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Agrarian Crossings: the American South, Mexico, and The AGRARIAN CROSSINGS: THE AMERICAN SOUTH, MEXICO, AND THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY REMAKING OF THE RURAL WORLD by TORE CARL OLSSON (Under the Direction of Shane Hamilton) ABSTRACT In the first half of the twentieth century, agrarian reformers in the American South and Mexico came to imagine themselves as confronting a shared problem. Diagnosing rural poverty, uneven land tenure, export-oriented monoculture, racialized labor regimes, and soil exploitation as the common consequences of the plantation system, they fostered a transnational dialogue over how to overcome that bitter legacy. Of the many voices in that conversation, particularly important was that of the Rockefeller philanthropies, who began their career in social uplift by targeting the poverty of the U.S. Cotton Belt in the Progressive Era. When they founded their renowned Mexican Agriculture Program of the early 1940s – a program that would ultimately provide the blueprint for the Green Revolution, or the Cold War project of teaching American-style scientific agriculture to Third World farmers – it was explicitly modeled on their earlier work in the American South, a region that Rockefeller experts used as a domestic laboratory for rural reform. While of great significance, the Rockefeller philanthropies were not the sole voice in the U.S.-Mexican agrarian dialogue, and the directionality of intellectual influence did not only flow southward. Especially during the radical 1930s, New Deal reformers worried about U.S. southern rural poverty looked to the Mexican Revolution’s evolving policy of land reform for inspiration, drawing upon it to draft similar programs for the Cotton Belt. Ultimately, the dissertation reveals that the project of rural “development” was decidedly diverse at mid-century, and was forged in a transnational crucible. Likewise, it demonstrates that integrating the history of the American South with that of Latin America and the Caribbean can get us beyond the historiographical dichotomy that separates U.S. and Latin American history in the twentieth century. INDEX WORDS: Transnational, agriculture, agrarianism, comparison, rural life, Mexico, American South, land reform, Green Revolution, development, sharecropping, tenancy, Rockefeller Foundation, General Education Board, New Deal, Mexican Revolution, New South, Frank Tannenbaum, Josephus Daniels, Henry Wallace, Lázaro Cárdenas, Porfirio Díaz, Porfiriato, Franklin Roosevelt, Manuel Avila Camacho, Miguel Alemán, Seaman Knapp, Mexican Agricultural Program, hybrid corn, cotton, education, Southern Tenant Farmers Union, United States Department of Agriculture, agronomy, agricultural science AGRARIAN CROSSINGS: THE AMERICAN SOUTH, MEXICO, AND THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY REMAKING OF THE RURAL WORLD by TORE CARL OLSSON B.A., University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 2004 M.A., University of Georgia, 2007 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2013 © 2013 Tore C. Olsson All Rights Reserved AGRARIAN CROSSINGS: THE AMERICAN SOUTH, MEXICO, AND THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY REMAKING OF THE RURAL WORLD by TORE CARL OLSSON Major Professor: Shane Hamilton Committee: Pamela Voekel Bethany Moreton James C. Cobb Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2013 DEDICATION To Kelli, Ragnar, Ingrid, and my parents, who made it all possible iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I’ve never understood the academic tradition of thanking the most deserving people last, so I want to begin this expression of acknowledgement by making it clear that this dissertation would never have been written if it were not for two people. The first is Kelli Guinn, my wife and partner in everything. Since the year I began graduate school, Kelli has supported me every step of the way. She drove me to research interviews, quizzed me on historiography, listened to my presentations, fronted expenses for conference travel, cooked the most fantastic, soul-warming meals, and all in all provided the love and support that helped me through the most trying times. To make this dissertation a reality, she made sacrifices that will take a lifetime to repay, and I owe any professional success to her. I can’t thank you enough, Kelli. The second is Shane Hamilton, my intellectual mentor and doctoral adviser. Since we met nearly eight years ago, Shane has ceaselessly pushed me to be a better historian, writer, thinker, and teacher. It was in his “Food and Power in American History” course that I discovered that I wanted to devote my academic career to the intersection of food, agriculture, science, and politics. In the years since, the level of commitment and devotion that he has given me and my work has been simply astonishing. Whether I was down the hall or several thousands of miles away, Shane was always in close touch and prioritized my work over his many other commitments. His encouragement and support continues