 198 and Hipparchus, 164 passage from, to India, 148. See also Gon~alves, Antao, 333 n.231 and Marinus, 179 Distances, from Europe westward to Gooiland, 486 and Ptolemy, 182 Asia Gossolengo, 202 and Romans, 255 Gibson, Ackroyd, 88 Goths, 260 Ptolemy's definition of, 183 Giedion, Sigfried, 89 Gotland Ptolemy's importance to, 177 Gigon (Gij6n), 427 painted stones from, 91 rise and institutionalization of, 12, 14­ Gihon River, 262, 328 on portolan charts, 410 15, 22 Giroldi, Giacomo. See also Biblioteca Gouda, 486 theoretical, and medieval cartography, Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. Lat. 9015; Gough, Richard 284,497 British Library, Add. MS. 18665 British Topography, 11 Geometry. See also Topology atlas of 1426, 421, 425 map of Britain, 496, pl.40 analytical, 323 and corner portraits, 398 facsimiles, 7 coordinate, and definition of map, xvii Pasqualini atlas compared to work of, function, 284, 493 Eratosthenes' use of, 155, 157 431 Vesconte's work compared to, 408 Euclidean Gisinger, F., 208 mentioned, 306 n.l02 development of, 50 Giulianova, 426 on medieval maps, 12 and maps, xvii, 288 Globen, 32 Goutai, 197 and prehistoric maps, 66, 68, 80 n.121 Globes. See also Orbs, symbolism of Government. See Administration and figures, geometric, for areas, 157, 174­ in art, 171, 173, pls.4,10,11 government 75,267,268,277 of Behaim, 8,316,413,414 Gozbert, 466 and geocentric hypothesis, 146 n.88 and cartography, xx Gozola, Cape, 413 geometric structure of maps, 505-6. See in education, 157, 159, 168, 170-71, Gracchi, Gaius and Tiberius, 210 also Projections; Scale; Shape 255,277 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, 205 and Greek astronomical mapping, 130 Greek, 136, 157, 159, 276 Gralba, 212 invention of, 125 of Anaximander, 134 Granada, 400, 401,444 medieval knowledge of, 494-95 of Archimedes, 159-60 Grand (Gaul), 207 Polybius's use of, 162 celestial, 140-41, 142-43, 148, 159, Granius Licinianus, 209-10 projective, xvii, 50 164-65,170,181-82,277 Graphing, medieval, 322-23 Pytheas's use of, 151 construction of, 163 n.7, 181,182. See Graticules. See also Grids seen as essential for mapping, 162 also Sphairopoiia and definition of map, xvii General Index 575

on Hipparchus's globe, 165 and Crates' globe, 164 138-39,157-59,171-73,276,277, on mappaemundi, 286 Herodotus's attack on, 136 503 of Marinus, 179, 180, 185 world maps. See also Globes, Greek; knowledge, empirical, 148, 149, 277 and portolan charts, 377 Periodoi ges (Circuits of the Earth) in Rome, 161, 162-63, 173, 205, 255 of Strabo, 174 of Agathodaimon, 271-72 as sailors and astronomers, 276 Graves, Very Rev. Charles, 64 of Anaximander, 134 Green, John, 35 Graywacke, 123 of Aristagoras, 135 Greenhood, David, 45 n.2 Great Bear. See Ursa Major in Aristophanes' Clouds, 138 Greenwell, Rev. William, 64 Great Gulf, 198, 199 Aristotle on, 135, 145 Gregoras, Nicephoros, 269 n.58 Great Plains, 36 circular, 135, 136, 171, 277 Gregorii, Johann Gottfried, 11 Greatford, 485 of Dicaearchus, 152, 153 Gregory I, Saint, 286 Greece of Eratosthenes, 150, 154, 156-57, Gregory of Nyssa, Saint, 334 on ancient maps, 135, 144, 145 166 Grenacher, Franz, 27 periods, 130 of Hecataeus, 134, 135 Grids, 505, 506. See also Graticules Minoan, 132 Herodotus on, 135 copying grids, 392 prehistoric, 57 and Hipparchus, 166 distortion grids, 385, 386, 390 on portolan charts, 421 Ionian, 135 on medieval maps, 476, 481, 496-97 Greek astrology, 130, 166,277 of Marinus, 178-80 Griselini, Francesco, 315 n.135 in Byzantium, 268 oblong, 137, 143 n.76, 171 Groma, 213-14 Greek calendar, 130, 137, 159 n.75 peripheral areas on, 144 Grosjean, Georges, 381, 386, 390 Greek cartography of Ptolemy, 184, 185-86, 188, 189, Grosseteste, Robert, 306, 321 Babylonian influence, 130, 503 190,269,270,271,272 Guala-Bicchieri, 306 and Byzantine cartography, 260, 266-72 public accessibility, 139 Gudea statue, 109-10,276 celestial, 130, 140, 142, 164-66,276. See of Strabo, 173-75 Guido of Pisa, 345 also Globes, Greek, celestial of Timosthenes, 153 map of 1119, 327, 328, 348, 350 classical and archaic, 130-47, 276-77 Greek cosmography, 135-36. See also Guilds, 428, 430 copying of maps, 180 Geocentricity; Models, cosmological Guillen y Tato, Julio F., 389 diffusion of, 161, 167 on Achilles' shield, 131-32 Guilloche, 326 Egyptian influence, 105, 130, 503 of Anaximander, 134 Guinea, Gulf of, 413 Eratosthenes as founder of, 154 of Aristotle, 146, 261 Gullick, Michael, 318 n.151 evidence for 106, 130, 152, 503 of Eudoxus, 140, 146 Gutar, 197 literary, 106, 130, 131, 132-33, 277, of Plato, 138 502. See also Poetry of Pythagoreans, 146 n.88 Haarlem, 489 Hellenistic, 148-60, 161, 277 Greek geography Hadrian, 214 n.9, 234 Homer as founder of, 131, 163 and Achilles' shield, 132 Hadrumetum, 252 and intellectual elite, 506 Archimedes' influence on, 159 Hagar Qim, 81 landownership mapping, 105 in Byzantium, 266, 268 Hakluyt, Richard, 10, 11-12 large-scale maps Eratosthenes as founder of, 154 Hal Saflien, 87 in Aristophanes' Clouds, 138, 139 and history of maps, 7 Hallpike, Christopher R., 52 survey lacking in, 13° Homer as founder of, 131, 163 Hallucination, and petroglyphs, 86 losses and survivals, 106, 130, 152 and Romans, 234 Hamitic peoples, 334 master-pupil relationships, 161 Strabo's list of contributors to, 137, 152 Hammath, 248, 266 place-names associated with, 133 Greek language, 105,243,259,279,304 Hamy, Ernest Theodore, 435 plans words for "map," xvi n.8, 134-35, Han dynasty, 6-7 on coins, 159 381 n.86, 502 Hands, indicating direction,S3 of Didyma Temple of Apollo, 139-40 Greek mathematics, 268. See also Geometry Hannibal, 205 of Thorikos mine, 139 Greek philosophers. See also individual Hanno, 242 n.44 practical aspects, 134, 139, philosophers Hanoi, 184 n.41, 198 public display, 157, 158, 159, 173 as contributors to geography, 137, 152 Hanover, 307 reconstructions, 106, 131, 135, 144, 153, as craftsmen, 134, 159 Hanseatic League, 410 157,163,172,175,180,286,503 Milesians, 133 Hapgood, Charles H., 197 n.97, 380 of Ptolemy, 184, 197, 197 n.97 Roman patronage of, 161 Harappa, 107 and Roman cartography, 105, 177, 277 Greek revival, in Byzantium, 266, 268 Harbors Roman patronage of, 161, 164 Greek science, 157 on portolan charts, 397, 429 n.390, 440 Roman period, 161-99 beginnings of, 132, 133 on Roman coins, 245-46 scale in Byzantium, 268 on Roman maps, 239 on Didyma plans, 140 loss of early works, 149 n.4 Talamone plan, 488, 491, 492 on Ptolemaic maps, 371 and Romans, 234, 255 Harfleur, 427 of Strabo's map, 174 translations, 304, 306 Harley, J. B., 36, 37, 48 social criticism in, 139 Greeks Harpasus River, 158 and survey, 130, 138 exploration by, 106, 148, 149-52 Harrisse, Henry, Bibliotheca Americana textbooks, ancient, 167-70, 171 intellectual role in Roman period, 161, vetustissima, 20 theoretical nature of, 105, 130, 138, 139, 173 Hartshorne, Richard, 3° 161,201,276-77 knowledge and use of maps and globes, Harundinetum, 227 576 General Index

Harvey, P. D. A., 54, 229, 371, 439 on Aristagoras, 135 Hollywood stone, 88 n.177 History of Topographical Maps, 48 on Caspian Sea, 261 n.25 Holstein, 66. See also Schleswig-Holstein Hasan Dag, 58 n.13, 73, 74 on circular maps, 135, 136 Holy Land. See also Jerusalem; Palestine; Haskins, Charles Homer, 299 on Egypt, 105, 124-25 Pilgrimages Hatshepsut, 121 on geometry, invention of, 124-25 and Crusades, 304 Hauber, Eberhard David, 10 n.69 and Hecataeus, 134 n.20 Epiphanius's guide to, 266 Hauslab, General von, 16 and monstrous races, 330, 332 on mappaemundi, 340 Haute Alpes, 487, 491 on the pinax of Aristagoras, 135 medieval maps of, 469, 473, 475-76 Hawkes, C. F. C., 151 on theoretical cartographers, 136 Jerusalem on, 330, 470, 475 Hay, Denys, 444 mentioned, 7 Matthew Paris's, 473, 475, 496 Headlands, on portoIan charts, 377 Heron of Alexandria, 211, 230, 232 orientation, 475 Hebron, 266 Hesiod,85 Paolino Veneto's, 473, 475, 476, 496 Hecataeus, 134, 135 Heuilley, 487 Sanudo's, 473, 475, 476, 496-97 Strabo on, 137, 152 n.27 Hewes, Gordon W., 52 sources, 283 Hefzibah, 266 Heywood, Nathan, 86 Vesconte's, 284, 473, 475-76 Heidel, William Arthur, 132 Hhagiar Kim, 81 n.126 medieval plans of buildings, 466 Heinnin, 197 Hiera Sykaminos, 248 n.80 on Roman maps and itineraries, 237, Heinrich, Ernst, 110 Hieratic script, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128 241,254 Helena, Saint, 341 Hieroglyphs, Egyptian, 49 Holy Sepulcher, Church of the, 265, 466, Heliopolis, 140 Hieron II, of Syracuse, 159 467 Hell, Hommaire de, 457 Higden, Ranulf, 312-13, 348, 352-53 Homem, Diogo Hellanicus of Lesbos, 134 centering of maps, 340 atlas of ca. 1565, 333 Hellespont, 152 n.30, 156, 183 Corpus Christi College map, 328 Homer Hemispheres mandorla-shaped maps, 312, 313, 335, on Achilles' shield, 131-32,505 and Crates, 163 348,353 Crates on, 163 of Pomponius Mela, 242 oval-shaped maps, 312-13, 352, pl.15 Eustathius's commentary on, 172 Henry III (king of England), 306, 339 paradise on maps of, 318, 319 and flat earth, 136 Henry VII (king of England), 375 Polychronicon, 287, 312, 348, 352, 353, as founder of geographical science, 131, Henry VIII (king of England), 443 pl.15 163 Henry of Mainz map, 312, 328, 349 representational style of, 327 Iliad, 131 centering of, 340, 341 ruling on maps of, 325 and Ocean, 131, 132, 163, 164,328 Orosian influence on, 301, 347 Hildegard of Bingen, 321 Strabo on, 131, 132, 152 n.27 representational style, 327 Hildesheim, 309 mentioned, 158 Henry the Navigator, Prince, 333 n.231, Hilversum, 489 Homo erectus, 51 374, 410, 411 Himaeus, Mount (Himalayas), 152 Homo sapiens, 50, 51 Hephaestus, 131, 132 Himantopodes, 332 Honeybees, spatial consciousness of, 50 Hepusonb, 127 n.23 Hindu cosmology, 87 Honorius, Julius, 243, 244, 255 Heraclea (Perinthus), 236 Hinks, Arthur R., 288 n.18, 423 Honorius of Autun, 332 Heraclea Pontica (Eregli), 237 Hipparchus, 164-67 Imago Mundi, 287 n.10, 312, 349 Heraclius, 259 n.7 Against Eratosthenes, 166 Horace, 137 n.44 Herculaneum, 238, 240 celestial globe of, 164-65 Horizon, astronomical, 154 n.47 Hercules, Pillars of. See Gibraltar, Straits of and celestial pole, 136 n.31, 164-65 Horn, Walter, 466 Heredium, heredia, 215, 216 climata of, 166-67, 182 Horti Sallustiani, 227 Hereford, 323 Commentary on Aratus and Eudoxus, Hours, ancient, 165 n.22. See also Day, Hereford map, 206, 309, 311, 312,350 141,164-65,269 length of and Agrippa's map, 207 and distance measurement, 232 n.66 Hours, books of, 436 authorship, 312 division of earth into degrees, 155 n.49, Hours of longitude, 179 n.14 Beazley on, 288, 342 164 Hugh of Saint Victor, 290, 313, 318, 334, and Caesar's survey, 205, 206 Eratosthenes criticized by, 7 n.40, 157, 335 centering of, 340, 341 166 Humanists, 10, 506 Crone's work on, 288, 292, 330, 342 influence of, 164, 182 Humboldt, Alexander von, 16 n.124, 17, deformation pattern on, and projection, and latitude, 141, 151 n.21, 164, 167 47 n.13 322 precession of equinoxes discovered by, Humors (bodily), 335, 336, 340 facsimile of, 13 n.96 164 n.13 Hungary, 328 Mediterranean on, 446 and projections, 157, 167, 506 Hunting, 51, 57 n.11, 76 monstrous races on, 331 star catalog of, 164, 165-66 Huntington Library Orosian influence on, 301, 309, 347, 502 and Strabo, 166, 173 HM 1548,386 Orosian-Isidorian map compared to, 348 Timosthenes used by, 153 Higden manuscript, 312 place-names on, 288, 345 and trigonometry, 151 n.20 Huts, in prehistoric art, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, use of, 508 mentioned, 234 78 me'ntioned, 287, 291, 307, 328, 372 Hispellum, 218, 219 Hyades, 131 n.6, 132 Hermus River, 158 History of Technology (Singer), 293 Hydrographic mapping, xx Herodotus, 136-37 Histros River, 249 Hyginus, Gaius Julius, 217 on Anaximander's gnomon, 134 Hoisdorf stone, 80 n.121 Hyginus, pseudo-, 217 General Index 577

Poetieon Astronomieon, 320 Prester John in, 333 of Globes and Instruments, 22 Hyginus Gromaticus and Ptolemy, 198 International Geographical Congress, 15, on Augustus and land survey, 212, 216 as rhombus-shaped, 157, 175, 267, 268 18, 294 Constitutio limitum, 220 in Timosthenes' scheme, 153 International Geographical Union, 18, 19, drawings, 217 Indian Ocean 33,294,296 maps, 217, 218 and Alexander the Great, 149 Commission on Early Maps, 294, 296 on survey procedure, 216 and Arabic culture, 337 n.244 International Map Collectors' Society, 23 "Hyperborean," 193 n.85 charts of, 315, 381 International Society for the History of Hyperborean Ocean, 193 on mappaemundi, 316, 358 Cartography, 26 Hyrcanian Sea, 189, 198 and Marco Polo, 315, 316, 381 International Yearbook of Cartography, 33 on Ptolemy's map, 189, 199,316 lona, 340, 466 Ibarra Grasso, Dick Edgar, 199 as trade route, 178 Ionia, lonians, 135, 137,201 Iberia Indians of North America coins, 158-59 cave paintings from, 68 rock art of, 61 n.45 Ionian Sea, 387 distance westward to India, 156, 354 totems, 80 n.121 Iran, 107 on periploi, 237 Indies, route to, 371 n.1 Iraq, 111 and Pytheas's voyage, 150 Indigenous peoples landscape jar from, 70-71, 72 Strabo on, 174 cosmology, 86 Ireland in Timosthenes' scheme, 153 drawing skills, 45, 46-47 Agrippa's measurements for, 209 Iberian peninsula, 421 gesture, use of, 52, 53 laying out of, 92 Ibex, 69, 71 "instincts" of, 47-48 medieval maps, 489 Iceland maps by oikoumene extending to, 162, 174 on Cotton "Anglo-Saxon" map, 328 eighteenth-century reports of, 11 petroglyphs from, 64 on portolan charts, 414, 446 function and nature of, 48, 50 on portolan charts, 403, 406, 407, 408-9 Pytheas's possible voyage to, 150 gesture in, 53 and Ptolemy, 191, 193, 194 Iehnographia, 239 n.33 and prehistoric cartography, 47, 48, 49 Irenaeus (bishop of Lyons), 336 Ichnographic maps, 68, 80 source material for, 48-49 Irish Ocean, 193 Iconoclasm, 258 and prehistoric peoples, 47 Iron Age, 57, 78 Ideograms, city, 469, 479. See also Bird's- of Siberia, 87 Isaac, 266 eye views spatial consciousness of, 52, 59 Isauria, 244 Ideology, and maps, 4, 14, 504, 508 spatial skills of, 45, 47, 48 Isca, 252 al-IdrIsi, 11 n.86, 381 and stars, 85 Iseo, Lake, 479 lena estuary, 193, 194 symbolism of, 59-60 Isere, 487 Ierne. See Ireland Indus River, 149, 262, 267, 328, 329 Isidore of Seville, 255, 301, 302. See also IJzendijke, 485 Indus Valley, and Babylonia, 107 Mappaemundi,Orosian-lsidorian; Iku, 113 I-n-Eten, 70 Mappaemundi, T-0 maps, of Isidore Ilkley (Yorkshire), 86 Inferno (Tenerife), 393 De natura rerum, 301, 320, 343, 347 Imago mundi, imagines mundi, 287 Information flow models, 34 diagrams of, 337, 340 Imago Mundi (journal), 23, 26-29 Inks and elements, 335, 337 bibliographies in, 28-29 on mappaemundi, 324, 343 Etymologiarum sive originum libri XX, Chronicle section, 21, 27, 28, 37 on portolan charts, 376, 391, 419, 429 255,301,302,303,320,343,345, Eurocentricity of, 28 Innocent IV, Pope, 304 347, 350 paleocartographic bias in, 26, 28 Instinct, 47-48, 51 influence, 304, 309, 313, 345, 347 Imhof, Eduard, 38 Instruments and monsters, 332 Imola, 478 drafting, 391 on shape of earth, 320, 321, 342 Imperatoris Antonini Augusti itinerarium in eighteenth century, 10 tripartite/zonal mappaemundi in maritimum. See Antonine itinerary Etruscan, 201 manuscripts of, 357 Imperialism, 14, 15, 507 Greek, in Rome, 255 mentioned 292, 314, 357 Inclesmoor, 490, 493, pl.37 navigational, 384, 386, 387, 429 n.392, Isidorus of Charax, 149, 208 n.39, 238, India 441. See also individual instruments 242 n.44 Agrippa's measurements for, 209 survey Isis, temples of, 241 and Ctesias of Cnidus, 149 Egyptian, 125 Iskenderun, 427 n.383 and Dionysius Periegetes, 267, 268 Greek, 138 Iskenderun, Gulf of, 156, 208 distance to, from Europe, 156, 170, 354 medieval, 494 Islam, and Cynocephali, 332 Ephorus on, 144 Roman, 213-15,227,232 Islamic science, 323 Eratosthenes on, 156, 157, 268 Insula de braeir, 410 Island books. See Isolarii Eustathius on shape of, 266, 268 Intercropping, 79 n.119 Islands Herodotus on, 136 International Cartographic Association, on portolan charts, 377, 378 legends associated with, 330 xvi n.5 Atlantic islands, 372, 410-11, 414, on mappaemundi, 303 Commission for the History of 415, 440 oikoumene extending to, 145 Cartography, 37 on Roman maps, 222,223,224 passage westward to, from Europe, 148, Working Group on the History of Isle of Man, 407 156, 354 Cartography, 33 Isle of Thanet, 484, 493, pl.35 and Pliny's climata, 243 International Coronelli Society for the Study Isocrates, 143 578 General Index

