DOCSLIB.ORG

State of Climate Change and Adaptation Knowledge for the Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory Final Report November 2017

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

State of Climate Change and Adaptation Knowledge for the Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory Final Report November 2017 State of Climate Change and Adaptation Knowledge for the Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory Final Report November 2017 PROJECT TEAM: Rebecca Hennigs, Ouranos Stéphanie Bleau, Ouranos Caroline Larrivée, Ouranos REVISION: Ross Brown, Ouranos Hélène Côté, Ouranos Robert Siron, Ouranos Hugo Asselin, UQAT Marie-Jeanne Royer, UdeM Elizabeth Robinson, CBHSSJB Nicole Fenton, UQAT Rick Cucurian, CTA Sarah Pashagumskum, ACI Robin McGinley, COTA Report presented to: Project number: 520018 Suggested citation: Hennigs, R. and Bleau, S. (2017). State of Climate Change and Adaptation Knowledge for the Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory. Report presented to the James Bay Advisory Committee on the Environment, Montréal, Ouranos, 53 p. + appendices ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was coordinated by Ouranos with support from the James Bay Advisory Committee on the Environment (JBACE) and Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC). The report results from fruitful exchanges with several regional and local representatives and researchers. The authors would like to thank the members of the JBACE for their advice and for facilitating communications with other Cree organizations (e.g. Cree Nation Government) and different stakeholders. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Ross Brown and Hélène Côté, from Ouranos’ Climate Simulations and Analysis and Climate Scenarios and Services teams, who contributed to the climate section and made sure that recent knowledge relating to climate and hydrological parameters for Eeyou Istchee James Bay was included in this document. Thanks are also extended to all collaborators who have provided input and support over the course of this project by means of interviews or personal communications answering our questions to the best of their knowledge. i SUMMARY This report reviews the current state of climate change and adaptation research for the Cree Nation territory (2007 – 2017). Based on a substantial array of evidence, climate change worldwide is occurring faster in subarctic and arctic bioclimatic regions, and is already affecting a broad range of human and natural systems. Largely caused by human activities, it poses significant risks for indigenous populations living in higher latitudes. With anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at a record high, global average temperature has warmed by 0.85°C since the end of the 19th century. These changes are modifying other key parameters, such as sea ice extent and duration, precipitation patterns, river discharge, and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Due to their close ties with the land, indigenous peoples are particularly vulnerable to climate change because it modifies land access, occupation and use, thereby exacerbating the effects of other stressors such as industrial development and socio-economic constraints. Although much progress has been made in terms of climate change research in Quebec, past studies have either focussed on southern Quebec or Nunavik leaving subarctic Quebec seriously data-deficient in terms of instrumental records or long-term scientific observations. However, available studies and an abundance of local observations by the Cree show rapid changes of the environment and climate conditions. Ouranos was mandated by the James Bay Advisory Committee on the Environment (JBACE) to review the scientific and gray literature, and interview several key stakeholders in order to better identify climate impacts and adaptation initiatives in Eeyou Istchee James Bay, situated in subarctic1 Quebec. The report has three main objectives: 1) Summing up climate change information for Eeyou Istchee James Bay and identifying knowledge gaps; 2) Indicating potential research needs and recommendations; and 3) Supporting multi-level governance in decision-making processes on climate change adaptation. Annual mean air temperature in the region has warmed by 1.5°C in the last 35 years with a sharp winter warming of 2-3°C. Different models project an increase in rainfall while snow cover will decrease thawing earlier. The Cree have noticed an increase in the frequency of lightning storms and flooding, weather has become less predictable and seasons are shifting. In James Bay, sea surface temperature is rising, sea ice is retreating rapidly, and climate models project a higher river discharge in James Bay potentially modifying water properties and dynamics in the Bay. These physical changes lead to impacts on the natural and built environment, and entail a plethora of socio-economic and cultural repercussions. At the ecosystem level, local observers and scientific research report more southern species on the territory, the modification of phenological cycles, an increase in natural disturbances such as pests and invasive species and more frequent forest fires, as well as changes in the quality and availability of wildlife and plants used in traditional food systems. From a health perspective, changes in land access, accidents on the ice due to hazardous ice conditions, alteration of subsistence activities, traditional knowledge transfer, as well as the increase in diseases like diabetes and obesity, linked to changes in diet and food security, represent significant health risks and threaten Cree culture, identity and well-being. In terms of infrastructure and industry, more frequently observed climate hazards can challenge current asset design, construction, operation and maintenance leading to additional risks and costs for communities. The tourism sector, especially the cultural economy and outdoor tourism, is also vulnerable to climate change. While the majority of climate change-induced effects in Eeyou Istchee James Bay appear to be negative, climate change may also be beneficial for some sectors if activities are adapted proactively. So far, adaptation to climate change in Eeyou Istchee James Bay has been mainly characterized by reactive, individual strategies, such as for adapting subsistence practices, or integrating climate change on a voluntary 1 The subarctic climate is located between 50° to 70°N and characterized by a long, very cold period, and a short warm period. Eeyou Istchee James Bay is mainly located in this climate zone (Dfc, Köppen climate classification), except for the coastal area from the southern tip of James Bay up to Chisasibi which is dominated by a humid continental climate (Dfb). ii basis in economic development projects. Efforts are necessary to mainstream adaptation, integrate climate change into other strategic documents, raise awareness and recognition, and then start implementing adaptation measures for the benefit of Cree society in a flexible approach that can be adjusted over time. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... I SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ II TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ IV LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................. VII INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................... 3 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER I – SOCIOCULTURAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CREE SOCIETY .................... 4 1.1 Culture, identity and traditional activities .................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Health: physical, mental and spiritual dimensions ..................................................................................... 5 1.3 Land access ................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.4 Subsistence harvesting and food security .................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER II – IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THE REGIONAL CLIMATE OF EEYOU ISTCHEE JAMES BAY ...................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Temperature .............................................................................................................................................11 2.2 Seasons, weather patterns and extreme events ......................................................................................12 2.3 Precipitation (rain and snow) ...................................................................................................................13 2.4 Ice regimes (sea and lake ice) ...................................................................................................................14 2.5 Water
Recommended publications
  • Canada GREENLAND 80°W

