DOCSLIB.ORG

Trends in the Military Balance and Arms Sales in the Southern Gulf States After the Gulf War: 1990- 1993

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Trends in the Military Balance and Arms Sales in the Southern Gulf States After the Gulf War: 1990- 1993 CSIS_______________________________ Center for Strategic and International Studies 1800 K Street N.W. Washington, DC 20006 (202) 775-3270 Trends in the Military Balance and Arms Sales in the Southern Gulf States After the Gulf War: 1990- 1993 Anthony H. Cordesman CSIS Middle East Dynamic Net Assessment ME Bal 7 - Southern Gulf States Chapter 01/26/98 Page 2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 5 MILITARY FORCES, STRATEGIC NEEDS, AND VULNERABILITIES ....................................................... 5 Table VII-1................................................................................................................................................ 8 The Size and Military Capabilities of the Southern Gulf States in 1993 ..................................................... 8 THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL AND EFFORTS AT COLLECTIVE SECURITY........... 9 SAUDI ARABIA .................................................................................................................................. 13 SAUDI STRENGTHS AND EXTERNAL VULNERABILITIES .................................................................... 16 Table 7-? ................................................................................................................................................. 17 The Military Balance Affecting Saudi Arabia .......................................................................................... 17 INTERNAL CHANGE AND INTERNAL SECURITY.................................................................................. 20 SAUDI DEFENSE EXPENDITURES......................................................................................................... 24 SAUDI ARMS IMPORTS ......................................................................................................................... 28 SAUDI MILITARY MANPOWER............................................................................................................. 31 THE SAUDI ARMY................................................................................................................................. 34 Table VII-2.............................................................................................................................................. 36 Possible Saudi Force Expansion Plans for the Year 2000 ......................................................................... 36 THE SAUDI NATIONAL GUARD............................................................................................................ 47 THE SAUDI NAVY ................................................................................................................................. 51 THE SAUDI AIR FORCE......................................................................................................................... 55 SAUDI AIR FORCE LESSONS FROM THE GULF WAR ........................................................................... 67 THE SAUDI AIR DEFENSE FORCES....................................................................................................... 70 SAUDI PARAMILITARY FORCES........................................................................................................... 74 SAUDI MISSILE CAPABILITIES AND WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION .......................................... 75 STRATEGIC INTERESTS AND ARMS CONTROL.................................................................................... 78 KUWAIT .............................................................................................................................................. 82 KUWAIT'S MILITARY VULNERABILITY............................................................................................... 90 KUWAITI DEFENSE SPENDING AND ARMS IMPORTS BEFORE THE GULF WAR................................. 91 KUWAIT'S MILITARY FORCES BEFORE THE GULF WAR .................................................................... 92 KUWAIT'S MILITARY FORCES DURING THE GULF WAR .................................................................... 98 KUWAIT'S DEFENSE DEBATES FOLLOWING THE GULF WAR............................................................100 Copyright Anthony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. 2 ME Bal 7 - Southern Gulf States Chapter 01/26/98 Page 3 KUWAIT'S MILITARY FORCES AFTER THE GULF WAR......................................................................104 STRATEGIC INTERESTS AND ARMS CONTROL...................................................................................108 BAHRAIN............................................................................................................................................111 BAHRAIN'S MILITARY MANPOWER, MILITARY EXPENDITURES, AND ARMS IMPORTS..................114 THE BAHRAINI ARMY .........................................................................................................................115 THE BAHRAINI NAVY..........................................................................................................................117 THE BAHRAINI AIR FORCE .................................................................................................................118 BAHRAIN'S INTERNAL SECURITY FORCES .........................................................................................119 STRATEGIC INTERESTS AND ARMS CONTROL...................................................................................120 QATAR................................................................................................................................................122 