Isola Sacra, 226, 229 Itineraries. See also Periploi and Italian city plans, 476, 477, 478 Isolarii (island books), 482-84 Assyrian, 108 and mappaemundi, 471 and local and regional maps, 473, 482 Babylonian, 108, 113 on portolan charts, 432 and portolan charts, 283, 379-80, 473, biblical, 115 Jesuits, 304 482, 484, pl.25 Byzantine, 260 Jews, 432, 434 Isonzo River, 241 Christian, 23~254,292 John XXII, Pope, 435 Israel, Nico earliest, xvi n.l0 John of Lydia, 152 n.29 catalogs of, 22 n.177 Greek, 10~ 149, 156 John of Plano Carpini, 304, 315 portolan chart acquired in 1980 by, importance to charts and maps, 234 John of Wallingford, 357 378 n.67, 395 n.211, 404 n.252, and mappaemundi, 292, 330 Johnson, Samuel, xvii n.ll, 12 407 n.274, 419, 425 n.368 Hereford map, 288 Johnston, A. E. M., 158 Israel medieval, 464,495 Jomard, Edme-Fran~ois Children of, 241 painted. See Itinerarium pictum L'atlas des Monuments de la geographie, Promised Land of, 115 Roman, 106,204,234-38,254,278 18 Tribes of, 326 n.207, 330, 476 and Caesar's survey, 207 and Carte Pisane, 404 Issus, Gulf of, 156 and medieval maps, 469 debate with Santarem, 13 Istria, 315, 439 places associated with, 235 facsimile atlas, 293 Istros, 249 sea itineraries. See Periploi on map libraries, 15-16 Italian language, xvi n. 8, 389 Itinerarium, xvi n.l0 proposal for catalogue raisonne, 19 Italy Itinerarium Antonini. See Peutinger map Jordan, H., 227 ancient maps, places associated with, Itinerarium pictum, itineraria picta, 237, Jordan (place), 77, 88 202 238,249,254,260 Jordan River, 330, 470 cartographic exhibitions in, 21 Itinerarium provinciarum Antonini Augusti. Jordan Valley, 265 cartographic history in, 37, 38 See Antonine Itinerary Jordanes, 260 catalog of maps from, 294 Itinerary maps, medieval, 495-98, Journals, cartographic, 32-33 centuriation. See Centuriation, in Italy pls.38,39 Juan I (king of Aragon), 436 n.456 on Greek maps, 157, 174, 191, 195-97 Iuernia. See Ireland Juba II, of Mauretania, 208 knowledge and use of maps in, 482 Iugerum, iugera, 214-15, 216 Judaea, 265 medieval city plans, 476-78, 492, 498, lulia, colonia, 217-18 Judaism, 326 pl.33 Iulia firma Secundanorum, colonia, 221 Judgment, Last, 290, 332, 334, 335, 342, Paolino Veneto's, 473 Izmir, 428 pl.11 and plan of Vienna and Bratislava, 473 Izmit (Nicomedia), 237, 239 Julian the Apostate, 254 and portolan charts, 397-98, 473, 477 Iznik, 239 Julius, estate of (Carthage), 248 scale and measurement, 466, 478, 479, Jung, Carl, 87 495 Jacob's Well, Church of, 466 Junta de Investiga~6es do Ultramar, 36 sources, 283 Jacoby, G., 37 n.306 Jupiter, temple of, 210 and survey, 466, 478 Jacques de Vitry (bishop of Acre), 286, 384 Justinian, 258 n.2 medieval local maps, 488, 492, 498, 503 Jahrbuch der Kartographie, 32 n.263 Jutland medieval maps from, 283, 509 Jalbert, Pere, 437 on portolan charts, 409, 414 places associated with, 490 Japan, prehistoric period in, 49 and Ptolemy, 197 purposes, 491, 492, 493 Japanese cartography, 45, 381 n.93 Juvincourt, 207 medieval maps of Italy Japhetic peoples, 334 Paolino Veneto's, 473,481,497 Javanese script, 49 Kadesh, 119 and portolan charts, 481, 482, 497 Jehuda ben Zara, 375, 436 Kadikoy, 237 Vesconte's, 284 Jerome, Saint, 265 n.38, 299 Kallatis, 249 medieval regional maps, 465, 478-82, map of Asia, 288, 289, 292, 299, 322, Kamal, Prince Youssouf, 18,294,388 489, pl.34 324,325,505 Kampuchea, 198-99 exaggeration of cities on, 466 map of Palestine, 299, 324, 328, 329 Kandler, Pietro, 219 as itinerary maps, 495 Jerusalem, 230 n.63, 250 Kardo, kardines, 213, 215, 219, 222, 223 and portolan charts, 283, 473, 480 as center of world, 340 Karelia, 76 and Tiirst map, 498 Crusaders' control of, 473, 474 Karrow, Robert W., 20 on Notitia Dignitatum, 244 Epiphanius's guide to, 266 Karta, xvi Pliny's treatment of, 242, 243 itineraries to, 237, 254, 330 Kartina, xvi on portolan charts, 421 on Madaba map, 254, 261, 265, 278, Kartografie, 32 on Carte Pisane, 390, 404, 406 pl.8 Kartografiska Sallskapet, 32 prehistoric on mappaemundi, 330, 340-42 Die Kartographie (Kosack and Meine), 31, cosmological stelae from, 89-91, 90 at center, 310, 315, 316, 317, 332, 32 maps, 75-76. See also individual place­ 340, 341-42, 471 Kartographische Mitteilungen, 32 n.262 names not at center, 307, 312, 317, 340-41, Kartographische Nachrichten, 32, 33 periods, 57 348 Kartographische und Schulgeographische on Roman itineraries, 237 on maps of Holy Land, 330, 470, 475 Zeitschrift, 32 n.262 Roman maps of, 205 plans of, 330, 473-75 Kelley, James E., Jr. shape of, 174, 243 antiquarian bias, 492 on chevron borders, 395 Varro on, 205 classical influence on, 469 and coastal outlines, 403 General Index 579

on orientation, 444 Lambert of Saint-Orner, 304, 321 Pytheas's study of, 150-51 on pilot books, 383 n.112 Liber floridus, 300, 304, 353, 354 on Roman portable sundials, 254 and scale, 384, 389, 391 Sweden depicted by, 328 Latium, 220 sloppy chartmarking noted by, 431 Lamps, Roman plans on, 250, 251 La Turbie, 242 n.42 toponymic analysis, 420, 423 Lancaster, 490, 493 Lauria, Francesco de, 394, 435 Kennedy, D. L., 241 n.39 Land allocation Lausanne Cathedral, 335 n.239 Ken~484,493,pL35 of Augustus, 207, 220-21 La Valle, 218 Ker, Neil, 302 n.86 in Campania, 204-5, 209-10, 218 Lavedan, Pierre, 469 Kerch, Straits of, 249 Land division Law Kerenyi, Karl, 88 Etruscan, 201, 202 Aragon ordinance regarding charts, 440 Kern, Hermann, 4 n.24 Roman. See Centuriation; Survey, Roman and Byzantine cartography, 259 Kerry (Ireland), 64 Land use, in prehistoric maps, 67, 74, 78 French, on loss of ship, 387 Kesslerloch cave, 64, 65 Die Landkarte, 32 n.262 and medieval maps, 489-91 Keuning, Johannes, 185 Landscape representation and Roman cartography, 218-19, 220, Keys, cartographic with constellations, 80 n.121 221, 252, 278 lack of, on mappaemundi, 325 Egyptian, 118-19 Venetian, on trades, 432 n.422 lack of, for prehistoric art, 60, 62 prehistoric, 68-69, 71, 72 Lead and line, 386 Khabban, 112 landscape figures, listed, 97 Lead (pencil), 391, 443 Khabuba Kabira, 107 Lang, Arend Wilhelm, 414 Leagues (measurement) Khaideinoi, 197 Language Catalan, 389 Khartoum, 253 animal, 50 Gallic, 236, 237, 238 Khios, 378 development of, 51-52 on medieval maps of Holy Land, 475, Khnum-Shu, 125 metaphor for maps, 1-3, 4, 35-36, 39, 496 Kienbach Gorge, 87 504 in Versi portolano, 384 n.120 Kiepert, Heinrich, 16 n.124 and origin of portolan charts, 389, Leardo, Giovanni, 316-17, 318 n.147, 358, King-Hamy chart of ca. 1504, 386 415 n.329 379 n.71 King's Lynn, 489 of publication, in cartographic history, 29 map of 1448, pl.20 Kintyre, Mull of, 194 Lanman, Jonathan T., 334 map of 1452, 336, 338 Kirkuk, 113 Lanzarote Island, 378, 410 representational style, 327 Kish, George, 88 Lanzo Valley, 76 n.l03 Lebeuf, Abbe, 288 n.17 Kloden, Carl Friedrich von, 16 n.124 Laon globe, 316 n.145 LeGear, Clara, 301 n.84 Klosterneuburg, 284, 316, 324, 473. See Lapidicae, 227 Legends, explanatory also Vienna-Klosterneuburg map La Pileta (Malaga), 68 n.78, 69 on Egyptian maps, 123, 126 corpus Lapland, 197 on mappaemundi, 324-25 Knights Hospitalers, 378, 401 n.233 Lapo di Castiglionchio, 478 on portolan charts, 429, 436, 437 Knights Templars, 382 Larius, Lake, 195, 205 mentioned, 406, 431,432,433, 435, Koeman, Cornelis, 16, 37, 38 Larlogio, 441 446 Kohl, Johann Georg, 13, 14 La Ronciere, Charles de, 374, 382, 386, Legnazzi, E. N., 219 Koikylides, Father Kleopas, 265 425 n.367, 432 Legua, 389 Konrad of Colmar, 238 La Ronciere, Monique de, 371 Lelewel, Joachim, 13 n.96, 14, 293 Konya,73 Lascaux,55 Geographie du Moyen Age, 18, 284 Kosack, Hans-Peter, Die Kartographie, 31 Lateran palace, 303 Lenox, James, 16 Kraus, H. P., 22 Latin geography, 242-45 Lentulus, Publius Cornelius, 209-10 Kretschmer, Konrad, 376 n.48, 388, 426 Latin language, 105-6, 259, 279 Leonardo da Vinci, 478 Krymskie Gory, 249 words for maps, xvi, 225, 238 n.25, 253, Lepanto (Naupaktos), 425 Kii~iik Menderes River, 158 287,502 Lepini Monti, 218 Latini, Brunetto, 325, 332 Leptis Magna, 328 Labrys, 251 Latitude. See also Climata; Parallels Lesbos, 153 Labyrinths, 4 n.24, 86 and Agrippa, 209 Lesina chart, 376 n.48, 422 n.343 Christian, 252 celestial, 165, 323 Lesna, 425 and death, 68 n.74, 88 differences in Lettering. See Calligraphy Etruscan, 251 demonstrated by armillary spheres, Leucippus, 137 Greek, 251 159, 167 Leucothea, 205 mosaic, 252 measured astronomically, 155, 156 Levant prehistoric, 68 n.74, 87-89, 90 Greek values for, accuracy of, 156 cartography from, 115 Roman, 252 and Hipparchus, 141, 151 n.21, 164, 167 on periploi, 237 Lach, Donald F., 304 on medieval German maps, 497 on portolan charts, 444, 445 Lactantius, 299, 320 medieval understanding of, 322, 323 Lewis, G. Malcolm, 36 Ladders, celestial, 86, 87 modified by scalars, 288 Liber (libri) aeris, 210, 216 Ladner, Gerhart B., 334 on portolan charts, 385 Liberal arts, 300, 306 La Ferrassie, 82 scales, 371 n.l, 379, 386, 441 n.495 Libra, 170, 248 Lagash, 109 proportion of longitude to, and Ptolemy, Libraries, 161, 167 Lagrang~t L., xv 184, 185, 186, 189 at Alexandria, 7 n.38, 148-49, 154, 173 Laguarda Trias, Rolando A., 381 on Ptolemy's regional maps, 184, 190 medieval, 8 580 General Index

Libraries (cont.) polar, 165 Jerusalem on, 254, 261, 278, pl.8 at Pergamum, 162 proportion of latitude to, and Ptolemy, and medieval maps, 469 "treasure house," 16 184, 185, 186, 189 Nile delta on, 246 Library of Congress on Ptolemy's regional maps, 184, 190 as synthesis of traditions, 261, 266, 279 catalogs of maps, 19 Los Buitres cave (Penalsordo, Badajoz), 68, Madagascar, 316 Hall of Maps and Charts, 16 69 Madeira Islands, 410, 448 map collections, 15, 16 Loucopibia, 194 Madonna and Child vignette, 398, pl.28 vellum chart #3, 395 n.211, 404, 419, Louis IX (king of France), 305, 382 n.l07, Maeander River, 158 425 n.368, 444 439 Maeotis Paluso See Azov, Sea of Libri Coloniarum, 217 n.15 Louis XII (king of France), 435 n.444 Magellan, Ferdinand, 49 Libro del conoscimiento, 399, 400 Louis XIV (king of France), 8 n.54 Maggi, Annibale de, 479 n.62 Libro deltarte, 324 Louis XVI (king of France), 19 n.150 Maggiolo, Vesconte, 434, 438 Liburnia, 191 Louvre, Musee du atlas of 1512, 401 n.234, 422 n.348, 426 Libya, 172. See also Africa Babylonian statues in, 11 C) chart of 1548, 391 n.189 Herodotus on, 136 Babylonian tablet, 114, 115 Maghreb chart, 418, 421 nn.335, 338; 423, petroglyphs of, 63 n.54 Egyptian astronomical ceiling, 121 445 and Ptolemy's map, 189 Low Countries. See also Netherlands Magic, 55, 59,82 Liger River (Loire), 174 medieval maps, 283, 465, 489, 493 Magna Graecia, 136 Lignite, 64, 65 local, 485-86, 487, 488-89, 499-500 Magnaghi, Alberto, 371, 378 n.68, 443 Ligorna (Livorno), 427 oldest extant, 470, 471, 485 Magnetic declination.. (compass variation), Lilio, Zachariah, 321 places associated with, 486 378 n.68, 4~1 Limes, 215 survey in, 494 secular variation, 384-85 Lincoln (England), 244 Loxodrome nets. See Rhumb lines Magog, 332-33,348 Lincolnshire, 484, 485, 496 Loxodromes, 375, 385 Magourata cave paintings, 89, 90 Lion (constellation), 83 Luca (Lucca), 239 Maikop vase, 72-73 Liris River, 218 Lucan, 301, 345 Mainland (Shetland Isles), 178 Lisbon Luce, Water of, 193 Mainz, 237 n.18 charts from, 374, 437 Lucretius, 255, 301 Majorca study of cartography in, 36 Ludus Magnus, 227, 330 chartmaking in, 431, 432, 437, 438. See mentioned, 243 Ludwig the Bavarian, 477 also Portolan charts, Catalan Literacy, and interpretation of prehistoric Lull, Ramon, 305, 382, 388, 443 galleys, 408 n.282 art, 58 "Arbre de Sciencia," 441, 442 and origin of portolan charts, 382 Little Astronomy, 269 Luxembourg, 237 n.18 and paper charts, 376 n.48 Little Bear (constellation), 82, 136 n.31, Luxoro atlas, 421 on portolan charts, 393 296 dating and provenance, 403, 406 n.273, Malay Peninsula, 198 Little Dog (constellation), 83 419,420,424 Malegno,88 Livorno, 427 network on, 376 n.54 Malocello, Lanzarotto, 378 Livy, 159, 253 Luynes, Due de, 8 n.54 Malta, 81, 83, 87, 387 Location Lycia, 152 on portolan charts, 378, 414 n.319 by astronomical means, 155, 156, 166, Lynx (constellation), 83 Mammoth bone, 70, 71 497 Lyons atlas (anonymous). See Bibliotheque Man, island of, 410 perceived as sole function of maps, 288, de la Ville (Lyons), MS. 179 Man, Isle of, 407 342 Lyons, Council of (1274), 402 n.243 Mandalas, 88 n.176 Lodestone, 384, 386, 441 Lyra, 137 Mandeville, John, 321 Log, 386 Lysimachia, 152 n.30 Mandorlas, 312, 313, 335, 340, 353, 505 Loggia del Bigallo, 477, 493 Manetho, 118 Loire River, 174, 493 Maas (Meuse) River, 485, 486, 487 Manfred (king of Naples and Sicily), 426 Lokeberg (Foss, Sweden), 87 Mabillon, Jean, 11 Manfredonia, 382, 402 n.243, 425, 426 Lombardy, 478, 479 n.62, 480 McCrone, Walter, Associates, 368 Mann, Ludovic MacLellan, 81 London Macedonia, 237, 328 Mansel, Jean, La fleur des histoires, 290, chartmaking in, 374, 431, 437 McLuhan, Marshall, 36 pl.12 on medieval maps, 496 Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius, 243-44, Mansiones. See Staging posts on portolan charts, 407, 408 299 Mantua, 493 on Roman maps and itineraries, 236, Commentary on the Dream of Scipio, Manuel (king of Portugal), 414 239,244 164,243-44,300,346,353,354 Manuscripts. See also individual libraries; Longitude. See also Meridians and equatorial ocean, 164, 244, 300, 353 Papyrus, papyri; Ptolemy, and Agrippa, 209 and legends, 330 manuscripts celestial, 165, 323 and mappaemundi, 244, 300, 345, 353, Buondelmonti's search for, 482 and eclipses, 156, 166, 323 354 in codex form, 505 Greek values for, accuracy of, 156 and projection, 322 copying, 106 hours and degrees of, 179 n.14 and sphericity of earth, 243, 319 of Corpus Agrimensorum, 217 on medieval German maps, 497 mentioned, 29~ 301, 302, 30~ 313 illumination, 261 n.25, 324, 429 medieval understanding of, 322, 323 Madaba mosaic, 264-65, 507, pl.7 arabesque, 304 modified by scalars, 288 biblical lore on, 265 losses and survivals, 106, 373 General Index 581