to keep me on task, and his close reading and insightful comments and criticism have strengthened my work immeasurably. When I was searching for a job, v Shane’s unwavering support and guidance kept me afloat during an incredibly trying process. In short, he has been the model adviser, in both his intellectual engagement and professional support. This might be expected praise for senior scholars who have advised graduate students for decades, but the fact that I am Shane’s first doctoral student makes his experience and guidance even more impressive. As I begin to advise graduate students of my own, I can only hope to approach the incredibly high standard he has set. If Kelli and Shane were the twin forces that drove me forward over the years, this dissertation is likewise the product of a vast intellectual community that I had the great pleasure and benefit of becoming a part of. At the University of Georgia, I had the privilege of working with some of the smartest, most enthusiastic, and devoted historians that I know. In addition to Shane, two people at UGA particularly shaped this project and my graduate career at every stage of the road. The first is Jim Cobb, who taught me the ins and outs of U.S. southern history and probably did more than anyone else in training me to think like a historian. His intellectual fingerprints are all over my scholarship, and I am deeply thankful for his long-term commitment to my research and career. The second is Pamela Voekel, whose passion for both the past and present is truly inspiring. Pamela is single-handedly responsible for my deep fascination with both Mexico and transnational history. Pamela’s support and enthusiasm continually pushed me onward throughout the research and writing process, and this dissertation would have been impossible without her help. In addition to Pamela and Jim, several other historians at UGA were exceptional in their assistance and inspiration over the past years. Bethany Moreton pushed me toward a multilingual, multinational project early on, and I am deeply in her debt for doing so. Paul Sutter introduced me to American environmental vi history and this project largely grew out of his “America and the World” research seminar. John Inscoe introduced me to U.S. southern history and was the first to push me toward studying the history of food. Stephen Mihm trained me in both early American history and the history of capitalism, and my work has benefited enormously. Laurie Kane was the glue that held it all together, and everyone in the department is eternally thankful to her. Likewise, big thanks to Jamie Kreiner and Dan Rood for their home- stretch support and advice on job market and career questions. My graduate colleagues at the University of Georgia, perhaps as much as my formal advisers, played a crucial role in my intellectual growth. My graduate “mentor,” Darren Grem, taught me most everything I know about academia. His wise suggestion in 2005 that I shift my graduate work from a study of the U.S. Civil War to an examination of Latinos in the contemporary American South remains the best piece of advice I’ve ever received, even if the dissertation is only partially recognizable as a product of that suggestion. Perhaps more than anyone else, Levi Van Sant turned me on to the study of food and agriculture, and taught me a great deal about ecology, environment, soil, and how to actually think like a farmer. Derek Bentley, my fellow mexicanista at UGA, taught me much of what I know about twentieth-century Mexico, and getting to spend my months in Mexico City with him was an absolute delight. Dave Himmelfarb and Jessie Fly each convinced me that my North American story was indeed a global one, and of the importance of speaking to scholars beyond my discipline. Tim Johnson, Tom Okie, Kathi Nehls, Chris Manganiello, and Rachel Bunker, my closest partners in agricultural, environmental, and rural history, were each instrumental in helping me find my way around our field and forcing me to rethink and theorize my project countless times. vii Special thanks are due especially to Tim for serving as a confidante at every step along the way for the last four years. Beyond the University of Georgia, I was lucky enough to have the opportunity to engage with a vast range of scholars who each helped me theorize and make sense of my work in a broader context. Special thanks are due to Sarah Phillips, my “dream mentor” during my 2012-2013 fellowship year at the University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs, and to Sterling Evans, my closest compatriot in transnational studies of agriculture in the United States and Mexico. Each read portions of my work and gave invaluable feedback. I am also indebted to Brian Balogh, Daniel Immerwahr, Gabe Rosenberg, Deborah Cohen, Amrys Williams, Alan Knight, Rebecca Woods, Stephen Macekura, Raymond Craib, Pete Daniel, John Dwyer, John Soluri, Mark Hersey, Jim Giesen, and Greta Marchesi, who each provided advice as I was proposing, researching, and writing the dissertation.
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