    Canada GREENLAND 80°W

    DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=NL-B Module 7 70°N 30°W 20°W 170°W 180° 70°N 160°W Canada GREENLAND 80°W 90°W 150°W 100°W (DENMARK) 120°W 140°W 110°W 60°W 130°W 70°W ARCTIC Essential Question OCEANDo Canada’s many regional differences strengthen or weaken the country? Alaska Baffin 160°W (UNITED STATES) Bay ic ct r le Y A c ir u C k o National capital n M R a 60°N Provincial capital . c k e Other cities n 150°W z 0 200 400 Miles i Iqaluit 60°N e 50°N R YUKON . 0 200 400 Kilometers Labrador Projection: Lambert Azimuthal TERRITORY NUNAVUT Equal-Area NORTHWEST Sea Whitehorse TERRITORIES Yellowknife NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR Hudson N A Bay ATLANTIC 140°W W E St. John’s OCEAN 40°W BRITISH H C 40°N COLUMBIA T QUEBEC HMH Middle School World Geography A MANITOBA 50°N ALBERTA K MS_SNLESE668737_059M_K.ai . S PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND R Edmonton A r Canada legend n N e a S chew E s kat Lake a as . Charlottetown r S R Winnipeg F Color Alts Vancouver Calgary ONTARIO Fredericton W S Island NOVA SCOTIA 50°WFirst proof: 3/20/17 Regina Halifax Vancouver Quebec . R 2nd proof: 4/6/17 e c Final: 4/12/17 Victoria Winnipeg Montreal n 130°W e NEW BRUNSWICK Lake r w Huron a Ottawa L PACIFIC . t S OCEAN Lake 60°W Superior Toronto Lake Lake Ontario UNITED STATES Lake Michigan Windsor 100°W Erie 90°W 40°N 80°W 70°W 120°W 110°W In this module, you will learn about Canada, our neighbor to the north, Explore ONLINE! including its history, diverse culture, and natural beauty and resources.
  • Ungava Bay, (Fig. 1). Development Categories