movement west of, 258, 299 thirteenth century, 306-12, 342 "silent," 325 Manzi, Elio, 38 fourteenth century, 312-13 sources, 300, 301, 304, 309, 313, 326 Map collections extant, graph of, 298 biblical, 326, 328, 330, 358 development of, 8-9, 12, 15-16 facsimile atlases, 292, 293, 294 classical, 278, 283, 328, 337 wall displays, 8 functions, 263, 284, 286, 288-90, 309, stemmata, 305, 313,342 Map Collector, 23 334, 342. See also Mappaemundi, study of, 292-94, 342-43 Map collectors, 16, 22-23, 26 symbolism symbolism, 318, 334-39 Map Collectors~ Circle, 23 historical, 286, 288-90, 309, 342, Christian, 290, 291,313,334-36,338, Map curators, 8, 16, 21 504 342 Map librarians and librarianship, 21, 39 Genoese, 405 royal and imperial, 337 Map libraries, 19 graticules, 286 terminology, 287-88 development of, 8, 12, 15-16 Greco-Roman model, 341 T-in-square, 335 exhibitions, 21-22 "hemispheric," 296 T-O maps, 137 n.38, 296, 297 Map trade. See also Chart trade historical and geographical content, 326, centering of, 340 cartobibliography and studies of, 21 328-30, 342 coinage of term, 301 dealers, 16-17 as illustrations of texts, 286 and flat earth, 342 development of, 12, 17 in island books, 482 with fourth continent, 302, 303, 343 in eighteenth century, 8 and itineraries, 292, 330 and Herodotus, 136-37 historiographic impact, 22-23 lettering, 325 of Isidore, 301-3, 304, 327, 330, 343 Map use. See Maps, use of listed, 359-67 miscellaneous and unknown authors, Mapa mundi (Semeianr;a del mundo), 288 losses and survivals, 286, 292 345 Mapmakers, 507. See also Portolan charts, earliest surviving, 302, 303, 343 origins, 278 chartmakers makers of, 286 reverse, 345, 347 biobibliographies of, 11 mandorla-shaped, 312, 313, 335, 353 Sallust, 334, 337, 343-44 criticism of predecessors, 10 in manuscript books, 286, 324 symbolism of, 334 and development of map collections, 9 marvels and legends on, 330-33 Y-0 variant, 345, 346 Mappa, xvi, 287, 324 materials, 324 transitional, 296, 297, 299, 355-58 Mappa mundi sive orbis descriptio, 287 misconceptions concerning, 342 tripartite, 296, 297, 328, 337 Mappae clavicula, 287 n.5, 324 and navigating tables, 442 monstrous races on, 332 Mappae maris, 375 "oecumenical," 296 tripartite/nonschematic, 296, 347-53 Mappaemundi, 286-368. See also World Orosian, 292, 300-301, 309, 340, 341, tripartite/schematic, 296, 297, 334, 343­ maps 347, 348-49. See also Cotton 47. See also Mappaemundi, T-O almond-shaped, 312, 313, 335, 353 "Anglo Saxon" map; Henry of maps and art, 324 Mainz map; Hereford map; Paris, tripartite/zonal, 296, 355, 357 Beatus type, 303-4, 305, 318, 330, 331, Matthew, world map of V-in-square, 347 340, 355, 357, pl.13 Orosian-Isidorian, 347-48, 350-51. See Y-O maps with Sea of Azov, 345, 347 Arentzen on, 296 also Ebstorf map; Guido of Pisa; zonal, 296, 297, 353-55 colors of, 326, 327 Psalter map; Vercelli map as based on projection, 322 monstrous races on, 331, 332 oval, 312, 313, 349, 352, pl.15 Macrobian, 244, 300, 353, 354 orientation, 357 periods, 299, 318 monstrous races on, 332 representational style, 327 physical analysis of, 324-26, 343 and Posidonius, 168 and Saint Gall Codex, 237, 343 place-names on, 288, 290, 328, 330 Maps and Y-O maps, 345 and portolan charts, 291-92, 372 antiquity of, 1 cartographic history in texts with, 7 Catalan, 394-95, 440 n.492 as art, 16, 22 n.174, 25 Catalan, 394-95, 399 n.231. See also Fra Mauro map of 1459,315,316 as artifacts, xvi, 9, 33, 34, 38, 39, 507 Catalan (Estense) world map influence of charts, 292, 299, 314, authority carried by, 2 catalogs, 292, 294 315-16,342,357-58,379 and children, 2 and chronicles, 288 influence of mappaemundi, 291, 409 cognitive, 1, 5, 31, 52 circular, 307, 312, 315, 316, 328, 358 term "mappamundi" used for chart, complexity of, 2-3 illustrated, 297, 300, 302-3, 310, 311, 375, 439 concept of, 9, 45, 504, 506 330,334,338,343-47,350-52, and prehistoric maps, 92 dealers in, 16-17. See also Map trade 354-55 production of, 324-26, 430 definitions, xv, xvi-xvii classification, 294-99 "projections" of, 322 increased concern with, 34 climata of, 183, 278, 296, 300, 322, Ptolemaic influence, 314,315,316,342, and dreams, 87 357 354, 358 form distinguished from content, 34 colors on, 325-26, 327, 336 quadripartite, 296, 297, 355, 357 functions, 504. See also Mappaemundi, commissioning of, 430, 435, 436, 437 rectangular, pl.13 functions; Maps, prehistoric: compilation of, 286, 292 and regional maps, 291, 292 functions; Portolan charts, functions continuity and development, 503 rhumb lines on, 292, 314, 358 in geography, importance of, 30-31 and cosmography, 340, 372 scale, 286, 289, 292, 314 heterogeneous and homogeneous space cost, 324 schematic nature of, 286 on, 505 as documents, 292 shape, 286, 312, 313, 318, 505 as historical documents, 3, 13, 16, 17, 38 eighteenth-century study of, 11 signs, cartographic, 324, 325, 326, 327, and cartobibliography, 21 English 354, 358 de Dainville's use of, 35 n.293 582 General Index

Maps, as historical documents (cant.) in literature of cartography, 54-55 and Andrea Bianco, 315, 433 for territorial claims, 10 modern map compared to, 62 map of 1459,315,412, pI.18 theoretical concern with, 33 Marcellinus, 259 centering of, 317 tradition of, challenged, 19, 34, 39 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 160, 161 orientation, 378 n.62 historical importance of, 1-5, 508 Marcianus of Heraclea Pontica, 190, 198, portolan chart influence on, 315, 316, humanistic study of, 3, 4-5, 30, 33 199 n.l06, 237-38 358 as language, 1-3,4,35-36,39,504 Marcus, Johanne~, 309 Portuguese sources, 374 n.33 losses and survivals, 6, 106, 292 Marduk, temple of, 110 Ptolemaic influence on, 315, 316 as metaphors, 1, 139 Mare Oceanum, 353 representational style, 327 nature of, theoretical concern with, 33 Maringer, Johannes, 83 River of Gold on, 328 prehistoric. See Maps, prehistoric Marinus of Tyre, 177, 178-80, 198 and portolan chart outlines, 379 n.71 social significance of, 4, 5, 36, 139, and charts, 381, 385 on Ptolemy's coordinates, 316 506-9 coordinates and distances of, 276 mentioned, 324 spatial communication by, xv, xvi, xviii, projection of, 157, 179-80, 185, 186, Maurus, Rabanus, 319 1,34,50,504 189, 269, 385 Maxilly, 487 transmission of and cartobibliography, Ptolemy's criticism of, 106, 178, 179-80, Maxima Caesariensis, 244 21 184, 191 Maximilian I (Holy Roman emperor), 498 use of, 508-9. See also Greeks, Ptolemy's use of, 183, 184, 185, 186, Mayan pictographs, 49 knowledge and use of maps and 192, 194-95 Measurement. See also Distances globes; Middle Ages, knowledge and and Ravenna cosmography, 260 accuracy of, and cartography, 3-4, 10 use ; Romans, knowledge and and Seres' location, 172 Babylonian, 109 use . and shape of mappaemundi, 318 n.149 Egyptian, 125 variety of, 4 and size of earth, 170, 178-79, 184 Etruscan, 201 words for, xvi mentioned, 278 Greek, 140, 148 n.3 Greek, xvi n.8, 134-35, 381 n.86, 502 Marmara Eregli, 236 and medieval survey and mapping, 494­ Latin, xvi, 225, 238 n.25, 253, 287, Marseilles (Massalia), 150, 153, 323 95,497 502 latitude of, 150, 151 Roman, 214-15,216 medieval, 287, 464 on portolan charts, 374, 400 on Agrippa's map, 209 Maps, early Marshall Islanders, 48 on itineraries, 236 Bagrow's emphasis on, 25-26, 27 Martelli family, 435 n.454 Mecca, 337 as evocations of space, 4 Martellus Germanus, Henricus Mechanics, and Archimedes' planetarium, as route maps, 48 and Dias's discoveries, 413, 414 160. See also Sphairopoiia scholarly emphasis on, 25-26 island book of, 379-80, pl.25 Mechanikoi, 190 n.71 topological structure of, xvii and Nicolas of Cusa map, 497 Mechelen, Great Council at, 490 uses of, before 1800, 9-10 and Ptolemy's second projection, 187, Media, 208 utility of, 17 316 Medici atlas Maps, prehistoric Marteloio, 442 n.504 Adriatic and Aegean in, 402, 421, 439 adapted to rock surface, 505 Martianus Capella, 299, 300, 353 and African discoveries, 413 classification, 66, 67 n.69, 68, 74-75, on division of heavens, 203 Atlantic islands in, 410 93-97 and legends, 330 dating of, 410, 419, 424, 448 dating of, 58 Marriage of Philology and Mercury, 300, place-names in, 424, 425 on ephemeral materials, 92 306 n.99, 353 world map in, 358 function of, 48, 53, 63, 80, 92 mentioned, 255, 30~ 319 mentioned, 394 historiography, 45-49 Martilogium, 442 Medieval astronomy, 506 identification of, 92, 503 Martin V, 488, 489 Medieval cartography. See also by antiquarians, 63-68 Marzabotto, 201 Mappaemundi; Portolan charts criteria for, 45, 60-62, 73-75, 86 Mashkan-dur ibla, 113 and Arab cartography, 283 and indigenous peoples' cartography, 47, Massaio, Pietro del, 477, 480, 482, 492, building plans, 466-67, 468, 470-71, 48,49 pl.33 472 and indigenous peoples' spatial Massalia. See Marseilles scale, 466, 467 consciousness, 52 Massaliote Periplus, 150 categories of, 283, 284 of large areas, 63, 66 al-Masudi, 268 n.51 and Chinese cartography, 284 listed, 93-96 Mater Matuta, temple of, 205 and coordinates, 322-23 and mappaemundi, 92 Mathematics. See also Geometry and geographical theory, 284 and Near Eastern and Egyptian Alexandrian, 234 and graphing, 323 cartography, 503 Babylonian, 109, 114 in history of cartography, 17 need for, by prehistoric man, 5° Greek, 268 itinerary maps, 495-98, pIs.38:J39 neglect of, 45-47, 54 medieval, 323, 506. See also Geometry, local and regional maps plan maps, 61, 73-81, 92, 503 medieval knowledge of diagrams, 470-71 rarity, 92 prehistoric, 81 n.127 origins, 466-73 relief maps, 80-81 Matthijssen, Jan, 494 pocke~ of production, 283, 503 source material, 45, 47, 48-49, 55 Mauchamp, 207 and portolan charts, 471, 473, 507 topographical, 68-81 Mauretania, 243, 306, 309 and Ptolemy's maps, 471, 473 Fordham on origin of, 48 Mauro, Fra purposes and use, 489-93, 507 General Index 583

scarcity of, 426, 464, 465, 489 Melilla, 153 Meuse River, 485, 486, 487 and survey, 466, 478, 493-95, 497, Mellaart, James, 73 Mexico, 53 n.18 508 Memnon of Rhodes, 158 Mezhirichi (Ukraine), 70, 71 local maps, 473-78, 484-89. See also Memorial stones, Scandinavian, 87 n.169, Michele, Antonio di, 60 n.38 individual cities 90, 91 Middle Ages. See also Medieval cartography antiquarian bias in, 492-93 Memorization, 48 civilization of, 299 in island books, 482 Memphis (Egypt), 245, 246 early, 279 orientation, 473 Menabuoi, Giusto de', 477 knowledge and use of maps, 283, 303, scale, 371-72, 474, 478, 479 Menendez-Pidal, G., 304, 345 464, 509 losses and survivals, 283, 503 Menes, 118 the Word in, 286 modern study of, 284 Mensing, Anton, 17 Middle East persistence of, 314 Mensores (surveyors), 226, 227. See also historical period in, 57 regional maps. See also individual regions Survey, Roman pottery from, 89 in island books, 482 Meotides Paludes. See Azov, Sea of rock art, 63, 80 and mappaemundi, 291, 292 Meraviglie, Val, 66, 67 Middlesex, 491 of thirteenth century, 306 n.l02 Mercator, Gerardus Miglia, 377, 384 n.120, 387 n.157, 389 and religious and mercantile elites, 506, projection, 385-86 Milan, 477, 479 507 Ptolemaic maps issued by, 7 medallion from, 214 and Renaissance cartography, 293, 509 statue honoring, 15 Miles sources, ancient, 283 world map of 1569, 385, 386 English, 496 Medieval mathematics, 323, 506. See also Merida, 221 German, 497 Geometry, medieval knowlege of Meridians. See also Alexandria, meridian of Indian, 238 Medieval philosophy, 306 of Bacon, 322 portolan, 389 Medieval science, 304-6, 316, 340 of Dicaearchus, 152 Roman, 236,237,238,249,259 Medina, Pedro de, 411 n.299 of Eratosthenes, 154, 156, 157, 166, 179 Milestones, 236 Mediterranean of Hipparchus, 166-67 Miletus, Milesians, 133, 134, 135 basins, 385, 387-88, 390, 441 of Marinus, 179,180,185,276 Military. See also Roman cartography, chart of, Deissmann 47. See Topkapi on medieval maps, 292, 354 military Sarayi Library (Istanbul) on Pompeiian painting, 171 battle plans, 62 charts of, ancient, 278-79, 381, 383 on portolan charts, 385, 386 and development of map libraries, 8, 15 and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261, 262 prime, 184 n.40, 190, 505 Italian regional maps, 479, 480 on Greek maps, 144, 157, 162, 277 on Ptolemaic maps, 269 Lake Constance woodcut map, 493 on Madaba mosaic, 265 of Ptolemy, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, survey, 20 magnetic variation in, 385 189,276 Milky Way, 83,170 on mappaemundi, 292, 299, 314, 328, of Rhodes, 152, 156, 169, 506 Miller, Konrad 358 Meridies, 296 on Ebstorf map, 307 British Library fragment, 312 n.123 Merkhet, 125 on Higden maps, 312,313 Catalan atlas, 315 Meroe, 156, 157, 166, 167, 253 Mappaemundi, 20, 293, 294-95 Fra Mauro map of 1459, 316 and Ptolemy, 183, 184, 186 as pioneer authority, 6 T-0 type, 296, 297 Meru, Mount, 87 on Saint Gall mappamundi, 302, 357 navigation in, 85, 386-87, 388, 441, 443 Mesakin, 60 n.33 Millo, Antonio, 434 n.433 periploi of, 237 Meskene, 108 Mimesis, 277 on portolan charts, 371, 377, 415, 427, Mesopotamia Miniatures, Roman 444, 445-46, 506 on N otitia Dignitatum, 244 of centuriation, 218, 219, 220, 221 on Carte Pisane, 390, 404 prehistoric of estates, 226, 288 Cornaro atlas, 438-39 cosmology, 86, 87 in Virgil manuscripts, 239 distortion of, 384 n.129, 386, 388 periods, 57 Miniera valley, 67 n.70 patchwork involving, 383, 384, 390 Strabo on shape of, 175 Minos, 193 n.84, 248 place-names, 372 Messana, 158 palace of, 251, 252 projection, 386 Messina, Straits of Minotaur, 252 scale of Atlantic adjusted to, 414 on Agrippa's map, 208 Minturnae, 218, 219 portolani (sailing directions) for, 382 on Frederick II's seal, 488 Minturno Scavi, 218, 219 prehistoric periods in, 57 on Greek maps, 156, 162 Misenum, 242 as Romaic Gulf, 261, 262 Messogis range, 158 Mixtec pictographs, 53 n.18 Roman domination of, 161 Mestra, 433 n.432 Mocenigo, Andrea, 433 n.425, 442 n.505 on Roman maps, 208, 240, 241, 244 Metagonium (Melilla), 153 Models in Toledo tables, 323 Metaphor. See also Symbolism of buildings, prehistoric, 80-81 valleys, 71 n.88 maps as, 1, 139 cosmological, 157, 159, 160, 161, 170. Mees, Gregorius, 33 n.272 of navigation, 138 See also Globes, Greek, celestial Megalithic period stones, 81, 90 in prehistoric art, 59 armillary spheres, 141, 159, 167, 168, Megasthenes, 330 spatial, 51 n.6 171 n.66, 188 Meine, Karl-Heinz, 31 Metropolitan Museum of Art, 171, Modena chart, 374, 377 n.61, 413 Mela, Pomponius, 234, 242, 255,299, 316, 239 n.34 Mogador, 407 n.274 357, pl.19 Mettius Pompusianus, 254 Mohenjo Daro, 107 584 General Index