QATARI MILITARY MANPOWER, MILITARY EXPENDITURES, AND ARMS TRANSFERS...................124 THE QATARI ARMY .............................................................................................................................126 THE QATARI NAVY .............................................................................................................................128 THE QATARI AIR FORCE .....................................................................................................................128 QATARI PARAMILITARY FORCES .......................................................................................................129 STRATEGIC INTERESTS AND ARMS CONTROL...................................................................................130 UAE ....................................................................................................................................................132 THE UNCERTAIN UNION OF ARAB EMIRATES ...................................................................................134 UAE MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMS IMPORTS ..............................................................................138 UAE MILITARY MANPOWER ..............................................................................................................139 THE UAE'S MILITARY FORCES ...........................................................................................................140 THE UAE ARMY ..................................................................................................................................141 THE UAE AIR FORCE...........................................................................................................................144 THE UAE NAVY...................................................................................................................................147 PARAMILITARY AND SECURITY FORCES ...........................................................................................148 STRATEGIC INTERESTS AND ARMS CONTROL...................................................................................148 OMAN ................................................................................................................................................150 THE DEVELOPMENT OF OMAN'S MILITARY FORCES.........................................................................152 OMANI MILITARY EXPENDITURES AND ARMS IMPORTS..................................................................155 OMANI MILITARY MANPOWER AND READINESS ..............................................................................157 THE OMANI ARMY ..............................................................................................................................159 THE OMANI NAVY...............................................................................................................................161 Copyright Anthony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. 3 ME Bal 7 - Southern Gulf States Chapter 01/26/98 Page 4 THE OMANI AIR FORCE.......................................................................................................................162 OMANI PARAMILITARY FORCES.........................................................................................................164 STRATEGIC INTERESTS AND ARMS CONTROL...................................................................................164 THE SOUTHERN GULF STATES: THE PROBLEM MAY BE THE SOLUTION.......................165 Copyright Anthony H. Cordesman, all rights reserved. 4 ME Bal 7 - Southern Gulf States Chapter 01/26/98 Page 5 Introduction 1 There are six southern Gulf states: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. Although these states differ in many ways, they all face a similar set of challenges in shaping their strategic position and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cranfield University
    CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY LEIGH MOODY SENSORS, SENSOR MEASUREMENT FUSION AND MISSILE TRAJECTORY OPTIMISATION COLLEGE OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY PhD THESIS CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE, POWER AND SENSORS PhD THESIS Academic Year 2002 - 2003 Leigh Moody Sensors, Measurement Fusion and Missile Trajectory Optimisation Supervisor: Professor B.A. White July 2003 Leigh Moody asserts his right to be identified as the author. © Cranfield University 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of Cranfield University and without acknowledging that it may contain copyright material owned by MBDA UK Limited. i ii ABSTRACT When considering advances in “smart” weapons it is clear that air-launched systems have adopted an integrated approach to meet rigorous requirements, whereas air-defence systems have not. The demands on sensors, state observation, missile guidance, and simulation for air-defence is the subject of this research. Historical reviews for each topic, justification of favoured techniques and algorithms are provided, using a nomenclature developed to unify these disciplines. Sensors selected for their enduring impact on future systems are described and simulation models provided. Complex internal systems are reduced to simpler models capable of replicating dominant features, particularly those that adversely effect state observers. Of the state observer architectures considered, a distributed system comprising ground based target and own-missile tracking, data up-link, and on-board missile measurement and track fusion is the natural choice for air-defence. An IMM is used to process radar measurements, combining the estimates from filters with different target dynamics. The remote missile state observer combines up-linked target tracks and missile plots with IMU and seeker data to provide optimal guidance information.