    Ungava Bay, (Fig. 1). Development Categories

    Adv. Odonatol. 4 : 73-88 December 1989 The odonate fauna of the northern regions of Quebec-Labrador: review and perspective J.-G. Lagacé L. Pilon S. Pilon Pilon, D. , and Département de Sciences biologiques, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7. Canada The state of knowledge of the regional odonate fauna is reviewed. The to distribution of species is analysed in relation the bioclimatic zones. INTRODUCTION of the The ever increasing development northern areas of North America necessitates a knowledge not only of the composition ofthe animal fauna as a whole but also of the ecological roles of the different categories of organisms, as a prerequisite to any safe and logical manipulation ofnorthern ecosystems. Death of thousands of caribou in northern Quebec in the mid-80’s (related to human interference) is an illustration of deficiencies in our approach to the understanding of these northern ecosystems. As pointed out by Aagaard (1986), northern insect conservation strategy should develop along two lines : macroscopic (biogeographic) and microscopic (biotopic). The present paper is an attempt to review the data available on the composition of fauna of these northern the odonate reigons and to look into some of the factors that could help to better understand these ecosystems. TERRITORY AND STUDY 2 Quebec-Labradoris a vast territory of 1,825,780km in eastern Canada, situated between 45° and 62° 35’ lat. N„ and 55° 35’ to 79° long. W. It is bordered to the north by the Hudson strait and the Ungava Bay, to the north-east and east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south-west by the Province of New Brunswick and the Gulf ofSt Lawrence, to the south by the United States ofAmerica and to the west by the Province of Ontario (Fig.
  • Climate and Vegetation • Almost Every Type of Climate Is Found in the 50 United States Because They Extend Over Such a Large Area North to South

    Climate and Vegetation • Almost Every Type of Climate Is Found in the 50 United States Because They Extend Over Such a Large Area North to South

    123-126-Chapter5 10/16/02 10:16 AM Page 123 Main Ideas Climate and Vegetation • Almost every type of climate is found in the 50 United States because they extend over such a large area north to south. • Canada’s cold climate is related to its location in the far northern latitudes. A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE A little gold and bitter cold—that is what Places & Terms thousands of prospectors found in Alaska and the Yukon Territory dur- permafrost ing the Klondike gold rushes of the 1890s. Most of these fortune prevailing westerlies hunters were unprepared for the harsh climate and inhospitable land of Everglades the far north. Winters were long and cold, the ground frozen. Ice fogs, blizzards, and avalanches were regular occurrences. You could lose fin- Connect to the Issues gers and toes—even your life—in the cold. But hardy souls stuck it out. urban sprawl The rapid Legend has it that one miner, Bishop Stringer, kept himself alive by boil- spread of urban sprawl has led US & CANADA ing his sealskin and walrus-sole boots and then drinking the broth. to the loss of much vegetation in both the United States and Canada. Shared Climates and Vegetation The United States and Canada have more in common than just frigid winter temperatures where Alaska meets northwestern Canada. Other shared climate and vegetation zones are found along their joint border at the southern end of Canada and the northern end of the United States. If you look at the map on page 125, you will see that the United MOVEMENT The snowmobile States has more climate zones than Canada.
  • Challenges in the Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Arctic and Subarctic Pacific Since the Last Glacial Period—The Sino–German

    Challenges in the Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Arctic and Subarctic Pacific Since the Last Glacial Period—The Sino–German

    challenges Concept Paper Challenges in the Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Arctic and Subarctic Pacific since the Last Glacial Period—The Sino–German Pacific–Arctic Experiment (SiGePAX) Gerrit Lohmann 1,2,3,* , Lester Lembke-Jene 1 , Ralf Tiedemann 1,3,4, Xun Gong 1 , Patrick Scholz 1 , Jianjun Zou 5,6 and Xuefa Shi 5,6 1 Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung Bremerhaven, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; [email protected] (L.L.-J.); [email protected] (R.T.); [email protected] (X.G.); [email protected] (P.S.) 2 Department of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany 3 MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany 4 Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany 5 First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; zoujianjun@fio.org.cn (J.Z.); xfshi@fio.org.cn (X.S.) 6 Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 December 2018; Accepted: 15 January 2019; Published: 24 January 2019 Abstract: Arctic and subarctic regions are sensitive to climate change and, reversely, provide dramatic feedbacks to the global climate. With a focus on discovering paleoclimate and paleoceanographic evolution in the Arctic and Northwest Pacific Oceans during the last 20,000 years, we proposed this German–Sino cooperation program according to the announcement “Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) of the Federal Republic of Germany for a German–Sino cooperation program in the marine and polar research”. Our proposed program integrates the advantages of the Arctic and Subarctic marine sediment studies in AWI (Alfred Wegener Institute) and FIO (First Institute of Oceanography).
  • The Migrations of Anadromous Cisco (Coregonus Artedii) and Lake Whitefish (C. Clupeaformis) in Estuaries of Eastern James