Mola di Bari, 426 Muller, Karl, 237 markings indicating use, 440, 443-44 Monastir, 198 Mundus, 287 navigational signs, 378 Money, Roman, 222 n.42 Munich, Portuguese chart in, 374 n.32, 386 Roman, 253 Monfalcone, 427 Munich, Universitatsbibliothek, Codex and winds, 146 Mongols, 304 MS. 185,386 without charts, in northern waters, 409 Monstrous races, 291, 307, 330-32, 334 Munster, Sebastian, 332 n.223 Navigators, and Sinus Magnus, 199 placement of, 316, 332 Murano Island, 315 Nazareth, 330 Mont-Saint-Michel, 330 al-Mursi, Ibrahim, 434 n.435, 437 n.474 Near East, 106 Montelimar, 223 Musei Capitolini (Rome), 226 cartography, 107-15 Montfarcom (Monfalcone), 427 Museo Egizio (Turin), 121 and prehistoric maps, 503 Montpellier, on portoIan charts, 400 Museo Storico Navale (Venice), portolan sites, 108 Monumenta cartographica Africae et chart fragments, 419, 421 n.338 Nearchus, 149 Aegypti (Kamal), 18, 294 Muses Neat line, 505 Monumenta cartographica Europea, in art, with globe, 171 Nebenzahl, Kenneth, 22 n.177 18 n.141 Athenian shrine of, 158 Nebo, Mount, 264 Monuments, megalithic, 81 Museum of History of Science (Florence), Necho, 136 Moon 12 n.93 Neckham, Alexander, 384 on Achilles' shield, 131 n.6, 132 Music, 52 Necos, 136 in Archimedes' planetarium, 160 Muslims, 304, 307, 444 Nederlandsche Vereniging voor Kartografie, in Greek cosmography, 138, 164 n.13 Mussolini, Benito, 254 33 n.267 paschal, 429 Mustinger, Georg, 316 Needham, Joseph, 60 n.33, 496 phases of, on mappaemundi, 31 7 Mycenaeans, 251 Neolithic period, 55, 57. See also Borno on Piacenza liver, 203, 204 Mythology stone; c;atal Huyiik Moon, Mountains of the, 328, 358 Asian, 84 n.141 cosmological beliefs, 86 Moordorf (Germany), 91 Egyptian, 117, 120 Hal Saflien temple, 87 Moore, George, 81 Greek, 138, 330 Mont Bego figures dated to, 75 Moors, 444 Scandinavian, 91 Ossimo stela, 90 Morel, Jehan, 374 Sumerian, 86 plan maps, 62 n.49 Moriduno, 238 planimetric and vertical projections, Morison, Samuel Eliot, 410 Nablus, 466 70 n.83 Morocco Naiera, Antonio de, 441 portolan charts as deriving from, 380 Great Disk from, 71-72, 73 Naples, 195, 432 n.421, 434, 437 Saharan rock art, 69 on portolan charts, 415 Naples, Bay of, 239 n.34, 240 sculptured block from Tarxien, 81 Morris, Ronald W. B., 68 Naqshah, xvi n.7 spirals, 88 n.176 Morsynas River, 158 Naram-Sin, 107 Tal Qadi "star stone," 83 Mosaics, 171 Narbo, 162 tombs, 72 Byzantine, 263. See also Madaba mosaic Narbonne, 162 Nepanto. See Lepanto at Nicopolis, 261, 264 Narenta, Ibz de, 402 Nepos, Cornelius, 242 Hebrew, 248, 266, 267 Narona, 239 Le Neptune Franfais, 8 n.54 of labyrinths, 252 Nationalism Neretva River, 239 losses and survivals, 106 in cartographic history, 28 Nero, 212, 240,245, 246,253 mappaemundi, 324, 339 maps in shaping of, 14 Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, 232, 337 n.249 Palestrina (Barberini) mosaic, 118 n.4, and portolan charts, 14, 388, 392 Nestor, palace of, 251 246 n.75 Nations Netherlands. See also Low Countries Roman, 226, 230, 231, 246-48,254, on mappaemundi, 328 boundary with Picardy, 485, 487 339 Table of (Genesis 10), 115 cartographic history in, 14 n.l07, 36, 37, Moses, 11, 241 Naupaktos (Lepanto), 425 38 Motion, circular, 136 Navigation medieval maps, 493 Motzo, Bacchisio R., 382, 383 astronomical, 85, 92,276,386,441 oldest extant, 470, 471 Mount Zion, Church of, 466 compass (magnetic) in, 384 Rijksarchief, catalog of maps, 19 Mountains by dead reckoning, 386, 441 survey in, 494 Chinese character for, 60 n.33 history of, and histories of exploration, Neugebauer, Otto, xviii n.21 in Christian cosmography, 262 17, 18 New Hebrides, 88 Eastern (Egyptian), 89 by indigenous peoples, 47, 48, 59, 85 New World on mappaemundi, 325, 326 instruments, 384, 386, 387, 429 n.392, ethnographies, 47 on portolan charts, 393 441. See also individual instruments indigenous cartography, 49 in prehistoric maps, 71, 72, 73 Lull's contribution to, 305 maps of, Humboldt's interest in, 17 on Ptolemaic maps, 269 in Mediterranean, 85, 386-87, 388, 441, prehistoric period, 49 on Roman maps, 217, 239 443 Newberry Library, Hermon Dunlap Smith squares representing, 114 metaphor in Plato's Republic, 138 Center for the History of triangles representing, 71, 72 and portolan charts, 284, 439-44 Cartography, 37 Western (Egyptian), 89 "circle and square" diagram, 442 Newcastle upon Tyne, 496 "Mozarabic" style, 304, 326 compilation, 386-87 Niaux, 55 n.8 Muller, Frederick, 16, 17,22 n.177 flags, 401 Nicaea, 239, 330 General Index 585

Nicholas V, Pope, 435 388,427 n.381 in Homer, 131, 132, 163, 164 Nicolas of Cusa, 284, 488, 497, 498 on printing of charts, 391 n.189 Isidore of Seville on, 320 Nicolo, Nicolo de, 432 n.424 and projection of portalan charts, 385 on mappaemundi, 300, 328, 353, 357 chart of 1470, 421 on scale of portolan charts, 389, 391 Mare Oceanum, 353 Nicomedia (Izmit), 237, 239 terminology, 375 n.39 primeval, 89 Nicopolis, 264, 265 n.38 Norfolk (England), 484, 485, 494 of Ptolemy, 189, 193 mosaic at, 261, 264 Norman, Robert, 429 n. 392 Octateuch, 261 n.25 Niger River, 328 North Africa Odessos, 249 Nijenhuis, J. T. Bodel, 16 centuriation, 198, 212, 219 Odo, 260 Nile and Domitian, 254 Oehme, Ruthardt, 38 Atlantic as source of, 152 n.29 on mappaemundi, 315 Oenopides of Chio, 151 n.22 Byzantine survey of, 259 on periploi, 237 Oesfeld, Carl Wilhelm von, 16 n.124 and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 262 on Peutinger map, 238 Offering of the Crane mosaic, 248 and Dicaearchus, 152 n.29 on portolan charts, 371, 421 Oglio River, 76, 78, 79 on Egyptian pottery, 118 prehistoric art from, 63, 77, 80, 89, 90 Oikoumene (known inhabited world), 134. flooding of, and boundaries, 105, 128 and Ptolemy, 198 See also Greek cartography, world Gihon equated with, 328 North America, cartographic history in, 28, maps on Madaba mosaic, 265 29 on Achilles' shield, 132 on mappaemundi, 328 North Holland, 486 Agrippa's division of, 208 T-Otyp~ 296, 29~33~343, 345, North Sea, 193, 388 Anaximander's drawing of, 134 346 on portolan charts, 409 boundaries on portolan charts, 378, 413 North Star, 82, 84 and Eratosthenes, 155-56, 162, 174 and Ptolemy, 198 Northumberland, cup-and-ring marks from, and Polybius, 162, 174 Rabelais on, 332 64, 65, 85 and Posidonius, 174 Roman exploration of, 178, 253 Norway and Ptolemy, 184, 189 on Roman maps, 241, 245, 246, 247 and Greco-Roman writers, 197 and Pytheas, 151 settlement along, 117 on mappaemundi, 328 and Strabo, 173-74 shape of, in Greek view, 175 on portolan charts, 410 Caesar's division of, 206 and Turin papyrus, 122, 123, 124 prehistoric art from, 76 as four-fold, 163, 164, 173 western branch (supposed), 413 Norwood, Colonel Henry, 11 n.87 geometric framework to, 132 Nilsson, Martin Persson, 85 Notgasse (Austria), 87 Ionian maps of, 135 Nimroud-Dagh, 166 Notitia Dignitatum, 234, 242, 244-45, as island, 174 Nineveh, 108 pl.6 Pliny's geography of, 242 Nino, Pedro, 443 Notitia regionum XIV, 227 position on globe, 506 Nippur, 107, 110, 111 Notitia Urbis, 348 Crates on, 163 plan of, 110, 112, 113 Nottinghamshire, 495 and Eratosthenes, 155-56, 277 Noah Notus, 144 and orientation of maps, 276 ark, 313, 330, 335 Nova Carthago (Cartagena), 153, 208 and Ptolemy, 182 and monstrous races, 332 Novantae, promontory of, 193, 194 Strabo on, 173 sons of, 290, 296 n.69, 328, 331, 334, Novara, Campano da, 382, 442 n.503 public conception of, 191 343, pl.12 Novegradi, (Novi), 425, 426 Greek, 171, 175, 277 Noha, Pirrus de, 316, 357, 358, 379 n.71, Novilara, 76 shape pl.19 Nuba (Sudan), 60 n.33 Aristotle on, 145, 149 Noli, Agostino, 430, 432, 434, 438, 440 Nubia, 121 chlamys, 156, 167 Nonius Datus, 211, 230 Numerals, Roman, 226 n.51 circular, 135, 136, 171, 277 Nonliterate. See Indigenous peoples; Nuremberg, 473, 488, 497 and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261-63 Prehistoric peoples Nut (Egyptian goddess), 120, 121, 507 Democritus on, 137 Nordenski6ld, A. E. Nuzi, tablet from, 71, 113, 114, 276 Dicaearchus on, 152 chart ca. 1500, 397 n.219 and Dionysius Periegetes, 171-72 and coastal outlines, 403 Occidens, 296 Eudoxus on, 143 date of Carignano map, 406 Oceania, stick charts of, 48 Geminus on, 143 n.76, 171 date of Maghreb chart, 423 Oceans. See also individual oceans and Hipparchus, 167 on Dati designs, 379 n.72, 383-84 and Alexander the Great, 149 oblong, 137, 143 n.76, 171 on Du1cert and Bianco charts, 415 Alveus Oceani, 300, 353 rectangular, 144, 261-63 Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Aristotle on, 145, 148, 149 Strabo on, 156, 173, 175 Cartography, 18, 20 in art, 264 SIze map collection of, 16, 17 Babylonian, 111, 114 in Byzantine periplus, 260 "normal-portolano," 373, 377, 383 circular, 111, 114, 131, 132 Dicaearchus on, 152 on paleography and dating, 402 of Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261-62, 263 and Eratosthenes, 148, 155-56, 163 Periplus, 18, 20, 372 and Crates of Mallos, 163, 164, 244 and Marinus, 178-79, 199 as pioneer authority, 6, 14 equatorial, 163, 164, 244, 300, 353, and Plato, 137, 148 and place-names, 372, 420, 422, 357 and Ptolemy, 184-85, 199 427 n.380 gulfs of, 261, 262 Strabo on, 152, 174 on portolan chart origins, 382, 383-84, Herodotus on, 135 Varro's division of, 206 586 General Index

Olbia, 249 western, 343, 344 celestial maps from, 84 Old Bewick, 64 Orinoco, 47 n.13 cognitive capacity in, 62 Oldham, Richard D., 380 Orion (constellation), 85, 131 n.6, 132, communication in, 50, 52, 53 Oleron, 387 n.151 137, 165 mammoth bone dated to, 70 Oliver, J. H., 222 Orissans, 86 n.161 maps dated to, 92, 504 Olivule, 426 Oritae, 243 picture maps beginning in, 62 Olschki, Leo, 17, 22 n.177 OrkneyIdand~ 150,353 Paleologue arms, 400 Omphalos, 135 n.25 Orleans, Duke of, 493 Palestine. See also Holy Land Onega, Lake, 76 Ornesta, 309 n.113 cartographic knowledge in ancient, 115 Oostburg, 485 Orontes River, 119 "Jerome" map of, 299, 324, 328, 329 Ophel, 250 Orosius, Paulus, 300-301, 347. See also lamps with maps from, 250, 251 Opicinus de Canistris, 291, 379 n.71 Mappaemundi, Orosian in Madaba mosaic, 264, 265 Oplontis, 238, 240 and Hereford map, 301, 309, 347, 502 medieval city plans, 475, 495. See also Ora maritima (Avienius), 150, 243, 502 Historia adversum paganos, 300, 347 Jerusalem, plans of Oral culture, 58 mentioned, 26~ 292, 302 medieval maps of, 470, 473-76 Oran, 386, 401 Orsini, Cardinal Giordano, 482, 483 on portolan charts, 402 n.43, 403 Orange (Arausio), 210, 212, 219, 220-24, Ortelius, Abraham zodiac mosaics, 248, 266 225 map collection of, 9 Palestrina (Barberini) mosaic, 118 n.4, Orbis pictus, 287 Parergon, 7 n.45 246 n.75 Orbis terrae, 326 n.207 Peutinger map facsimile commissioned by, Palma, 431, 437, 438 Orbis terrarum descriptio, 287 7 n.45 Palus Maeotis. See Azov, Sea of Orbs, symbolism of, 259 n.7, 290, 337, statue honoring, 15 Pamphylia, 152 pls.l0, 11 Theatrum orbis terrarum, 11 Pantelleria, 387 Orcades. See Orkney Islands Ose River, 218 n.25 Panticapaeum (Kerch), 249 Ordnance Survey Osiris, 119, 120, 121 Paolino Veneto, Fra, 287, 473 Dublin, map of, 36 Ossimo (Brescia), 90-91 Chronologia magna, 473, 477, 480, 497 Roman Britain, map of, 193 Ostend, 489 map of Holy Land, 473, 475, 476, 496 Oresme, Nicole, 323 Ostia, 239, 245-46 map of Po delta, 473, 480 Oriens, 296 mosaics from, 230, 231, 246-47, 254 mappaemundi of, 314, 328, 357, 409, Orientation, 504, 506 Otley (Yorkshire), 87 473 ancient, 276 Ottheinrich, Count, 244 n.65 maps of Italy, 473, 481, 497 Arabic, 208 n.34, 276, 337 Ottoman Turks, 399, 400, 401, 406, 444 plans of, 473,474,477, 478 of Babylonian map, 113, 114 Oued Djeret, 63 n.54 Paper of Christian maps, 276 Ouse River, 490 building plans on, 470 of churches, 340 Oval maps, 312, 313, 349, 352, 505 portolan charts on, 376 n.48 eastern, 276, 304, 337, 343, 345, 353, Overflakkee, 486, 487, 489 Pappus of Alexandria, 159,234 357,475 Ovid, 253, 319 n.158 Papyrus, papyri of Egyptian buildings, 125 Oxford University, 306 Egyptian ofEgyptianmap~ 121, 123-24, 12~ 128 Lille 1, 124 n.13, 128 and Etruscans, 201 Paces, scale in, 474 Nebseny, 119 Greek, 276, 506 Paciaudi, P. M., 248 plans, 126-29, 502 of Madaba map, 254, 265 Pacific Ocean, 199 Reinhart, 128 of mappaemundi, 335, 336-37, 506 Pactolus River, 328 Turin map, 122-25 Beatus type, 357 Padua, 477, 478, 479, 480 Wilbour, 128 T-O maps, 343, 345, 347 Pagano, Matteo, 12 n.93 losses and survivals, 106 zonal, 296, 353, 354 Painted maps of Palestine, 115 of medieval local maps, 473 ancient, 171, 174 n.90 parchment replacing, 217, 254 of medieval maps of the Holy Land, 475 medieval, 303, 477, 486, 493 Roman map on, 238 northern, 276, 296, 337, 353, 354, 473, Paintings, rock, 55, 68, 69, 70, 73, 90. See Paradise, 262, 263, 264 475, 506 also Art, prehistoric; Pictographs on mappaemundi, 291, 302, 304, 318, of portolan charts, 377-78, 444, 506 Pakistan, 238 319,335,348,357 and religion, 506 Pala Pinta, 83 rivers of, 262, 329 Roman Palazzo Braschi, 226 confusion regarding, 328 of Agrippa's map, 208 Palazzo dei Conservatori, 210, 225 on mappaemundi, 302, 304, 328, 330, of centuriation schemes, 195, 196, 198, Palazzo Vecchio, 8 345,357 219,221,222 Paleography, 325,401-2,403,423-24, on portoIan charts, 372 of Forma Urbis Romae, 227 429 symbolic associations, 336, 337 n.243 of Macrobius's map, 244 Paleolithic period Parallels in Notitia Dignitatum, 244 cosmology, 86 of Athens and Rhodes, 152, 155, 156, of Peutinger map, 276 Lower Paleolithic, communication in, 52 170, 179,276,506 Sallustian, 337 Siberian talisman, 88 n.176 of Bacon, 322 southern, 208 n.34, 227 n.56, 244, 276, time scale, 57 on Crates' globe, 164 316,337,343,344,354,444 Upper Paleolithic,S5 of Dicaearchus, 152 symbolism of, 336, 340 cave paintings dated to, 68 of Eratosthenes, 154, 156, 157, 179 General Index 587