    [Show full text]
  • RAF Centenary 100 Famous Aircraft Vol 3: Fighters and Bombers of the Cold War
    RAF Centenary 100 Famous Aircraft Vol 3: Fighters and Bombers of the Cold War INCLUDING Lightning Canberra Harrier Vulcan www.keypublishing.com RARE IMAGES AND PERIOD CUTAWAYS ISSUE 38 £7.95 AA38_p1.indd 1 29/05/2018 18:15 Your favourite magazine is also available digitally. DOWNLOAD THE APP NOW FOR FREE. FREE APP In app issue £6.99 2 Months £5.99 Annual £29.99 SEARCH: Aviation Archive Read on your iPhone & iPad Android PC & Mac Blackberry kindle fi re Windows 10 SEARCH SEARCH ALSO FLYPAST AEROPLANE FREE APP AVAILABLE FOR FREE APP IN APP ISSUES £3.99 IN APP ISSUES £3.99 DOWNLOAD How it Works. Simply download the Aviation Archive app. Once you have the app, you will be able to download new or back issues for less than newsstand price! Don’t forget to register for your Pocketmags account. This will protect your purchase in the event of a damaged or lost device. It will also allow you to view your purchases on multiple platforms. PC, Mac & iTunes Windows 10 Available on PC, Mac, Blackberry, Windows 10 and kindle fire from Requirements for app: registered iTunes account on Apple iPhone,iPad or iPod Touch. Internet connection required for initial download. Published by Key Publishing Ltd. The entire contents of these titles are © copyright 2018. All rights reserved. App prices subject to change. 321/18 INTRODUCTION 3 RAF Centenary 100 Famous Aircraft Vol 3: Fighters and Bombers of the Cold War cramble! Scramble! The aircraft may change, but the ethos keeping world peace. The threat from the East never entirely dissipated remains the same.
    [Show full text]
  • Lieutenant Colonel Donyeill (Don) A. Mozer US Army, Regular Army Cell
    Lieutenant Colonel Donyeill (Don) A. Mozer U.S. Army, Regular Army Cell: 785-375-6055 [email protected] or [email protected] Objective Complete Doctorate in Interdisciplinary Health Sciences at University of Texas at El Paso. Summary of Personal Qualifications Donyeill “Don” Mozer is a career Army officer with 20 years of active duty leadership experience in the US Army. He additionally has 5 years of prior service as an enlisted Soldier in the US Army Reserves. He was able to overcome an adverse childhood to become a successful leader in the military. He has held numerous leadership and staff officer positions throughout his career and has extensive operational and combat experience through deployments to Afghanistan, Iraq, Kuwait, and South Korea. Donyeill Mozer also spent two years teaching military science at the United States Military Academy and was The Army ROTC Department Head and Professor of Military Science at McDaniel College in Westminster, MD (which also included the ROTC programs at Hood College and Mount Saint Mary’s University. LTC Mozer earned a BA degree in Sociology from University of North Carolina at Charlotte and Masters in Public Administration from CUNY John Jay College. His military education includes the Infantry Basic Officers Leaders Course, Logistics Captains Career Course, Airborne School, Ranger School, and Intermediate Level Education. In 2011, he participated in a summer program where he studied genocide prevention in Poland with the University of Krakow. Civilian Education City University of New York at John Jay College MPA – Public Administration 2009 NYC, New York University of North Carolina at Charlotte B.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Missilesmissilesdr Carlo Kopp in the Asia-Pacific
    MISSILESMISSILESDr Carlo Kopp in the Asia-Pacific oday, offensive missiles are the primary armament of fighter aircraft, with missile types spanning a wide range of specialised niches in range, speed, guidance technique and intended target. With the Pacific Rim and Indian Ocean regions today the fastest growing area globally in buys of evolved third generation combat aircraft, it is inevitable that this will be reflected in the largest and most diverse inventory of weapons in service. At present the established inventories of weapons are in transition, with a wide variety of Tlegacy types in service, largely acquired during the latter Cold War era, and new technology 4th generation missiles are being widely acquired to supplement or replace existing weapons. The two largest players remain the United States and Russia, although indigenous Israeli, French, German, British and Chinese weapons are well established in specific niches. Air to air missiles, while demanding technologically, are nevertheless affordable to develop and fund from a single national defence budget, and they result in greater diversity than seen previously in larger weapons, or combat aircraft designs. Air-to-air missile types are recognised in three distinct categories: highly agile Within Visual Range (WVR) missiles; less agile but longer ranging Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles; and very long range BVR missiles. While the divisions between the latter two categories are less distinct compared against WVR missiles, the longer ranging weapons are often quite unique and usually much larger, to accommodate the required propellant mass. In technological terms, several important developments have been observed over the last decade.