    The Migrations of Anadromous Cisco (Coregonus Artedii) and Lake Whitefish (C. Clupeaformis) in Estuaries of Eastern James

    The migrations of anadromous cisco (Coregonus artedig and lake whitefish (C. clupeaformis) in estuaries of eastern James Bay RODERICKMORIN' Centre dlEtudes Nordiques, De'partement de Biologie, Universitt Laval (Que'.),Canada G1K 7P4 JULIANJ. DODSON~ GIROQ, Dipartement de Biologie, Universite' Laval, Que'bec, GlK 7P4 AND GEOFFREYPOWER' Centre &Etudes Nordiques, De'partement de Biologie, Universite' Laval (Que'.), Canada GlK 7P4 Received January 26, 198 1 MORIN, R., J. J. DODSON,and G. POWER. 1981. The migrations of anadromous cisco (Coregonus artedii) and lake whitefish (C.clupeaformis) in estuaries of eastern James Bay. Can. J. Zool. 59: 1600-1607. Experimental gill-netting and tagging programs were undertaken in the Eastmain and La Grande rivers of James Bay to determine the migratory patterns of anadromous cisco (Coregonus artedii) and lake whitefish (C. clupeaformis). Cisco and whitefish were found to differ in the distribution of juveniles during summer, in the upriver migration of mature fish, and in the selection of overwintering sites. Models are presented to illustrate the general life cycles of anadromous cisco and lake whitefish in James Bay. MORIN,R., J. 3. DODSONet G. POWER.1981. The migrations of anadromous cisco (Coregonus artedii) and lake whitefish (C.clupeaformis) in estuaries of eastern James Bay. Can. J. Zool. 59: 1600-1607. Des programmes de pgche exptrimentale aux filets et des programmes de marquage furent Ctablis dans les rivikres Eastmain et La Grande de la Baie de James afin de dkteminer les mouvements migratoires du cisco (Coregonus artedii] et du grand corkgone (C. clupeaformis).La distribution des poissons juvCniles durant I'CtC diffkre chez ces deux espkces, de meme que la migration en amont des individus ?imaturitC et la selection des sites d'hivernage.
  • Description of the Ecoregions of the United States

    Description of the Ecoregions of the United States

    (iii) ~ Agrl~:::~~;~":,c ullur. Description of the ~:::;. Ecoregions of the ==-'Number 1391 United States •• .~ • /..';;\:?;;.. \ United State. (;lAn) Department of Description of the .~ Agriculture Forest Ecoregions of the Service October United States 1980 Compiled by Robert G. Bailey Formerly Regional geographer, Intermountain Region; currently geographer, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and originally published as an unnumbered publication by the Intermountain Region, USDA Forest Service, Ogden, Utah In April 1979, the Agency leaders of the Bureau of Land Manage­ ment, Forest Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, Geological Survey, and Soil Conservation Service endorsed the concept of a national classification system developed by the Resources Evaluation Tech­ niques Program at the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, to be used for renewable resources evaluation. The classifica­ tion system consists of four components (vegetation, soil, landform, and water), a proposed procedure for integrating the components into ecological response units, and a programmed procedure for integrating the ecological response units into ecosystem associations. The classification system described here is the result of literature synthesis and limited field testing and evaluation. It presents one procedure for defining, describing, and displaying ecosystems with respect to geographical distribution. The system and others are undergoing rigorous evaluation to determine the most appropriate procedure for defining and describing ecosystem associations. Bailey, Robert G. 1980. Description of the ecoregions of the United States. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication No. 1391, 77 pp. This publication briefly describes and illustrates the Nation's ecosystem regions as shown in the 1976 map, "Ecoregions of the United States." A copy of this map, described in the Introduction, can be found between the last page and the back cover of this publication.
  • An Overview of the Hudson Bay Marine Ecosystem