of Hipparchus, 182 Peloponnese dream-inspired, 86 length of, calculated geometrically, 155 Cicero on, 255 footprints in, 53 n.18 of Marinus, 179,180,185,276 on Greek maps, 152, 156, 157, 174, 255 Humboldt on, 47 n.13 on medieval maps, 292 and Roman itineraries, 236 of Mont Bego, 66, 67,70 n.81, 74, 75, and Pliny, 243 shape of, 174, 243 77,78,80 on Pompeian painting, 171 Pelusium, 245 rectangle and circle, 87, 88 on portolan charts, 385, 386 Peiialsordo, 68, 69 Scandinavian, 53 n.18, 87 on Ptolemaic maps, 269 Pencils, 391, 392, 443 tree of life, 87 of Ptolemy, 182, 185, 186, 187, 189, Pene, Charles, 8 n.54 Petrus Alphonsus, 323, 353, 354, 355 276 Penrith (Cumberland), 64 n.57 Peutinger, Konrad, 10, 238 Pytheas's groundwork for, 151 Pens, 391 Peutinger map, 234, 238-41, 242, 254, of Strabo, 174 Pepys, Samuel, 9 278,502, pl.5 Parasangs, 238 Pergamum, 161, 162, 163 n.6 and Castorius, 260 Parcae, 171 Pericles, 136 and Dura Europos shield, 249 Parchment, 324 n.190. See also Vellum Perinthus, 236 facsimiles, 7 building plans on, 470 Periodoi ges (Circuits of the Earth), and Madaba mosaic, 265 cost of, 437 xvi n.8, 134 n.18, 135 n.23 and medieval maps and itineraries, 469, increased use of, 217, 254 of Aristagoras, 135 495 and mappaemundi, 324, 343 Aristotle on, 135 orientation, 276 Romanmapson,238,249,25~254 in Athenian portico, 158 and Ravenna cosmography, 260 Pareto, Bartolomeo de, 430, 434 nn.435, of Dicaearchus, 152, 255 shape, 505 442; 438,440 of Eudoxus, 143 Pheidias, 159 chart of 1455, 414, 430, 435, 438 of Hecataeus, 134, 135 Philadelphia (Egypt), estate plan from, 129 Paria, Gulf of, 328 Herodotus on, 135 Philae, temple of, 245 Paris, Matthew, 471, 473 Perioikoi, 163 Philhellenism, 161, 234 Chronica majora, 349 Peripatetics, 144 Philip, Saint, 330 diagrams, 469 Peripheres, 137 Philip II (king of France), 306, 309 itinerary map, 304, 473, 495, pl.38 Periploi. See also Portolani Philip II (king of Macedon), 149 map of Britain, 306 n.l02, 473, 496, ancient, 150, 237-38, 253, 254, 383, Philip III (king of France), 306, 309 505, pl.39 387,502 Philip of Dreux (bishop of Beauvais), 287 scale, 288, 496 Byzantine, 259-60 Philip the Good (duke of Burgundy), 491 maps of the Holy Land, 473, 475, 496 and knowledge of islands, 484 Philippines, Javanese-based script in, 49 purpose of maps, 493 and portolan charts, 237, 279, 383 Philippus, Quintus Marcius, 255 regional maps, 304, 473 Periplus maris exteri, 237 Phillipps, Sir Thomas, 373 wall maps alluded to by, 335 n.238 Persephone, 248 Phillips, Philip Lee, 32 n.255 and Waltham Abbey plan, 469, 470 Persia Phillott, H. W., 288 worldmap,301,322,34~349,471 and Ctesias of Cnidus, 149 Philopator, 154 Paris, cartographic history in, 24 and portolan charts, 381 n.93 Philoponus, Johannes, 261, 271 Paris, University of, 306, 485, 487 roads, 135, 149 Phinnoi, 197 Parma, 196, 480 Persian Gulf Phocaea (Foca), 159 Parmenides, 136, 145, 169 n.44 and Alexander the Great, 149 Phoenicians Parmi, 378 n.69 and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261, 262 and charts, 381 Parsons, E. J. S., 496 on portoIan charts, 394 Herodotus on, 136 Parthia, Parthians, 173, 208, 238, 253 on Ptolemy's map, 189, 198 scribes, 115 Pasajes, 427 trade routes through, 107, 178 use of maps, 252 Pasch, Georges, 378 n.64, 400 n.401 mentioned, 208 Photius of Constantinople, 319 Pasqualini, Nicolo de, 432 Persis, 208 Photogrammetry, and cartography, atlas of 1408, 410 n.294, 431 Perspective xvii n.14 Cornaro atlas copying of, 401 linear, and Ptolemy, 189 Photography, aerial, and cartography, xvii Paths, in prehistoric maps, 74, 75, 77, 78 topographical, in prehistoric art, 62 Piacenza, Bronze Liver of, 202-4, 507 Pathyris, 127 Pesaro wind rose map, 248-49 Piaget, Jean, 52 Patrikios, 261 Pesato, lones, 479 n.62 Picardy, 485 Pattonag~43~506 Petchenik, Barbara Bartz, 4, 33, 36 Pico de Teide, 393 Paul, Saint, 326 Peter of Beauvais, 287 Picta. See Itinerarium pictum Paulinus, Saint, 299 Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, Pictographs, 52-53, 55. See also Paintings, Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 161 21 n.170, 32 n.259 rock Peace, Temple of, 227 Petrarch, Francesco, 481 Australian aborigine,S3 n.18 Pedro IV (king of Aragon), 315, 434 Petroglyphs, 55, 78 n.114. See also Cup- Babylonian, 49 Pedro, Don (of Portugal), 315 and-ring marks Cretan, 49 Peking man, 51 Andree's treatment of, 45 dream-inspired, 86 Pelechan, Antonio, 433-34 Bicknell's classification, 66 Mayan, 49 chart of Adriatic of 1459, 375, 421, 434 Conti's classification, 67 n.69 Mixtec, 53 n.18 Peleggi, 387 cosmological, 86, 87 Orissan, 86 n.161 Pella, 141, 148,236 discovery of, 63-68 Pictura, 287 588 General Index

Picture maps. See also Profile representation history of, 241 Plumbohm, megalith of, 80 n.121 Andree on, 45 lists, 107, 288 Plutarch, Lives, 139, 253 Egyptian, 117, 118 n.4 Plan representation. See also individual Po delta, Paolino Veneto's map of, 473, medieval, 466, 488-89, 498. See also periods and places 480 Bird's-eye views Egyptian, 117, 126-29 Po Valley Canterbury plan, 467, 469 prehistoric, 60, 70 n.83, 80, 92, 504 centuriation, 195, 19~219, 224 prehistoric, 62, 68-73, 80, 92 landscape figures, list of, 97 Etruscan expansion into, 201 identification of, 61 Mont Bego "topographical figures," 67, itinerary of, 235 Roman, 205, 218,219,220 68 and Ptolemy, 195, 196 in Notitia Dignitatum, 244, 245 in picture maps, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 Poc;uol (Pozzuoli), 427 Piedmont, 478 plan maps, 61, 73-81, 92, 503 Poetry Piganiol, Andre, 220, 222, 224 Roman, on Cisiarii mosaic, 23° maps accompanied by, 254, 259, 264 Pigments, 324, 343 Plane charts, 385, 386 maps in, 171-73. See also Aratus of Soli Pilgrimages. See also Itineraries Plane table, 387 physical theory in, 255 of Arculf, 466, 467, 473 Planetariums, 160, 168 Poland and Crusades, 304, 341 Planets cartographic history in, 37, 38 and Etzlaub map, 497 and Archimedes, 159, 160 on mappaemundi, 328 and Hereford map, 288 and Aristotle, 146 medieval maps from, 488 on mappaemundi, 330 on Commagene Lion, 166 and Ptolemy, 197 and portolan charts, 427, 439 and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 263 Polar Circle. See Arctic Circle Roman, 237, 254,278 cup-and-ring marks representing, 86 Polaschek, Erich, 190 Pillars, cosmological, 87 on Egyptian astronomical ceilings, 121 Pole, celestial, 136 Pillars, maps on, 158. See also Colonnades, and Eudoxus, 140 Aristotle on, 145 maps on motion of, 136, 140, 146, 159, 160 determined by Pytheas, 150, 165 Piloni, Luigi, 371 n.5 in Plato's cosmography, 138 height of, 182 Pinax (pinakes, pinakion, etc.), xvi n.8, and zodiac, medieval graph of, 323 Hipparchus on, 164-65 134-35, 381 n.86 Planispheres Pole, solar year at, 168 accompanying texts, 253, 255 Babylonian, 115 Pole Star, 136 n.31, 150 n.18 and Anaximander, 134 mappaemundi distinguished from, 287 on portolan charts, 395 publicly displayed, 139, 158 Planudes, Maximus, 268 Polesini, 84 shape, 505 remaking of maps, 191, 268, 272 Polevoy, B. P., 76 Pinchemel, Philippe, 38 Strabo manuscripts, 268, 269 Politics. See Administration and Pinelli-Walckenaer atlas mentioned, 258, 266, 279 government; Propaganda additional material on, 439 Plate carree, 385 Polo, Marco, 315, 316, 381, 394 authorship, 402, 424 Plato Polo brothers, 315, 372 compass rose, 396 n.215 attitude toward artifacts, 106 Polybius, 161-62, 164 dating, 396 n.215, 420, 427 n.381, 448 and cartography, 137-38 on Dicaearchus, 152, 162 name contractions, 429 lectures of, attended by Eudoxus, 140 on Eratosthenes, 162 scale, 421 Phaedo, 137 on Pytheas, 150, 162 Pinerolo, 80 Republic, 137, 138 in Rome, 161, 163 Piracy, 428 n.388, 439 Playfair, William, 292 and Strabo, 152 n.27, 161, 162, 173, 174 Piraeus, 242 n.44 Plaz d'Ort. See Giadighe map Pomerania, 488 Pisa, 437, 477 Pleiades, 85, 131 n.6, 132, 137 Pompeii, 171 Pisano, Leonardo (Leonardo Fibonacci), Pliny the Elder, 242-43, 254-55, 330 groma from, 213, 214 382, 442 n. 503, 494 and Agrippa's map, 7 n.40, 106, 207-8, labyrinth mosaics from, 252 Pishon River, 262, 328. See also Indus 209, 242, 243, 254, 255, 309 on Peutinger map, 238, 240 River on Caucasian Gates, 253 Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus (Pompey), 168 Pizigani brothers and charts, 381 Pomptine (Pontine) Marshes, 218 chart of 1367, 393, 397, 410, 415 on Etruscan divination, 201-2 Pongeto, Sentuzo, chart of 1404, 396 n.215, author's legend, 429 on expeditions, and use of maps, 253 397 place-names, 425 and Greek geographers, 234 Ponte San Rocco, 75, 77 mentioned, 448 illustrations in work of, 255 Poppaea, 240 Pizigano, Francesco on India and Taprobane, 198 Population, 426 atlas of 1373, 376 n.54, 391 n.194, 393, influence of, 301, 304, 309, 323 Poremanres, 128 421,429 on labyrinths, 252 n.96 "Port, establishment of the," 429 n.390, dating, 419, 424 and monstrous races, 330, 332 440 documentary purpose, 439 Natural History, 208, 242, 330 Port l'ospital, 425 place-names, 424, 426 on Sicily, 209 Porta Capena, 248 town views on, 397, 398 and Solinus, 299 Porto Pisano, 427 Pizzigano, Zuane, chart of 1424, 411, 421, sources, 254 Portolan charts, 371-463. See also 431,445 and sphericity of earth, 319 Navigation; Rhumb lines Pizzo, 426 mentioned, 241 Arabic, 374, 381 Place-names. See also PortoIan charts, place­ Plumb-bob level, 494 atlases, 393, 440. See also individual names Plumb lines, 213, 214 atlases, chartmakers, and libraries General Index 589

indexes of, 449-61 hydrographic, 402-15, 422, 466 315-16, 342, 357-58, 379 boards, mounting on, 376, 440 stylistic, 395-98 influence of mappaemundi, 291, 409 Catalan, 392-95, 418, 424-25, 431-32, toponymic, 415-28 "neck," 376, 398, 431, 444 437, 438, pl.26 distortion on, 384, 385, 386, 388, 390 "normal-portolano," 373, 377, 383 and Africa, 415 drafting and copying, 379, 390-92 notes on, 378, 393 earliest, 390, 393 erasure and correction, 431 orientation, 377-78, 444, 506 eastern extension of, 394-95 and hydrographic development, 402, origins, 372, 380-84, 387, 390 and. northern Europe, 410 403 ancien~ 278-79, 380-81, 390 of Roselli, 431 Maghreb chart, 445 n.533 place of origin, 388-89 Stillanda on, 414 earliest, 283 ornamentation, 393, 395-98, 429, 430, style characterized, 392-95 eastern extension of, 372, 394-95 436, 446 and wind disks, 393, 395 English, 374, 375, 392 n.196 physical limitations, 415, 505 characteristics of, 376-80 expansion of, 314 place-names, 379 chart of 1424. See Pizzigano, Zuane, flags on, 393, 394, 398-401, pl.29 analytical methodology, 461 chart of 1424 Carignano map, 405 n.262 of Britain, 407, 408 chart trade, 435-37 Florence chart (Biblioteca Nazionale contractions, 429 chartmakers, 286, 432-34, 507. See also Centrale, Port. 16), 418 and dating of charts, 373, 416-25, individual chartmakers Gap chart, 386 448,461 Catalan, 315, 393 Portuguese chart in Munich, 386 development in, 372, 377, 446 and development of chart collections, 9 Reinel chart, 374 dialects of, 389, 415 n.329 English, 431 French, 374 as historical source, 371, 426 families of, 432 functions of, 504, 507 in red, 378, 379, 427 informants, 427-28 commercial, 444-45, 446 regional patterns, 424-25 Italian, 393 instructional, 438-39 Roman influence on, 381 mobility, 432 n.421 navigational, 284, 439-44, 446 and scale, 421-22 noncartographic work, 429 Genoese, 404, 425, 430, 437, 438 table, 416-20 portraits of, 434 Gough map of Britain compared to, 284 and trade, 428 relations among, 423, 424-25, 429­ importance of, 371, 445-46 and Zaccaria, 382 30,431-32 indexes portraits on, 398, 429, pl.31 chartmaking, business of, 428-38 biographical, 449-58 Portuguese, 374, 386, 396, 400, 413, 433 apprenticeship, 431-32 chronological, 460-61 projection, 385-86 chart trade, 435-37 of named charts, 459 and Ptolemaic maps, 371 commissions, 435-36 influence, 291 n.33. See also Portolan as record of discoveries, 446. See also scribal traditions, 428-29 charts, and local and regional maps; Exploration time involved in, 436 PortoIan charts, and mappaemundi as record of Mediterranean self­ workshops, 429,430, 438 n.475 intermediate style, 393, 394 knowledge, 373 chevron borders, 395 and island books, 283, 379-80, 473, references to early, 283, 305, 380, 389, circles, hidden, 376, 391, 392, 396, 431 482,484 439-40 coastal outlines, 377, 383 Italian, 392-94, 418-20, 424-25, 432, regional schools, 283, 392-95, 431-32, ancient influence on, 283 pl.27. See also Portolan charts, 438 colored, 398 Genoese; Portolan charts, Venetian rivers on, 393, 481 development in, 403-15 Black Sea on, 444 rollers for, 376 drafting and copying, 390, 391, earliest, 390 n.179 scale, 377, 389, 446 392 n.200 multisection, 444 n.531 in circle, 395 colors, 378, 392 n.196, 393, pl.24 and northern Europe, 410 explicit, 371, 377, 395, 407 n.274 scribal traditions, 428 shipboard use, 440 and toponymic density, 421-22 of winds, 377, pl.24 style characterized, 392-94 variation of, 384, 389, 390, 391,421 compilation, 292, 387-88, 390 town views on, 397 variation of, corrected, 414 and compass (magnetic), 375, 381, and wind directions, 395 sixteenth- and seventeenth-century, 384-85, 388 Jewish, 432 422 n.348 sectional patchwork, 383-84, 388, 390 legendary features, 372, 410, 413 study of, 11, 372 conservatism, 372, 414-15, 422 legends, explanitory, 429, 436, 437 nationalism in, 14, 284 costs, 437 mentioned, 406, 431, 432,433,435, terminology, 287, 375 dating and provenance, 373, 385, 446 toponymy. See PortoIan charts, place­ 437 n.472 and local and regional maps, 471, 473, names by calendars, 446-48 507 town views, 397-98, 477 by chartmaker, 436 Italian maps, 283, 397-98, 473, 477, andtrad~408,415,421,428,444-45. by flags, 398-401 480,481,482,497 See also PortoIan charts, chart trade paleographic, 401-2, 423-24 losses and survivals, 373-75 Venetian, 398,40~425,431, 43~438 by stylistic developments, 395, 397, shipboard losses, 436, 440, 502 Portolani (sailing directions). See also 398 Lull's description of, 305 Periploi toponymic, 373, 416-25, 448 and mappaemundi of Benincasa, 374, 422 n.342, 433 deluxe vs. everyday, 436, 440 chart termed "mappamundi," 375, 439 Lo compasso da navigare, 382-83, 387, development, 390 influence of charts, 292, 299, 314, 422, 426, 427 n.379, 437 590 General Index

Portolani (sailing directions) (cont.) Egyptian, 117, 126 for India, 209 and knowledge of islands, 484 medieval, 473, 484, 505 and manuscript maps, 189-90, 191 of Sanudo, 427 n.383 picture maps, 466, 467, 469, 488-89, and mappaemundi, 314, 322 Portolano, 375 498 and Marcianus of Heraclea Pontica, Portraits, on portolan charts, 398, 429, prehistoric, 60, 62, 72, 80 199 n.l07, 237 pl.31 Roman on copying of maps, 180 Portugal on Cisiarii mosaic, 230 and Democritus's calendar, 137 cartographic history in, 36 on Forma Urbis Romae, 229, 230 Eustathius compared to, 267 celestial map from, 83 on Frontinus's aqueduct maps, 232 and globes, 181-82, 185 control of African coast, 415 Profiles, transverse, 232 and Hipparchus, 164, 182 dispute with France over Casamance, 14 Progress in Human Geography, 31 n.243 influence, 177, 178, 180,277-78 distance to India, 354. See also India, Projections, 504, 506 on Arabic cartography, 177, 189, 268, distance to, from Europe azimuthal, 322 278 exploration by equidistant, 385 on Byzantine cartography, 267-72 and mappaemundi, 299, 358 logarithmic, 322 on fifteenth century, 292 policy of secrecy, 414 of Bacon, 305, 322 on Greek cartography, 234, 237 and portoIan charts, 411-14 Bonne, 186 n.54 on map projections, 188, 189 and Prester John, 333 n.231 Byzantine understanding of, 268 on mappaemundi, 314, 315, 316, 342, Santarem on, 17 conical, 185 n.50, 506 354, 358 medieval maps from, 465, 489, 503, cylindrical, 385 on medieval topographical maps, 471, 509 and Eratosthenes, 154, 157, 179 473 on portolan charts, 399, 400, 418 gnomonic, 208 on Renaissance, 7, 189 Portugalete (galleto), 426 and Hipparchus, 157, 167, 506 on Roman cartography, 234, 254 Portuguese charts, 374, 386, 396, 400, 413, history of, in history of cartography, 17 instructions for mapmaking, 180-90, 433 homeotheric, 186 n.54 504,505 Portuguese navigation, 386, 441 of mappaemundi, 322 knowledge of Latin, 191 Posidonius, 168-70 of Marinus, 157, 179-80, 185, 186, 189, manuscripts, 180, 191, 192, 267-74 and late Latin geography, 299, 300 269, 385 Agathodaimon endorsement, 271-72 and Ptolemy, 170, 185, 195 medieval, 322, 342 Antilia mentioned in, 411 n.299 and size of oikoumene, 174, 185 Mercator, 385-86 authorship, 270 and Strabo, 152 n.27, 168, 169, 173 orthographic, 180, 322 charts in, 380, 435 and zones, 136, 168-69 of portolan charts, 385-86 Clavus's map added to, 7 n.42 Post-Paleolithic period, 55, 57 Ptolemaic. See Ptolemy, projections corruption in, 193 cartographic signs dated to, 92 of Ravenna cosmography, 322 Italian local and regional maps in, 477, clay models, 80 rectangular, 179, 185, 189, 506 480, 482, pl.33 Potencia, 425 and Romans, 201 Laurentian, 191, 193, 194 Pottery stereographic, 167, 180, 287, 506 lists of, 192, 272-74 Egyptian, 87, 89, 117, 118, 127 of Strabo, 174, 179 Nicolas of Cusa map in, 497 Greek, and Achilles' shield, 131 n.7 vertical, 70 n.83 and Planudes, 258, 268, 269 Iraq landscape jar, 70-71, 72 Promised Land, 115 Pluto 28.49 (Biblioteca Medicea Mesopotamian, 87 Propaganda Laurenziana), 191, 270, 271 Pozzuoli, 239, 427 Greek, 139, 158 recension A, 269, 272 Praeneste, 118 n.4, 246 n.75 Roman, 205, 253, 254,278,507,508 recension B, 270-71, 272 Prasum, Cape, 172, 179, 184 Propaganda Fide, Collegio di, 457 and regional maps, 177, 189-90, 197, Prehistoric peoples. See also Art, Propertius, 253 269,270,272 prehistoric; Maps, prehistoric Provincia, 206 Renaissance collection of, 8 and historical indigenous peoples, 47 Prunes, Matteo, 423 Seragliensis 57 (Topkapi Sarayi spatial skills of, 45, 47, 48 Prussia, 328 Library), 189, 269, 272 Prehistoric periods, 49, 55, 57. See also Psalter map, 327, 328, 331, 333, 340, 348, Urbinas Graecus 82 (Biblioteca individual periods 350 Apostolica Vaticana), 189, 191, 193, Prester John, 333, 372 Psalters, 302, 324 195,269,271,272 Preu~ische Staatsbibliothek, 20 n.155 Psychology, developmental, 52 Vat. Gr. 191 (Biblioteca Apostolica Preveza, 264 Psychophysics, 34 Vaticana), 193, 268-69 Priene, 140 Ptolemy, Claudius, 177-99 as mapmaker, 189-90 Prime meridian, 184 n.40, 190, 505 as astronomer, 181 on maps, 185 Primeval hill, 87 Buache on, 11 n.83 maps of Printing, and cartographic history, 17 as cartographer, 178 facsimile editions, 7 Priscian, 172, 348 and Caspian Sea, 189, 198, 261 n.25 implied scale on, 371 Pro indiviso, 219 Cassiodorus on, 172, 261 place-names and signs on, 191 Proclus, 230 n.64 and charts, 380, 381 tabulae modernae, 7, 316 Procopius, 239 climata of, 182-83 maps, regional 197-99 Proctor, Rev. William, 85 coordinates, 180, 181, 191, 192-97 and Agathodaimon, 271 Profile representation. See also Bird's-eye accuracy of, 183, 191, 276 authorship and provenance, 177-78, views; Picture maps and celestial globes, 182, 183 189-90 General Index 591