    [Show full text]
  • Desind Finding
    NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE ARCHIVES Herbert Stephen Desind Collection Accession No. 1997-0014 NASM 9A00657 National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC Brian D. Nicklas © Smithsonian Institution, 2003 NASM Archives Desind Collection 1997-0014 Herbert Stephen Desind Collection 109 Cubic Feet, 305 Boxes Biographical Note Herbert Stephen Desind was a Washington, DC area native born on January 15, 1945, raised in Silver Spring, Maryland and educated at the University of Maryland. He obtained his BA degree in Communications at Maryland in 1967, and began working in the local public schools as a science teacher. At the time of his death, in October 1992, he was a high school teacher and a freelance writer/lecturer on spaceflight. Desind also was an avid model rocketeer, specializing in using the Estes Cineroc, a model rocket with an 8mm movie camera mounted in the nose. To many members of the National Association of Rocketry (NAR), he was known as “Mr. Cineroc.” His extensive requests worldwide for information and photographs of rocketry programs even led to a visit from FBI agents who asked him about the nature of his activities. Mr. Desind used the collection to support his writings in NAR publications, and his building scale model rockets for NAR competitions. Desind also used the material in the classroom, and in promoting model rocket clubs to foster an interest in spaceflight among his students. Desind entered the NASA Teacher in Space program in 1985, but it is not clear how far along his submission rose in the selection process. He was not a semi-finalist, although he had a strong application.
    [Show full text]
  • KILLING TRADE with CHILE THRIVES Agreed to Allow the Supply of Enriched Uranium Fuel Rods to Chile for the Lo Aguirre Reactor
    the Falklands war, the government KILLING TRADE WITH CHILE THRIVES agreed to allow the supply of enriched uranium fuel rods to Chile for the Lo Aguirre reactor. BRITISH COMPANIES are continuing to sell arms 'State of siege' which could be used for The Centaur half-track vehicle, internal repression and which with official British nuclear equipment to Chile, permission is already in Chile on despite the introduction of a demonstration to the Chilean army, is a' lightly armoured gun carrier brutal 'State of siege' nearly six months ago by dictator described by its makers as suitable for a wide range of internal security General Augusto Pinochet. activity. In a brochure issued to a According to British Chilean delegation at a recent arms government documents, show, manufacturers Laird handed to the New Statesman (Anglesey) Ltd boasted that Centaur earlier this week by a had 'outstanding potential in both {\'iinistry of Defence source, fighting and support roles ... speeds two British companies are now actively trying to win up to 100 kph and a choice of weapons systems, bodies, equipment Chilean contracts, reports fits, cargo personnel... result in a DUNCAN CAMPBELL versatility unequalled by any other current vehicle design'. Laird ONE CONTRACT is for the (Anglesey) Ltd is a subsidiary of the refurbishment of a nuclear reactor, Laird Engineering group. A group and the other, quite separate contract spokesman refused to comment on is for the supply of up to 300 armed whether the proposed Centaur deal vehicles for the Chilean army. would now go ahead. The Department of Trade and Pinochet first declared the 'state of Industry, the documents show, official permission over six months to Britain on a government- siege', which allows him unlimited issued an export licence last year for a ago to tender for the Chilean nuclear sponsored 'trade promotion visit' in.