    An Overview of the Hudson Bay Marine Ecosystem

    15–1 15.0 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Chapter Contents 15.1 HYDROELECTRICITY..........................................................................................................................................15–2 15.2 MINERALS AND HYDROCARBONS .................................................................................................................15–12 15.3 TRANSPORTATION...........................................................................................................................................15–17 15.4 TOURISM............................................................................................................................................................15–22 15.5 MUNICIPAL ACTIVITIES....................................................................................................................................15–22 15.6 GRAND CANAL SCHEME..................................................................................................................................15–23 15.7 SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................................................15–23 Chapter Figures Figure 15-1. La Grande hydroelectric complex..........................................................................................................15–4 Figure 15-2. Proposed diversion of water from the Rupert River watershed into the Eastmain watershed, and location of the proposed Eastmain-1-A hydroelectric generating station ...............................................15–5
  • Broadback Watershed Conservation Plan Located 800 Km North of Montreal, the Broadback River Remains a Pristine Example of a Southern Boreal Watershed

    Broadback Watershed Conservation Plan Located 800 Km North of Montreal, the Broadback River Remains a Pristine Example of a Southern Boreal Watershed

    Broadback Watershed Conservation Plan Located 800 km north of Montreal, the Broadback River remains a pristine example of a southern boreal watershed. Flowing from its source at Lac Frotet, the Broadback surges 450 km west to empty into Rupert Bay at the south end of James Bay. Along its path and within its larger 20,800 km2 watershed, the river supports the traditional hunting territories of Mistissini, Oujé-Bou- goumou, Waswanipi, Nemaska and Waskaganish. Once destined to be- come part of Hydro-Québec’s mega Nottaway-Broadback-Rupert project, the river received a reprieve in 2002 when the Crees signed the Paix des Braves Agree- ment with Québec. Although this agreement has saved the Broadback River from hydro development, it has not en- sured the river, and its watershed, protection from other forms of natural resource development. Forestry roads and harvesting have permanently transformed large portions of the watershed, particularly in the south, and recently numerous mining claims have been filed within the more remote intact portions of the watershed. Nevertheless, the Broadback remains an important source of intact wilderness in the region, as evident by the diminishing number of endangered woodland caribou that reside there. A recent study on woodland caribou commissioned by Quebec’s Ministry of Natural Resources and the Cree Regional Authority, http://chaireafd.uqat.ca/communique/nouvellesE.asp?Date=2012-10-22%2009:42:10 found that the two herds found in this region, the Nottaway and Assinica, are no longer self-sustaining according to benchmarks set by the Federal Government under the terms of the Species at Risk Act.
  • Subarctic Passive House Study

    Subarctic Passive House Study

    July 11, 2013 Subarctic Passive House Case Study: A Superinsulated Foundation and Vapor Diffusion‐ Open Walls Cold Climate Housing Research Center Written by Bruno Grunau, PE July 11, 2013 Disclaimer: The research conducted or products tested used the methodologies described in this report. CCHRC cautions that different results might be obtained using different test methodologies. CCHRC suggests caution in drawing inferences regarding the research or products beyond the circumstances described in this report. i Subarctic Passive House Case Study: A Superinsulated Foundation and Vapor Diffusion‐Open Walls CONTENTS Summary .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Overview ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Description of Wall System .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Properties of Cellulose .....................................................................................................................................................................
  • High-Latitude Climate Zones and Climate Types - E.I

    High-Latitude Climate Zones and Climate Types - E.I

    ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: CLIMATE SYSTEM – Vol. II - High-Latitude Climate Zones and Climate Types - E.I. Khlebnikova HIGH-LATITUDE CLIMATE ZONES AND CLIMATE TYPES E.I. Khlebnikova Main Geophysical Observatory, St.Petersburg, Russia Keywords: annual temperature range, Arctic continental climate, Arctic oceanic climate, katabatic wind, radiation cooling, subarctic continental climate, temperature inversion Contents 1. Introduction 2. Climate types of subarctic and subantarctic belts 2.1. Continental climate 2.2. Oceanic climate 3. Climate types in Arctic and Antarctic Regions 3.1. Climates of Arctic Region 3.2. Climates of Antarctic continent 3.2.1. Highland continental region 3.2.2. Glacial slope 3.2.3. Coastal region Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The description of the high-latitude climate zone and types is given according to the genetic classification of B.P. Alisov (see Genetic Classifications of Earth’s Climate). In dependence on air mass, which is in prevalence in different seasons, Arctic (Antarctic) and subarctic (subantarctic) belts are distinguished in these latitudes. Two kinds of climates are considered: continental and oceanic. Examples of typical temperature and precipitation regime and other meteorological elements are presented. 1. IntroductionUNESCO – EOLSS In the high latitudes of each hemisphere two climatic belts are distinguished: subarctic (subantarctic) andSAMPLE arctic (antarctic). CHAPTERS The regions with the prevalence of arctic (antarctic) air mass in winter, and polar air mass in summer, belong to the subarctic (subantarctic) belt. As a result of the peculiarities in distribution of continents and oceans in the northern hemisphere, two types of climate are distinguished in this belt: continental and oceanic. In the southern hemisphere there is only one type - oceanic.
  • La Grande River CHISASIBI