projection for, 185, 189, 269 Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 128, 148, 153 Reinel chart of ca. 1483,374,400, 413 Ptolemy's survey of, 184 Ptolemy III Euergetes, 154, 161 Relief maps recensions, 269-70, 272 Pujol, Domenech, 409 n.285, 437, 438 Frontlnus's aqueduct maps as, 232 maps, world, 184, pl.9 Punic Wars, 161,253 Ionian coin map compared to, 158 and Agathodaimon, 271 Punt (Pwenet), 123 prehistoric, 80-81 projections used for, 185-86, 188, 189 Purce, Jill, 88 n.176 Religion. See also Bible; Christianity; recensions, 269-70, 272 Puy de Dome, 207 Mythology; Ritual Marinus criticized by, 106, 178, 179-80, Pwenet, 123 and constellations, 277 184, 191 Pydna, battle of, 161 and Egyptian cartography, 120-21 Marinus used by, 183, 184, 185, 186, Pylos, 251 and maps, 4, 504, 507 192, 194-95 Pyramid Texts, 119 n.6 orientation, 506 meridians, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, Pyramids, 245, 332 prehistoric, 48, 63, 504 276 Pyrenees (Pyrenaeus), 55, 174, 243 and prehistoric art, 55 parallels of, 182, 185, 186, 187, 189, Pythagoras, 130, 136 as context for maps, 48, 63 276 Pythagorean theorem, 109 and cosmology, 85, 92 and place-names, 191, 192, 193, Pythagoreans, 136, 146 n.88, 299, 300 sacred sites, 57, 75 n.97 197 n.97 dodecahedron theory, 137 shrines, 58, 73 and Planudes, 191, 258, 268, 269, 272, Pytheas of Massalia, 150-51, 168, 169 Tal Qadi "star stone," 83 279 and Britain, 194 votive objects, 80, 88 n.176 as polymath, 180 celestial pole located by, 150, 165 Roman, 205, 252 projections, 157, 185-89, 187, 188, 272, Polybius' criticism of, 150, 162 Renaissance 506 and Thule, 150, 151, 162, 174, 179 cartographic history in, 7 first, 185-86, 187, 188, 189, 269, 270, voyage of, 150 and mappaemundi, 299, 314 pl.9 maps, antiquarian market for, 8 second, 186-88, 187, 189, 194, 269, Qift, 123 Marco Polo's influence on, 316 316 Quadrant, 441, 494 and medieval cartography, 293, 509 third, 188-89 Quadrivium, 300, 306 and Ptolemy, 189 and Sicily, 209 Quarters, four, 112, 334. See also Earth, Renaissance, Carolingian, 299, 467 and size of earth, 168, 170, 184 four corners of Renaissance, twelfth-century, 299, 304, sources, 190 n.71, 191, 194-95, 197, in Caesar's survey, 205, 206 306 n.99 198. See also Ptolemy, Marinus used Quseir, 123 Rents, Roman, 222 n.42 by Reparaz, Gon~al (Gonzalo) de, 432 star catalog of, 181-82, 183 Rabanus Maurus, 332 Representation, cartographic, and and terra incognita, 189, 194, 197, 199 Rabelais, Fran~ois, 332 cartographic history, 17, 35 topography, sources for study of, 191-92 Races, monstrous, 291, 307, 330-32, 334 Resection and intersection, 387 mentioned, 7, 321 Rajum Hani' stone, 61 Retimo (Rethymnon), 434, 437 Almagest, 177, 180, 181-83, 278 Ramesses II, 119, 124 Reuwich, Erhard, 474, 476 and Hipparchus, 164 n.13 Ramesses IV, 124, 126-27 Revelli, Paolo, 411 n.305, 414, 431, Pappus's commentary on, 234 Ramesses IX, 126 433 n.429 and Planudes, 268 Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, 10 Rey Pastor, Julio, 403 transmission to West, 299, 304, 322 Ra's Shamrah, 107 Rhabana, 199 Analemma, 180 Ravenna, 239,260, 322, 488 Rhadamanthys, 248 Canon of Significant Places, 191, 197 Ravenna cosmography, 235, 238 n.25, 240, Rhapta, 172 n.75, 186 Geography, 177, 180, 183-99,278. See 260, 348 Rheinberg, 236 n.13 also Ptolemy, influence; Ptolemy, and charts, 381 Rhine River, 236 n.13 manuscripts; Ptolemy, maps, regional place-names, 106 Dionysius on, 173 contents, 183 projection of, 322 estate maps and surveys, 470, 494 editions, 7, 17, 177 n.s, 189, 199 Raxon de marteloio, 441, 442 n.504 Rhodes eighteenth-century study of, 11 Raymond of Marseilles, 323 n.184 celestial arctic circle for, 162, 174 as manual for draftsmen, 190 n.71 Re (Egyptian god), 120 at center of Greek maps, 153, 156 and Marinus, 178, 179 Red Sea as cultural center, 161 and Planudes, 258, 268, 272 and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 261 and Hipparchus, 164 rediscovery of, 258, 267-68, 272, 283, on Greek maps, 153, 254-55 latitude of 503 on mappaemundi, 326, 328, 357 and Farnese Atlas, 143 n.71 revision of, 190 on portoIan charts, 393 globes constructed for, 170, 171 translations, English, 177 n.s on Roman maps, 240, 245, 254 meridian through, 152, 156, 169, 506 translations, Latin, 187, 189,272,278, as trade route, 178 parallel through, 156, 170, 179, 276, 506 304,316, 322 and Turin papyrus, 122, 123, 124 and Ptolemy, 179, 183, 184, 185 Handy Tables, 248 n.80 Referativnyt zhurnal: Geografiia, 32 on periploi, 237 Harmonics, 269 n.58 Reference lines, 504, 505-6. See also Grids; on portolan charts, 378, 401 n.233, Phaseis, 137 Meridians; Parallels 407 n.274 Planisphaerium, 180, 234, 287 Reggio Emilia, 196 Posidonius at, 168 Tetrabiblos, 180, 347, 507 Registers (pictorial), 90, 91, 117 Rhone River, 223, 224, 378 Ptolemy I Soter, 148 Reichenau, local maps from, 283 Rhone Valley, 220 592 General Index

"Rhumb line charts," 375. See also on Peutinger map, 238, 239, 241-42 also Forma Urbis Romae Portolan charts on Urbino plan, 226 for tunnels, 230 Rhumb lines, 376-77. See also Winds Robert (king of Naples), 481 Urbino, 225-26, 227 circles, hidden, 376, 391, 392, 396,431 Robert, Jehan, 374 and propaganda, 205, 253, 254, 278, and compass (magnetic), 384, 385 Robert de Vaugondy, Didier, 11 507, 508 and compass roses, 395-96 Robinson, Arthur H. scale, 278 drafting, 390-91 on analogical space, 5 of cadastral plans, 222, 224 elaboration to thirty-two, 396, 397 on communication and cartography, 33, explicit, 226, 276 and grids, square, 381, 392 36 of Forma Urbis Romae, 227, 229, 276 illustrated, 394, pls.16, 23, 24, 30 on variety of maps, 4 of miniature estate maps, 226 as loxodromes, 385 Roca, Cape, 243 and survey. See Survey, Roman on Maghreb chart, 445 n.533 Rock art. See Art, prehistoric Roman cosmography, 87, 242, 243-44, on mappaemundi, 292, 314, 358 Rocky Valley (Tintagel, Cornwall), 300 and plotting of coastlines, 392 n.200 88 n.177 Roman geography. See Latin geography variation in, 384 Rodez, 487, 489 Romances, medieval, 290, 330, 333 n.229 Riario, Cardinal Raffaello, 435 R6diger, Fritz, 54, 64, 65 Romania, 65 n.60 Ribes, Jacme. See Cresques, Jefuda Rods, measuring, 125, 214 n.l0, 494 Romano, Virginia, 390 Ricart, Robert, 493 Roger of Hereford, 323 Romans Richard of Haldingham (Richard de Bello), Romaic Gulf, 261, 262. See also knowledge and use of maps and globes, 309,312 Mediterranean 159-60,171-73,234,252-56,276, Richborough, 236 Roman cartography 503 Richelieu atlas, 423 and administration, 205, 210, 227,252, artifacts indicating, 245, 250 Ridumo, 238 278, 507 Philhellenism, 161, 234 Rigel, 165 archival preservation, 210 as road makers and soldiers, 276 Rijksarchief (Netherlands), 19 and Byzantine, 234, 258-60 Rome Rimini, 383, 425 cadastral maps, 209-10, 220-25, 255, Archimedes' globes in, 159 Ring marks. See Cup-and-ring marks 278 at center of maps, 340, 505 Rio de Oro, 413. See also Gold, River of decline in, 234 Charlemagne's map of, 303, 469 Rio de palermi, 414 n.310 empire chartmaking in, 437 Ripoll, Berenguer, 431 n.412 early, 212-32, 242-43 chronology, 204 n.14 chart of 1456, 429, 431 n.412, 437 late, 234, 236-42, 243-45 city administration, 227 Ritter, Carl, 16 places associated with, 235 Cloaca Maxima, 163 Ritual Etruscan influence on, 201, 202 colonies, 212, 216, 278. See also initiation, 59 evidence for, 106, 503 individual colonies and megalithic sites, 81 n.127 and Greek cartography, 105, 177, 277 of Augustus, 207 Rivers. See also individual rivers; Paradise, and intellectual elite, 506 in Corpus Agrimensorum, 217-18, 219 rivers of legal character of, 210 Libri Coloniarum, 217 n.15 on mappaemundi, 325 legal definitions, illustrated by maps, as cultural center, 161 symmetrical, 345, 346 218-19,220,221 expansion, 105, 161, 177, 178, 204, 205, truncated, 344 losses and survivals, 106, 201, 222 254 Y-shaped, 345, 346 military, 210 n.46, 253-54, 278 expeditions and campaigns, 106, 173, on medieval local and regional maps, itineraries, 236-37 178,253 481,490,496 lamps, 250, 251 exploration, 178 on portolan charts, 393, 481 and Peutinger map, 238 founding of, 204 deltas, 378 miniature maps Greeks in, 161, 162-63, 173,205,255 in prehistoric art, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, ofcenturiation,21~219,22~221 and Heron's distance measurement, 79 of estates, 226, 228 232 n.66 on Ptolemaic maps, 269 in Virgil manuscripts, 239 itineraries to and from, 235, 237 n.18, on Roman maps, 222, 223, 224 nature of, 105, 161, 201, 205 497 Peutinger map, 238, 239 picture maps, 205, 218, 219, 220 land allocation, 212, 216 Rivet, A. L. F., 194 in Notitia Dignitatum, 244, 245 of Augustus, 207, 220-21 Road maps. See Itineraries places associated with, 202 in Campania, 204-5, 209-10, 218 Roads plans land registration, 210, 216 Persian, 135, 149 aqueduc~,210-11,230,232 on mappaemundi, 312, 328, 330, 340 Roma~201,204,236.Seeaho of baths, 225, 226 "maps and plans department," 244 Itineraries on coins, 245-46 medieval painting of, at Mantua, 493 and Agrippa's map, 209 earliest, 204 medieval plans and views of, 476-77, building of, and maps, 252 of estates, 225-26, 227 478, 492, 493, 495, pl.33 and centuriation, 212, 213, 215, 222, on lamps, 250, 251 on Peutinger map, 238, 239, pl.5 223 land status illustrated by, 219, 221 plan of, ancient. See Forma Urbis Romae in Corpus Agrimensorum, 217 legal status of, 252, 278 on portolan charts, 400, 401, 405 n.262, decumani, 213, 215, 218, 219, 222, in mosaics, 248 428 223 and medieval maps, 278, 466, 467 prefect, city, 244 kardo, kardines, 213, 215, 219, 222, of tomb plots, 252 roads. See Roads, Roman 223 of towns, 201, 225, 226, 229, 230. See trade, 207, 246 General Index 593

Ros River, 70 scale, 466, 467 See Vesconte, Pietro, atlas of ca. Roselli, Petrus, 431, 432 Stiftsbibliothek Codex 237, 303, 343 1325 and Atlantic coastline, 414 Saint Mary's Abbey (York), 490 Sanudo-Vesconte atlas of ca. 1320. See chart of 1447 (in North America), St-Paul-Trois-Chateaux, 222 Vesconte, Pietro, atlas of ca. 1320 431 n.411, 435 n.454 Saint Peter, Church of, 239 Saone River, 487 chart of 1447 (Volterra), 431 Saint Peter's Abbey (Ghent), 485 Saracen, 332 chart of 1449, 396, 397 Saint Reparatus Basilica, 252 Sarcophagi, 121, 171. See also Coffins, chart of 1456, 397 Saint Sever map, 327, 330 painted chart of 1462, 414 Saint Stephen's (Vienna), 470 Sardinia chart of 1464, 398, pl.28 Saint Zacharias, Church of, 265 on Greek maps, 152, 157, 197 chart of 1468, 425 Saints, on portolan charts, 398 on portolan charts, 371 n.5, 399, 405, legends (cartographic), 437 Saints Cosmas and Damian, Church of, 227 424 n.361, 428 place-names, 425 Sala dello Scudo, 315 Roman map of, 204, 205, 254 and rhumb lines, 396, 397 Saldae (Bejaia), 211 Sardis, 140 reversion to earlier design, 415 Salerno, University of, 306 Sargon of Akkad, King, 107, 109 Rosenthal of Munich, 22 n.177 Salinari, Marina, 422 n.342 Sarmatia, 189, 198 Rosselli, Francesco, 477, 493 Salishchev, K. A., 23 n.187 Sarton, George, 173, 293 map of Florence, 464, 465, 477 Salline, 425 Sarzana, Raffaelino, 431 n.415 Rostovtzeff, Mikhail I., 72 Sallust Satyrs, promontory of the, 199 Rothiemay stone, 82 De hello Jugurthino, 334, 343, 344 Savona, 383, 437 Rotz, Jean, 434 n.441, 443 gardens of, 227 Saxon Shore forts, 245 n.69 Routes. See also Itineraries; Periploi; mappaemundi Saxony, Lower, 80 n.121 Pilgrimages; Portolani; Trade routes; T-O maps, 334, 337, 343-44,346 Saya Island, 411 Wayfinding tripartite/zonal type, 355, 357 Scalars, 288 Babylonian, 108, 111 source for Isidore, 301 Scale. See also Portolan charts, scale; early maps as route maps, 48 Salonika (Thessalonica), 239, 258 Roman cartography, scale to Indies, 371 n.1 on portolan charts, 400, 401 n.233 Alberti's work regarding, 495 maps related topologically to, xvii Salvator mundi, 290 ancient, 276 planning of, and mappaemundi, 288, 342 Salviat, F., 222, 223 in Babylonian plans, 109, 110, 113, 276 prehistoric mapping of, 64, 76 Salzburg, 252 and Egyptian plans, 126-27 paths, 74, 75, 77, 78 Samaria Greek, 140, 174,371 representation of lamp with plan from, 250, 251 mappaemundi, 286, 289, 292, 314 and cognitive development, 52 on mappaemundi, 330 medieval building plans, 466, 467 by indigenous peoples, 53 San iacomo, 439 and medieval itinerary maps, 495-98 Rowtin Lynn, 64 San Michele di Murano, 324 medieval local maps, 371-72, 474, 478, Royal Geographical Society of London, 14 San Nicola (ship), 439 479 Rudimentum novitiorum, 318 n.147, 328 Sand, George, 373 n.21 and prehistoric maps, 80 n.121 Ruge, Sophus, 294 Sandglass, 386, 441 variation of, 505 Ruggles, Richard I., 37 Santanazes, 411 on mappaemundi, 289 Rulers (measurement) Santarem, Manuel Francisco de Barros e on Matthew Paris map of Britain, 288, on Babylonian statue, 110 Sousa, Viscount of 496 and portolan charts, 391, 443 Atws, 12, 14, 18,292 on portolan charts, 384, 389, 390, 391, Ptolemy on use of, 186 "cartography" coined by, xvii, 12 414,421 Roman, 214 n.10 and classification of mappaemundi, 294 Scamandre, 487 Runic inscriptions, 91 n.191 debate with Jomard, 13 Scandinavia Russell, Bertrand, 326 Essai, 292 on portolan charts, 409-10, 415 Russia, on mappaemundi, 328. See also on Medici atlas dates, 448 prehistoric Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as pioneer, 14 art, 53 n.18, 76 Russo, Pietro, 458 on utility of early maps, 17 astronomy, 82 Rust, Hanns, 318 n.147 on Vesconte atlas (of 1321, Zurich), cosmology, 87 Ruysch, map of 1507, 316 435 n.447 periods, 57 mentione~ 293,457 ship carvings, 87 Santiago de Compostela, 330 and Ptolemy, 197 Sacrobosco, Johannes de, 306, 307, 314, Santo Sepulchro, 432 Viking memorial stones, 87 n.169, 90, 91 321 Santorini, 132 Scent marking, 50 Sahara. See also Garamantes Sanudo, Marino, 315, 316, 391 n.189, 392, Schaffhausen (Switzerland), 47 n.14, 64, 65, rock art from, 63, 69, 89, 90 427 66 n.61 Sailing directions. See Periploi; Portolani Liber secretorum fidelum crucis, 7, 314, Scharfe, Wolfgang, 37, 38 Saint Albans Abbey, 469, 496 355,406,473, pl.16 Schedel, Hartmann, 332 n.223 Saint Augustine's Abbey (Canterbury), 492 map of Holy Land, 473, 475, 476, 496- Scheldt, 486, 488-89 Saint Elizabeth's Day Flood, 486, 493 97 Schleswig-Holstein, 80 n.121. See also Saint Gall plans of Jerusalem, 473, 474, 478 Holstein mappamundi at, 303, 343, 357 portolano, 427 n.383 Schnabel, Paul, 269 plan of, 466-67, 468 world map, 333, 409 Scholasticism, 508 and Roman plans, 278, 466, 467 Sanudo-Vesconte atlas in British Library. Schonfeld, Dr. M., 82 n.133 594 General Index