    [Show full text]
  • OPERATION CORPORATE Taken from the PWO's Diary at the Time On
    OPERATION CORPORATE Taken from the PWO’s Diary at the time on HMS GLAMORGAN (transcribed by Danny Wort ex RS) 1982 2 April Argentine troops invade Falkland Islands. Garrison of about 80 marines put up a good fight killing and wounding Argies in a fierce gun battle. Marines run out of ammo and told to put down arms by Commander. 1500 Argentine troops against 80 but what a fight. RAS(L) with BLUE ROVER – 158 tons 4 April South Georgia invaded marines from ENDURANCE put ashore, put up a good fight, fired anti-tank rockets at CORVETTE, seriously damaged it and brought down helicopter. We are on our way to the Ascension Islands. Big Task Force underway. RAS(L) TIDESPRING – 200 tons 5 April Britain mustering task force, Hermes and Invincible made ready, Cmdo Brigade and 1st parachute battalion embarked and with others. “Tally Ho! Here we come Argies” 6 April Fearless sails from U.K. We are moving South. RAS(L) TIDESPRING – 228 tons 10 April Arrive Ascension Islands much activity with Hercules bringing stores out from U.K. RAS(L) APPLELEAF – 200 tons 12 April Vertrep stores all day, food, ammo and Beer 13 April More work bringing on stores RAS(L) APPLELEAF – 212 tons 14 April Depart Ascension to R/V with Hermes. The Harriers look very impressive, hope they are good combat aircraft, though they are usually ground attack. 15 April Admiral Woodward to Hermes, flag in Command. Steam back to Ascension. 16 April Prep for war, much activity, stores accounting, black out ship 17 April Heading South with SHEFFIELD, ALACRITY, ARROW, BRILLIANT, GLASGOW and COVENTRY.
    [Show full text]
  • Death and Dishonor, by Mark Boal EDITOR’S NOTE
    Death and Dishonor, by Mark Boal www.playboy.com, EDITOR’S NOTE In the May 2004 issue, Playboy published Death and Dishonor by Mark Boal, an article that followed a retired Army Staff Sergeant as he searched for his missing son, an active soldier and veteran of tours in Bosnia and Iraq. Specialist Richard Davis was listed as AWOL by the military, a classification former Sergeant Lanny Davis found ludicrous. As Boal resolves some of the questions surrounding Davis’s disappearance, it becomes clear that this story is more than a simple mystery. The nature of the events uncovered here touches upon some of the most troubling and complex issues to arise from the invasion in Iraq including the consequences of overwhelming firepower in urban areas, the endless tours of duty and the unrelenting stress of day-to-day combat. Death and Dishonor was the first of a triptych of non-fiction features by Boal to run in Playboy. For the second, The Man in the Bomb Suit (September 2005), he traveled to the combat zone to profile the IED specialist who at the time had defused the most roadside bombs in Iraq. The Real Cost of War, published in March 2007, is also informed by the events in Death and Dishonor and covers the burgeoning crisis of how the government handles Iraqi veterans suffering from Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder. Now comes a powerful new movie, In the Valley of Elah, directed by Paul Haggis and starring Tommy Lee Jones and Charlize Theron, which is inspired by Death and Dishonor (Boal shares the writing credits with Haggis).
    [Show full text]
  • MARITIME NEWS – 24 JUNE 2015 Russian Navy to Start Building New Lider-Class Destroyer in 2019
    MARITIME NEWS – 24 JUNE 2015 Russian Navy to Start Building New Lider-Class Destroyer in 2019 The Russian Navy unveiled Lider's designs at the Army-2015 international military technical forum earlier this week. According to the description, the vessel will have a displacement of approximately 17,500 tons, with a length of 200 meters and a breadth of 20 meters. The destroyer may be armed with up to 60 anti-ship cruise missiles, 128 anti- aircraft guided missiles, and 16 anti-ship guided missiles. The vessel may reach a speed of 30 knots and operate to up to 90 days without support "We plan to start construction of a Lider destroyer in 2019. We are currently carrying out design work," Chirkov said. He added that the capabilities of the new destroyers would be comparable with the capabilities of a cruiser. Russia is currently undergoing a $325-billion rearmament program for a 70-percent increase in its military's modern weaponry by 2020. Source: sputniknews Additional facts are- The Severnoye (Northern) Design Bureau has been given the engineering design preparation assignment; it plans to launch the work in 2015. The Navy of Russia intends to order 12 advanced Leader destroyers. A half of them will be designed for the Northern Fleet, and another half – for the Pacific Fleet, officials with the Defense Ministry of Russia said. The lead ship of the new class will join the Russian Navy not earlier than in 2023-2025. The Leader will be presented in two versions – with a nuclear powerplant and gas turbine power generating units.