    La Grande River CHISASIBI

    638 000 5 964 000 638 500 5 963 500 5 963 000 639 000 5 962 500 639 500 5 962 000 5 961 500 640 000 5 961 000 640 500 5 960 500 5 960 000 641 000 5 959 500 La Grande River MA A H D A A A P RO I N C W o A IHCH n A VILLAGE OF s S W tr u H AD c D O ti IK OA R NAASIPAATIM R o U ICHU n M H IS U YAAU PICH ROA A I I WATER TA M A HCCH D TREATMENT PLANT I D A SA W A SKI O CHISASIBI I AD A R IN 637 500 O R IIAA W R RO 5 959 000 U O U UP A PIN IS D A CH A AAWA AD IS AAU D WICH RO K KAA KAAUS TI KA D C A A H KI AD D I A R M A IB O A O RO A A RO IN K S A U R AD A S HT A SA D S N I P I KA O H 641 000 A IS U I A R R A C A EET OAD O Y A R M H A C AAS I S S A A O I D P M H H H A H TR U I A R S I W D II K S UUT A C A AA N B S A KWAA I W U U I OKAB D U A U S A N O U AAP H DAAW ROA U W R NI SALT M A AT AAP OA I MSDC P K RO IWA II BUILDING IRREL UW K HK A AAH D D SQU A I AS N A R A IMI RO A N P AD OA A RO D D AA H COOK AKIN IINDU AM D IPITA M A CCDC KW MAAPINWA K IS AASHKU A R D O C OFFICE S STRE MIS ROAD H O EW ROA ET AA K T R BAND A N U A H I U I E M OFFICE SEWER LIFT KU M D ET W M E AS D I E E I K D H SH I STATION ASA R N R A R A A ATT C I O CBCC T W D U T T T O S A R A H OA U M D T TRAILER R R S N S D S ROA H E I W W I Y A T KUYA V AA N T L A S U A O H A AL ISK SH A T P S K O I U M R P IH U A K H S IN A S A K S W A I I P I U N A N W P R ROAD A AU NI Scale : WA 1:5 000 M U ROA A S A ISAACH ROAD AA K A D S W I H IN A NA AP WA S E S AHA S H H A HK R K D N D C A W ID K ROA KA A U D AD A U A U A O W U U SH R AN S U II T RO A A M CH HOSPITAL U O M AD A O H
  • Climate and Vegetation

    Climate and Vegetation

    Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ Physical Geography of the United States and Canada Section 2 Climate and Vegetation Terms and Names permafrost permanently frozen ground prevailing westerlies winds that blow from west to east in the middle latitudes Everglades huge swampland in southern Florida Before You Read In the last section, you read about the landforms and resources of the United States and Canada. In this section, you will learn how climate and vegetation affect life in the United States and Canada. As You Read Use a graphic organizer to take notes about the climate and vegetation of the United States and Canada. SHARED CLIMATES AND The north central and northeastern VEGETATION (Pages 123–124) United States and much of southern Where is the mildest shared climate Canada have a humid continental climate. found? Winters are cold and summers are warm. The Arctic coastlines of Alaska and Climate and soil make this one of the Canada have tundra climate and world’s most productive agricultural areas. vegetation. Winters here are long and It yields an abundance of dairy products, bitterly cold. Summers are brief and chilly. grain, and livestock. The land is a huge, treeless plain. In the upper part of this zone, summers Much of the rest of Canada and Alaska are short. There are mixed forests of have a subarctic climate. This climate has deciduous and needle-leafed evergreen very cold winters and short, mild trees. Most of the population of Canada is summers. A vast forest of needle-leafed located here. The lower part of the zone is evergreens covers the region.