Schulz, Juergen, 493 Sethos I, 119, 123 Mont Bego figures as, 67 n.70 Schurtz, Heinrich, 47 Setrenice, 439 for mountains, 71, 72, 73, 114, 269, 326, Schutte, Gudmund, 82-83 Settima, 202 393 Science, history of Settlements, prehistoric depiction of, 64, on portolan charts, 378, 393, 397 bibliography in, 20 n.157 67 n.70, 69 n.79, 71, 73 stamped, 391 n.189 and history of cartography, 3, 13, 16, Sevastopol, 428 and prehistoric art, 60, 61-62, 69 n.79, 293 Severianus, 320 74-75,92 and history of technology, 35 Severus, Lucius Septimius, 226, 227, for rivers, 220, 269, 393 Scilly Islands, 252 n.103 236 n.12 prehistoric, 72, 73, 79 Scipio, Publius, 220 Seville, 400, 428 for roads, 220 Scipio Aemilianus, 161 Sextant, 387 Roman Scipionic circle, 161 Shackleton Bailey, D. R., 256 on Dura Europos shield, 249 Scotland Shakespeare, William, 138 on Forma Urbis Romae, 229, 230 cup-and-ring marks from, 81-82 Shape, countries described according to, on Peutinger map, 239 labyrinths ("tangle threids"), 88 n.174 157, 174-75, 243. See also Ptolemy's use of, 190, 191 on medieval maps, 496 Mappaemundi, shape; Oikoumene, semicircles, 113 medieval maps from, 489 shape for settlements and towns. See also on portolan charts, 403 Shepherds, 80 n.120 Ideograms, city prehistoric map of, 63, 66 Sherbro River, 414 n.310 on mappaemundi, 326, 327 and Ptolemy, 194, 199 Sherwood Forest, 495 on portolan charts, 391 n.189, 393, and Pytheas's voyage, 150 Shetland Islands, 178, 194, 197 397 rock art of, 64 n.56 Shibanov, F. A., 34 prehistoric, 69 n.79, 71 Scribes Ships, on portolan charts, 393. See also on Ptolemaic maps, 269, 270 Egyptian, 124 Galleys Roman, 239, 240 medieval, 428, 429 Shouldham, 493, 494 squares, 114 of Palestine, 115 Shrines for staging points, 249 scribal traditions in chartmaking, 428-29 at <::atal Huyuk, 58, 73 stippling, 67, 74, 76, 78, 79 Sumerian, 107 Egyptian, 127 triangles, 71, 72, 111 Scylax of Caryanda, pseudo-, 253, 383, on portolan charts, 393 for water, Egyptian, 123 387 Shu (Egyptian god), 121 Signs, hydrographic, 378 Scymnus, Pseudo-, 150, 502 "Siatutanda," 191 Silk land, 179 n.15, 189 Scythia, Scythians Sibenik, 425, 428 Silk trade, 178 Ephorus on, 144 Siberia, 46, 87, 88 n.176 Silos map, 327, pl.13 on Ptolemy's map, 182, 189 Sicily, 202 Silvam tunnel, 230 in Timosthenes' scheme, 153 charts sent to, 437 Simar, Theophile, 295, 296 Scythian Ocean, 198 globe-making in, 136 Simois River, 253 Seals. See Sphragides on Greek maps, 139, 152, 174, 197, 209, Sin Hinny stone, 82 Seas. See also Oceans 277 Sinai, Mount, 265,330,340 enclosed, on Ptolemy's map, 189 measurements for, ancient, 209 Sinai desert, 241 on mappaemundi, 325 Norman kingdom of, 388 Singer, Charles, 293 prehistoric representations, 68 and portoIan chart origins, 38 ~ Sinus Magnus (Great Gulf), 198, 199 Seasons on Roman itineraries, 236 Siponto, 426 in art, 266 mentioned, 387 Sippar, map of, 111, 113 on mappaemundi, 335 Sicily, Strait of, 387. See also Messina, Sires (tribe), 243 Sebastye, lamp with plan from, 250, 251 Straits of Sirius, 85 Seidl, Ursula, 110 Sidra, Gulf of, 198 Sisebut, 320 Seine, 494 Siena, 491, 493 Skandia islands, 197 Seine estuary, 374 Sigeum,253 Skelton, R. A. Sekhet-Hetepet, 119 Sigilo, 414 and cartographic historiography, 6, 13, Semeianf;a del mundo, 288 Signs, astronomical, Ptolemy's use of, 191 14,23 Semiology, 2, 34 Signs, cartographic, 504. See also Color; on cartographic history, 7, 12, 17, 37-38 Semitic peoples, 334 Portolan charts, flags on on cataloging of early maps, 20 Senegal, 14 as alphabet, 35 on facsimile atlases, 14 Senmut, 121 in Arabic cartography, 326 on form and content of maps, 34 Sensing, remote, xvii in Australian aboriginal art, 58 n.18 on Genoese and Majorcan collaboration, Septentrio, 296 Byzantin~ 190,268,269,270 430 Septizodium,226 for churches, 470, 471 on Higden maps, 312 Sera, Seres, 172, 179, 184 circles, 69 n.79, 87, 88 on language and maps, 35 n.294 Seradina (Capo di Ponte), 75 cultural specificity of, 3 on loss of maps, 6 n.32, 292 Serapion of Antiocheia, 255, 300 frequency of occurrence, 62 on map collectors, 16 Serapis, temples of, 106, 241 lines, 123, 220 on nationalism in cartographic history, 28 Sercembi, Giovanni, 397 n.223 in Madaba mosaic, 265 on portolan charts, 422 Servius, 301 on mappaemundi, 324, 325, 326, 327, on Vinland map, 368 Sesostris, 124 354 on visual impressions, 403 General Index 595

mentioned, 85 cartographic exhibitions in, 21 naming of, 132, 181 "Skin Hill Village," 77, 78 centuriation in, 221, 223 navigation by, 85, 92, 276, 386, 441 Slavs, 328 distance to China from, 179. See also in Plato's cosmography, 138 Sluis (Zeeland), 471 Oikoumene, size Stelae, Egyptian, 123 Societe de Geographie de Paris, 14 medieval maps from, 465, 489, 503, 509 Stella, 213 Societies Muslims in, 304, 323 Stephanus of Byzantium, 134 n.20, 266 cartographic, 32, 37 on Peutinger map, 238 Stevens, Henry N., 17 geographic, 14, 19, 32 on portolan charts, 386, 400, 401 Stevens, Henry, Son and Stiles, 22 n.177 map, 22-23 and Ptolemy's signs, 191 Stevenson, Edward Luther, 177 n.5, Socotra, 316 Sparta, 134, 139 179 n.17, 198 Socrates, 137, 139 Spas, on Roman maps, 238, 239, 241 Stick figures, 60 n.34, 61 Soler, Guillermo, 393, 432 Speech, 52 Stililant, 414 n.318 chart of ca. 1385, 393, 400 Spello, 218,219 Stillanda, 414 Paris chart (Res. Ge. B 1131), 418 Sphaerica, 154 n.44 Stoicism, in Aratus's Phaenomena, 141 place-names, 425 Sphairopoiia, 136, 148, 159 Stoics, 131, 154, 163 Soligo, Cristoforo, 432 Spheres. See also Globes; Models, Stolk, Abraham van, 16 Soligo, Zuane, 432 cosmological; Sphairopoiia Stollhof (Austria), 91 Solin (Yugoslavia), 237 n.18 and Aristotle, 146 Stone, Roman maps on, 206-7, 220, 223­ Solinus, Gaius Julius, 299, 301, 330, 332 armillary, 141, 159, 167, 168, 171 n.66, 25, 248-49, 278. See also Solstices 188 Petroglyphs and Eratosthenes, 154-55, 162 n.1 Autolycus on, 154 n.44 Stone cutters, 227 and Hesiod's agricultural year, 85 celestial (sphere of fixed stars), 146, Stone Tower, 179, 184 and Hipparchus, 167 154 nn.44, 47; 159. See also Globes, Strabo, 173-75 at Jerusalem, 340 Greek, celestial andAgripp~209,255 and Pliny's climata, 243 and Archimedes, 159 on Anaximander, 134, 137, 152 n.27 at polar circle, 151, 168 Hipparchus on, 164-65 and Caspian Sea, 174, 261 n.25 and Ptolemy, 182 and Theodosius of Bithynia, 168 and charts, 381 Pytheas's correlation with latitude, 150­ concentric, 148 on contributors to geography, 137, 152 51 Euclid on, 154 n.44 and Crates, 162, 173, 255 Strabo on, 151 n.21 of Eudoxus, 140, 146 on Dicaearchus, 137, 152 and Thales, 134 geometry of, 154, 162 n.1, 277 on Ephorus, 137, 143-44, 152 Solstitial points, 141, 146, 165 and Crates, 163 on Eratosthenes, 106, 137, 152 n.27, Sommerbrodt, Ernst, 307 and Pytheas, 151 154, 156, 157 Sone de Nansay, 343 homocentric, 140, 146 on Eudoxus of Cnidus, 137, 140, 143, Sosius Senecio, Quintus, 253 and Pythagoreans, 136 152 Soul (human), 85, 88, 120 Sphragides, 157, 174 Geography, 144, 173, 175,261,268 Sousse (Tunisia), 252, 383 Spindle of Necessity, 138 on geometry, invention of, 125 n.16 South America, and Ptolemy, 199 Spirals, and death, 88 on globes, construction of, 163 n. 7, 174 South Baden, 488 Split (Yugoslavia), 237 n.18 and Hipparchus, 166, 173 South Holland, 486, 487, 494 Sporer, Hanns, 318 n.147 on Homer, 131, 132, 152 n.27 Southampton, 408 Squarcione, Francesco, 479, 480 map of, 172, 173-75 Southern Cross, 83 Square maps, 505 on marvels, 330 Southern Ocean, 149 Sri Lank~ 182, 198, 270 on Pactolus River, 328 n.214 Space Staatsbibliothek Preuf3ischer Kulturbesitz, on Phoenician route to Cassiterides, analogical, 5 25 n.196 252 n.103 and animals, 50 Stabiae (Castellammare di Stabia), 240 and Planudes, 268 cognitive mapping of, 1, 5, 31, 52 Stades, 148 n.3, 237, 260 n.16 and Pliny, 243 conceptions of Stadiasmus maris magni, 237, 383 and Polybius, 152 n.27, 161, 162, 173, geometric, 86 Stage maps, 138-39 174 inclusions and separateness, 69 n.78 Staging posts, 236, 237, 238, 239, 249, 495 and Posidonius, 152 n.27, 168, 169, 173 of indigenous peoples, 52 Staigue Fort, 64 in Ptolemaic manuscript marginalia, 269 and maps, xv, 31, 506 Staines, 491 on Pytheas, 150 consciousness of, 51, 52, 92 Staircases, cosmological. See Ladders, and shape of mappaemundi, 318 n.149 heterogeneous and homogeneous, 505 celestial on Sicily, 209 on mappaemundi, 288 Stamps (printing), 391 n.189 on sunrises and sunsets, 249 n.83 maps and spatial communication, xv, xvi, Star fresco (Teleilat Ghassul), 77, 88, pI.1 on solstices, 151 n.21 xviii, 1, 34, 50, 504 "Star stone" (Tal Qadi), 83, 84 on Timosthenes, 153 and prehistoric peoples, 45, 47, 48, 50, Stars mentione~ 234, 309 51 catalogs of Strozzi, Alessandro, 492, 495 and time, terminology for, 51 n.6 of Hipparchus, 164, 165-66 Stylus, 110 topological ordering of, 50 of Ptolemy, 181-82, 183 Subseciva, 212, 223 Spain circumpolar, 85 n.149 Sudan, 60 n.33 Archivo General de Indias, catalog of distance from earth, 170 Suez, Gulf of, 198 maps, 19 fixed, sphere of. See Spheres, celestial Sulla, 210 596 General Index

Sully, Due de, 9 n.58 record office, 210, 216 Peutingeriana. See Peutinger map Sultan's Library. See Topkapi Sarayi Library of Rome, A.D. 74, 226 tabulae modernae (Ptolemaic maps), 7, (Istanbul) use of, 252 316 Sumerians topographical, in history of cartography, Tabularium, 210, 220 cultural expansion, 107 17 Tacitus, Cornelius, 191, 227 myths, 86 n.156 Surveying and Mapping, 33 Taggia, 427 place-name lists, 107 Susa, 89 Tal Qadi, 83, 84 religious center of, in Babylonia, 110 Susiya, 266 Talamone, 488, 491, 492 scribes, 107 Sweden, 77, 197, 328. See also Gotland; Talat N'Iisk, 71-72, 73 Sun Lokeberg Talmay, 487 on Achilles' shield, 131 n.6, 132 Switzerland Tamar River, 193 in Archimedes' planetarium, 160 bone plaques from, 47 n.14, 54, 64, 65 Tamare, 193 and Eratosthenes, 155, 162 n.l cartographic history in, 38 Tambourines, 87 and Hipparchus, 164 n.13 maps of, 488, 498 Tanais River, 183,296. See also Don River Isidore of Seville on, 320 Syene (Aswan), 152 n.30, 167 Tangier, 236 and latitude, Pytheas's correlation of, and Eratosthenes' measurement, 154, 155 Tanum, 77, 83 150-51 and Ptolemy, 183, 186, 187, 188, 189 Tanworth, 494 on Piacenza liver, 203, 204 on Roman maps, 245, 248 n.80, 253 Taprobane (Sri Lanka), 182, 198, 270 in Plato's cosmography, 138 Sylvester II, 494 Tara (Ireland), 92 and zodiac, medieval graph of, 323 Symbolism Taranto, Gulf of, 195 Sundials. See also Gnomon of Achilles' shield, 131 Tarascon-sur-Ariege, 55 n.8 in art, 171, pl.4 and cartography as language, 4 Tarracina, 218 Greek use of, 150, 169 on coins, 158, 164 Tarsus, 237, 244, 330 pocket, 497 cross-cultural, 59-60 Tartaria (Romania), 65 n.60 Roman, 255 of globes and orbs, 171, 259 n.7, 290, Tartessus, 150 obelisk, 208 337 Tatar empire, 372 portable, 214, 215, 235, 254 in indigenous societies, 59-60 Tate, George, 64, 85 Sun-god, 248, 266 of mappaemundi, 290, 291, 313, 318, Taubner, Kurt, 54, 63, 64, 65 n.61, 66 Sunrises and sunsets, 145-46, 249 n.83, 334-39,342 Taurus (constellation), 83 337 of medieval art, 493 Taurus, Mount, 244 Survey prehistoric Taurus Mountains Babylonian, 109, 113 cosmological, 59, 85-92 and Alexander the Great, 149 Byzantine, 259 of cup-and-ring marks, 64, 85-86 on Greek maps, 152, 156, 166, 174-75 and cartography, xvii in maps, 48, 63, 80 on mappaemundi, 348 classical, and mappaemundi, 307 and megalithic sites, 81 n.127 Tarxien, 81, 83 Egyptian, 105, 124-25, 128, 213 on Roman maps, 230, 290 Tassili Mountains, 63 n.54, 69, 70 in eighteenth century, 10 of Thera fresco, 504 Taylor, Eva G. R., 375, 422 n.345, 429, English, 493-94 Syncretism, 131, 290 442 n.510 Etruscan, 201,202 Synesius of Cyrene, 237 Taxation, 502 Greek, 130, 138 Syracuse (Sicily), 159 Egyptian, 125, 128 instruments Syria Roman, 220, 252 Egyptian, 125 Akkadian campaigns into, 107 Tay River, 240 Greek, 138 cartographic knowledge in, 115 Technology, history of, 3, 35 medieval, 494 Epiphanius's guide to, 266 Teixeira da Mota, Avelino Roman, 213-15, 227, 232 place-name lists, 107 dating of Portuguese charts, 386, 402 in Low Countries, 494 on Roman maps and itineraries, on Mediterranean navigation, 441 medieval, 466, 478, 493-95, 497, 508 237 n.18, 241 on portolan charts, 375, 415, 444 compared to Egyptian, 124 on Theodosian map, 259 on Portuguese chart losses, 374 military, 20 Syrtes, 198, 371, 403 Telegraphic era, 36 modern, 216 Teleilat Ghassul, 58 n.14, 77, 88, pl.l and portolan chart compilation, 387 Tables Telloh, 109 prehistoric, 80 n.121, 81 n.127 of Charlemagne, 303, 469 Tellus, temple of, 205 Roman, 201, 209-10,212-25,278. See lunar, 441, 446-47 Tenerife, 393 also Agrimensores; Aqueducts, plans; Toleta, 441-43 Tepe Gawra (Iraq), 70-71, 72 Centuriation Tablets Terceira, 410 of Caesar, 205-6, 207, 309 Babylonian, 109-15, 135,502 Terra-cotta, 81,203 earliest recorded survey map, 204, Greek bronze, 135 Terra incognita 209-10 Mycenaean clay, 251 fear of, 53 educationin,21~219-20, 255 Roman, 205, 210, 216 gesture and sketch maps of, 52 Etruscan origin of, 202 wax, Arculf's plans on, 466 Plutarch on, 253 instruments, 213-15, 227, 232 Tabula, Tabulae, 205, 210,216,238 n.25, and Ptolemy, 189, 194, 197, 199 and medieval maps, 466, 467, 478 253,255-56 Terriers, field, 464-65 mensores, 226, 227 charts called, 375 Teruel,60 methods, 213-16 mappaemundi called, 287 Teutonic order, 488 General Index 597