    [Show full text]
  • Kuwaiti National Security and the US-Kuwaiti Strategic Relationship
    KUWAITI NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE U.S.-KUWAITI STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIP AFTER SADDAM W. Andrew Terrill September 2007 Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, United States Code, Section 101. As such, it is in the public domain, and under the provisions of Title 17, United States Code, Section 105, it may not be copyrighted. ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** This work has benefited greatly from the comments and suggestions that friends and colleagues provided on earlier drafts. Space and privacy limitations prevent me from acknowledging everyone, but some individuals deserve my special gratitude. I would particularly like to thank Professor Mary Ann Tetreault of Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas, for detailed and exceptionally helpful comments based on her deep understanding of Kuwaiti issues. Sarah E. Womer provided a number of useful and insightful comments that allowed me to benefit from her strong understanding of the region and previous time in Kuwait. Lieutenant Colonel Robert Friedenberg of the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait was an indispensable source of support and assistance on my 2006 and 2007 visits. He has been an especially helpful and informed source of insight, contacts, and information based on his long and valuable service to the United States in Kuwait and elsewhere in the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • Banshee Jet 80 Specifications
    The current version is fitted with twin 40kg thrust gas turbine engines giving a total of 80kg of static thrust. This offers an increase in the maximum straight and level airspeed of up to 180metres/second. The use of an auxiliary fuel tank ensures that endurance is similar to that Banshee of the single engine version with a typical mixed throttle mission time in excess of 45 minutes. When fitted with the patented Hot Nose the target provides a forward and side-looking IR source with output in Bands I, II and III, whilst the Jet 80 jet engines provide a realistic rearward looking IR signature. Aerial Targets All other well proven augmentation devices traditionally available to Banshee can be fitted to this latest twin jet engine derivative. Developed from the successful Banshee The Banshee range of Aerial Targets are typically used by customers to represent threats posed by UAV’s, enemy aircraft and general aerial target, this twin-jet engine powered version threat weapons. Variants of Banshee have been used by customers to test the effectiveness and operational readiness of weapon systems was developed using knowledge and experi- including: ence gained whilst operating the single jet - Air-to-Air Missiles: Meteor, AMRAAM, Aim-7 Sparrow, Aim-9 engine variant which entered service in 2010. Sidewinder, IRIS-T, MICA, Aspide, and R550 Magic Missile - Ground/MANPAD/Surface-to-Air Missiles: Stinger, AKASH, Sea Wolf, Mistral, Sadral, Rapier/Jernas, HVM, Simbad, Crotale, Blowpipe, Javelin, Starburst, Starstreak, Sea Sparrow, ESSM, SPYDER, NASAMS,
    [Show full text]
  • Radiological Conditions in Areas of Kuwait with Residues of Depleted Uranium
    RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS SERIES Radiological Conditions in Areas of Kuwait with Residues of Depleted Uranium Report by an international group of experts IAEA SAFETY RELATED PUBLICATIONS IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to establish standards of safety for protection against ionizing radiation and to provide for the application of these standards to peaceful nuclear activities. The regulatory related publications by means of which the IAEA establishes safety standards and measures are issued in the IAEA Safety Standards Series. This series covers nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport safety and waste safety, and also general safety (that is, of relevance in two or more of the four areas), and the categories within it are Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. Safety Fundamentals (blue lettering) present basic objectives, concepts and principles of safety and protection in the development and application of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. Safety Requirements (red lettering) establish the requirements that must be met to ensure safety. These requirements, which are expressed as ‘shall’ statements, are governed by the objectives and principles presented in the Safety Fundamentals. Safety Guides (green lettering) recommend actions, conditions or procedures for meeting safety requirements. Recommendations in Safety Guides are expressed as ‘should’ state- ments, with the implication that it is necessary to take the measures recommended or equivalent alternative measures to comply with the requirements. The IAEA’s safety standards are not legally binding on Member States but may be adopted by them, at their own discretion, for use in national regulations in respect of their own activities.
    [Show full text]