Thales, 134 Toledo tables, 284, 316, 323 on Crates' globe, 164 Thamudeni, 245 Toleta, 441-43 Eratosthenes on, 162 n.l Thayngen,64 Tombs of Geminus, 171 Theater, maps in, 138-39 Egyptian, 118, 124, 126-27 and location of Syene, 154, 155 Thebes (Egypt), 118, 124, 125, 128, 265 Roman, 252 and Marinus, 179 Thematic cartography, xx, 35, 36 Tomis (Tomea, Constanta), 239, 249 on Pesaro wind rose map, 248 Theodosius II Tonkin, Gulf of, 198, 199 and Ptolemy, 184 map of, 208, 209, 254, 259, 278 Tooley, Ronald V., 23 Troy, 253, 328 property law survey of, 259 Toomer, G. J., 165 n.25, 181 Troy, game of, 251 Theodosius of Bithynia, 167-68 Topkapi Sarayi Library (Istanbul) Trujillo (Peru), 199 Theodulf,327 Catalan fragment, 358 Tuan, Yi-Fu, 86 Theon of Alexandria, 248 n.80 Deissmann 47, 381, 392 Tlibu, plan of, 111 Theophrastus, 152, 158 Italian fragment,- 394 n.210 Tumbes (Peru), 199 Theotokos, New Church of the, 265 Topographos, 205 Tunis, 439 Thera fresco, 62, 131, 132, 504, pl.3 Topology, 505 Tunis, Gulf of, 343 Theseus, 252 and cognitive development, 50, 52 Tunisia Thessalonica. See Salonika and early maps, xvii, 66 centuriation in, 198, 212, 219, 223 Thevet, Andre, 10, 332 n.223 inclusion and separateness, 69 n.78 on periploi, 237 Thomas, Saint, 330 and shape, 67-68 and Ptolemy, 198 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 321 Toprakkale, 81 n.123 mentioned, 387 Thomas of Elmham, 492 Torre Annunziata, 171, 240 Tunnels, Roman, 211, 230, 232, 239 Thorikos (Attica), 139 Tortoise, 84 Turin, 76 n.l03, 239 Thrace, 153 Tortona chart, 422 n.343 Map of the gold mines, 117, 121-25, Thrower, Norman J. W., 47 Totems, 80 n.121 126, 129 Thu, xvi n.7 Toulouse, 237 mosaic of Fortuna, 339 Thucydides, 150 Tournai, 485 Tiirst, Konrad, 488, 498 Thule, 172 Toynbee, Arnold ]., xix Tuscan~480,482,488 and Marinus, 179 Tracing paper, 391 Tusculum, 210, 211 Polybius on, 162, 174 Trade Twins (constellation), 82, 83 and Ptolemy, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188 and portolan charts, 408, 415, 421, 428, Tyche, 239 as Shetland Islands, 194, 197 444-45 Typographic era, 36 and Pytheas, 150, 151, 162, 174, 179 Roman, 207, 246 Tyra, 249 Roman sighting of, 178 Trade routes. See also Itineraries Tyre, 178, 237 and Strabo, 174 Indian Ocean, 178 Tyrrhenian Sea, 157, 384 n.129, Tiber River, 204, 229, 239, 245 Persian Gulf, 107, 178 387 Tiberiades, 490 prehistoric, 64 Tyson, Rev. Michael, 11 n.81 Tiberias (Palestine), 248 for tin and amber, 150 Tiberius, 212 Tragliatella, 251 Ubangi tribe, 330 Tibetans, 172 Traiana, colonia, 236 n.13 Ubriachi, Baldassare degli, 430, 436 Tibur, 211 Trajan, 245, 253 Ugarit, 107 Tides, 387, 429, 440, 447 Translations, 304, 306. See also Ptolemy, Uhden, Richard, 295 Tigris River Geography, translations Ukraine, 70, 71 and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 262 Trapezus (Krymskie Gory), 249 Ulm, 488 on "Jerome" map of Palestine, 329 Trebizond, 249, 258 Ulysses, 163, 253 on mappaemundi, 328 Tree of Life, 87. See also World Tree Ummidius Bassus, 221 on Notitia Dignitatum, 244 Trees, on maps, 253, 262 Unger, Eckhard, 88, 91 Strabo on, 175 Trent River, 490 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See also Tillenay, 487 Triangulation, 387, 388, 495 Maikop vase; Russia; Sarmatia Timaeus, 150 Tricastini, 222, 224 cartographic history in, 38 Timavus River, 241 Trieste, 219 celestial figure from, 84 Timbuktu, 328 Trigonometry, 151 n.20 United Nations, xvii n.14 Time "Trilateration," 388, 390 United States, cartographic history in, 29, spatial terminology for, 51 n.6 Triora stela, 90 37, 38 syncretism on maps, 131, 290 Tripoli, 437 Universities, medieval, 306 Timosthenes of Rhodes, 152-53 Tripoli (Libya), 401 Uppsala chart, 397 n.219, 423 Tin Islands (Cassiterides), 150, 252 Trivium, 300, 306 Urania (Muse), 171 Tintagel (Cornwall), 88 Troglodytes, 331, 332 Urartu, 112 Titus, city plan of, 226 Trophee des Alpes, 242 n.42 Urban VI, 411 n.299 Tivoli, 211 Trophonius, 255 Urbino plan, 225-26, 227 Tjangvide, 91 n.193 Tropics, celestial, 141, 146, 170 Urbs Constantinopolitana nova Roma, 259 Tmolus range, 158 on Farnese Atlas, 142 n.71 Urns, funerary, 80 Tobler, Arthur J., 70-71 on Ptolemy's third projection, 188 Ursa Major (Charles's Wain, Great Bear), Tobler, Waldo R., 322 and Pytheas, 151, 174 82, 83, 84, 131 n.6, 132, 165, 296, Toledo (Spain), 323 Tropics, terrestrial, 151 n.22 326 598 General Index

Ursa Minor (Little Bear), 82, 136 n.31, 296 Versailles, 19 n.150 Via Portuense, 229 Uruk, 110, 111 Versi, Pietro de, 384 n.120 Via privata, 227 Usodimare family, 435 Verus (surveyor), 213, 214 n.l0 Via Triumphalis, 239 Utica (North Africa), 237 Vescini Mountains, 218, 219 Viaregio (Viareggio), 427 Utrecht, University of, 36 Vesconte, Perrino, 390 n.179, 406-7, 432, Vibius Sequester, 243 n.53 Uzielli, Gustavo, 294, 423 434, 438 Vicarello goblets, 235 atlas of 1321 in Zurich, 378, 398 n.226, Vici, 227 Valcamonica, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 92, 503, 407, 435 n.447, 443 Vico Equense, 426 508. See also Bagnolo stone; attribution of charts to, 404, 407 n.274 Vienna-Klosterneuburg map corpus, 316, Bedolina map; Borno stone chart of 1327, 395 n.214, 397, 317, 357, 358 Valence, 237 n.18 399 n.231, 407, 427 n.383 and coordinates, 323, 358 Valencia, 400, 428 and place-names, 407, 422, 425 Durand's study of, 293, 316, 342 Valens, 239 Vesconte, Pietro, 371, 390 n.179, 406, 432, Vienna, scale plan of, 284, 371, 473, 474, Valentinian I, 239, 259 n.7 434,438,473 478,488,495 Valentinois, 487 atlas of 1313, 391 n.194, 395, 406, 407, Vienna, University of, 316 Valerio, Vladimiro, 38 408,411 n.303, 421 Vienna (Vienne, France), 237 n.18 Valhalla, 91 atlases of 1318, 376, 378,398 n.226, Vietor, Alexander 0., 374 Valley of the Kings (Egypt), 124, 126 406, 411, 412 Vigiles, 227 Valseca, Gabriel de, 432, 433 n.432 atlas of 1318 (Venice), 434 Viglius ab Aytta Zuichemus, 9 chart of 1439, 373, 378, 396 n.215, atlas of 1318 (Vienna), 421, pl.31 Vigna Codini, 237 n.18 411 n.296, 440, pl.24 atlas of [1320] (Pal. Lat. 1362A), 392, Viking memorial stones, 87 n.169, 90, 91 chart of 1447, 378, 393, 394, 435 399 n.231, 406 Viladestes, Matias, 433 n.432 Valtellina,76 atlas of [1321] (Vat. Lat. 2972), Viladestes, Mecia de, 429, 432, 433 n.432 Vandalas River, 158 399 n.231, 406, 407, 435, pl.29 chart of 1413, 393, 411, 419, 445, 446 Vanitas symbol, 337, 339 atlas of ca. 1322 in Lyons, 378, chart of 1423, 419, 425 Var River, 195 390 n.183, 398 n.226, 406, 407 Villard de Honnecourt, 470 Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo de, 12 n.93 atlas of ca. 1325 (British Library Add. Villefranche, 426 Varro, 205, 254, 255 MS. 27376~:'), 390 n.184, 399 n.231, Vincent of Beauvais, 321, 332 on centuriation, 202, 203 406, 407, 409, 420, 426, pl.16 Vinland map, 342-43, 368 division of world, 206 attribution of charts to, 404, 406 Vipsania, Porticus, 207 Vatican. See also Biblioteca Apostolica and British Isles, 407-9 Vipsania Polla, 207, 208 Vaticana chart of 1311, 376, 378, 378 n.68, 395, Virga, Albertin de wall map displays, 8 402, 404, 406, 407, 422, 427 n.383, chart of 1409, 392 n.196, 396 n.215, Vegetius, xvi n.l0, 236-37, 238, 249, 253, 444 444,445 254 corner portraits, 398, 429, pl.31 mappamundi of, 358, 379 n.71, 446 Vellum, 217, 324 n.190 and Flanders galleys, 408 Virgil, 239, 242, 251 patched, 324, 325 and Madaba mosaic, 469 Virgil of Salzburg, 319 and portolan charts, 373, 376, 390, 391, map of Holy Land, 284, 473, 475-76 Virgo, 83, 248 415,429,443-44 mappaemundi of, 314, 316, 328, 333, Virtue, Roman temple of, 159, 160 Venetian artists' guild, 428, 430 355,357,473 Visby, 410 Venice. See also Portolan charts, Venetian maps of Italy, 284 Visconte, Petrus, 434 n.439 administration and maps, 439, 480 and Marco Polo, 315 Vistula estuary, 197 archives, 438 and place-names, 382 n.l0l, 407, 408, Vita Karoli Magni, 303 Barbari plan of, 477 422-23,425,426,427 Vitruvius, 248 nn.80, 83; 252 colonies and trade, 401, 421, 444 and scale, 421 Volcio, Vincenzo di Demetrio, atlas of Doge of, 435 n.447, 478 terminology, 375 1593,420 Flanders galleys, 408, 433, 434 workshops, 429 n.396, 430 Volterra, 477 geographic information reaching, 407-8 mentioned, 391 n.189, 395 n.211 Vossius, Isaac, 9, 10 on mappaemundi, 328 Vesica piscis. See Mappaemundi, mandorla­ Votive offerings, 80, 88 n.176, 125 plans and views shaped Vyg River, 76 de' Barbari's, 477, 493 Vespasian, 212 of lagoon, 488 city plan of, 226 outline plan, 478 edict, 220-21, 222, 224 Waal River, 486 Pagano's, 12 n.93 and Pliny, 242 Wadi al-I:Iammamat, 123, 124 on portolan charts, 397-98, 477 Temple of Peace, 227 Wadi Ramliyeh, 61 n.43 regional maps, 478, 479, 480 Vespucci, Amerigo, 373 Wadis, 122, 123 Sala dello Scudo, 315 Vespucci, Juan, chart of 1520, 391 n.189 Wagner, Hermann, 414 n.313 Vescontes in, 432 n.421, 434 n.439 Vesuvius, Mount, 238, 242 Walcher, 323 Venslev, 82, 85 Vetera, Germania Inferior, 236 n.13 Waldhusen, megalith of, 80 n.121 Venta Belgarum (Winchester), 245 n.69 Vettii, Casa dei, 171 Waldseemiiller, Martin, 489 Venta Icenorum, 240, 245 n.69 Via Aemilia, 195,196 Wales, 489,496 Ventimiglia, 435 Via Appia, 204, 218, 248, 249 Wallis, Helen, 36 Vercelli map, 306-7, 308, 309, 341, 348 Via di Porta San Lorenzo, 225, 226 Walls, medieval maps on, 303, 315, 335, Verona, 476, 477, 478, 479, pl.34 Via Labicana, 225 493 General Index 599

Walsperger, Andreas Wolter, John A., 31 Zacharias, 303, 319 map of 1448, 316, 317, 325, 327, 358, Wolves, 50 n.2 Zagros Mountains, 112 pl.21 Wood, Denis, 38 Zalavruga, 76 and monstrous races, 316, 331 Wood panels, Greek maps on, 134, 135 Zankle (Messana), 158 Waltham Abbey, 469, 470, 491, 495 Woodcuts, medieval, 493, 497 Zanzibar, 172 n.75 Wantzenau, 470, 488 Woodland, in prehistoric maps, 79 n.119 al-Zarkali, 284, 323 Warwickshire, 494 Woodward, David Zarona, 425 Wash, the, 489 on cartographic history, 38 Zeeland, 471, 485, 486 Watling Street, 227 and communication models, 36 Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, 64 Wayfinding, 47, 48, 59, 504. See also on technical history of cartography, 35 Zeitz map of ca. 1470,316 Itineraries; Routes Working Group on the History of Zeno, Nicolo (the elder), 414 Weinreb and Douwma, 22 n.177 Cartography, 33 Zeno, Nicolo (the younger), 197 n.97 Welser, Markus, 238 Workshops Zeno map, 197 n.97 Welsh language, 337 n.247 chartmaking, 429, 430, 438 n.475 Zenon (estate manager), 128, 129 Werner, Johannes, 187 and development of map collections, 8 Zephyrus, 144 Westedt, Amtsgerichtsrath, 54, 66 n.62 of Massaio, 477 Zeus, 131 n.6, 141 Western Ocean, 189, 193. See also Atlantic of Vesconte, 429 n.396, 430 Zodiac, 141, 146 Ocean World, biblical division of, 296 n.39, 331, in art, 171 Westminster Abbey, 485 334, pl.12 mosaics, 248, 263, 266, 267 Wey, William, 476 World, known inhabited. See Oikoumene and Babylonian World Map, 112 Whaling, 445, 446 World maps. See also Greek cartography, on celestial globes, 170 White Sea, 76 world maps; Mappaemundi and celestial longitude, 165 Wicklow Mountains, 88 n.177 Babylonian, 88, 91, 111, 114 and Cosmas Indicopleustes, 263 Wieder, Frederik Caspar, 17, 18, 294, 486 influence, 130 cup marks representing, 83 Wiesbaden fragment, 348, 351 circular, 505. See also Mappaemundi, Egyptian borrowing, 121 Wieser, Franz R. von, 448 circular of Euclid, 154 n.47 Wildmore Fen, 484 Greek, 135, 136, 171,277,505 on Farnese Atlas, 142 Wilford, John Noble, The Mapmakers, 26 of Macrobius, 244 on mappaemundi, 317, 353, 357 William I (king of England), 494 of Mercator, 385, 386 on medieval diagrams, 340 William of Conches, 300, 321, 353, 354 World Tree, 91. See also Tree of Life medieval graph of, 323 William of Occam, 304 World War II, destruction of maps in, 307, and Ptolemy's globe, 181 William of Rubruck, 305, 315 374 signs, 165 n.21, 166 William of Tripoli, 345 Worm, Ole, 63 n.53 Zona perusta, 300 Winchester, 245 n.69 Wormley (Hertfordshire), 469, 470, 484, Zonaras, Johannes, 254 n.111 Winchester Castle, 339 491 Zones. See also Mappaemundi, zonal Winchester College, 470, 472 Wright, John Kirtland, 288, 295, 323 n.187 Amphiskian, 169 Wind disks, 393, 394 The Geographical Lore of the Time of of Crates, 163 Wind heads, 336, 395 n.214 the Crusades, 284 of Eratosthenes, 162 n.1 Wind rose maps, 248-49 Wright, Thomas, 13 n.96 five Wind roses. See also Compass roses Writing and Aristotle, 145, 169 n.44, 248 defined, 395 beginnings of, 49, 57, 107 and Macrobius, 300 Etruscan influence on, 202 Chinese, 52 n.17, 60 n.33 on mappaemundi, 300, 353 Winds Egyptian, 57, 117 and Parmenides, 145, 169 n.44 Aristotle's system of, 145-46, 248, and stylized figures, 60 and Pomponius Mela, 242 249 n.83 Wunderkammer ("cabinets of curiosities"), Posidonius on, 136, 169 and Etruscan division of heavens, 202, 9 frigid, 171, 173, 300 248 n.83 Wiirttemberg, 489 of Geminus, 170, 171 and four quarters, 112 Wiirttemberg-Baden, 488 Heteroskian, 169 on mappaemundi, 336, 345 and Isidore of Seville, 320, 321 on portoIan charts, 377 Periskian, 169 disks indicating, 393, 394 Xanten, 236 n.13 and orientation of maps, 276 in Propertius, 253 Xenophon, 149 on Pesaro wind rose map, 248 Timosthenes' system of, 153 of Posidonius, 168-69 Vitruvius on, 248 n.83 Yalu, 265 n.38 of Ravenna cosmography, 322 Winter, Heinrich Yates, W. N., 312 seven on Batista Beccari chart of 1426, 435 Ymana Island, 411 on mappaemundi, 300, 353, 357 on Catalan origin of portolan charts, 388, Yorghan Tepe (Nuzi), 71, 113,114 of Posidonius, 169 389, 392 n.201 York, 236, 491 temperate, 151, 163, 171, 174, 300 on conservatism of chartmakers, 422 Yorkshire, 490, 496, pl.3 7 at equator, 162 n.1, 182 on dating, 395, 398, 414, 424 rocks from, 86, 87 torrid, 163, 171 on Mediterranean outline, 415 Zoroastrians, 337 on Roselli's legend (chart of 1447), 431 Zuane, Domenico de, 432 Wisbech, 489 Zabai, 198 Zuane di Napoli, 432, 437 n.474 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 51 Zaccaria, Benedetto, 382 Zurla, Placido, 13, 292