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1 Glosario De Términos Entomológicos Con 1 GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS ENTOMOLÓGICOS CON ESPECIAL REFERENCIA A INSECTOS SOCIALES. Pedro José Salinas Universidad de Los Andes Mérida. Venezuela. [email protected] PREFACIO El presente glosario es un intento de reunir los términos que durante varios años hemos conseguido en libros, revistas, folletos y otras publicaciones y aún de comunicaciones personales. Este glosario está enfocado principalmente en los insectos sociales (Hymenoptera e Isoptera) y con mayor énfasis en las hormigas (Formicidae). Sin embargo, cuando un término abarca a otros grupos de insectos o tiene una o más definiciones diferentes, se han presentado las que se consideraron más convenientes. Como indica el nombre, aquí se incluyen no solo palabras aisladas sino también frases compuesas de dos o más palabras que aparecen en textos referidos a insectos, especialmente insectos sociales. Los términos en el presente glosario han sido tomados y modificados de muchos y diferentes autores entre los cuales destacan por considerarse los clásicos, pero que, obviamente, no son los únicos, Bolton, Holldobler y Wilson 2000, Imms, Torre-Bueno, Tuxen, Wheeler, www.hymatol.org. Obviamente, este glosario es incompleto, por lo tanto es un estímulo para que otros autores hagan contribuciones en el futuro tanto con aportes de nuevos términos como con correcciones a posibles errores u omisiones que podrían estar en los presentes términos. Agradecimientos. A todas aquellas personas que de alguna manera contribuyeron a la realización de este Glosario. Nota: Las referencias en eltexto están reducidas a solo los apellidos de los autores (excepto Torre-Bueno que es T-B), pero las referencias completas se pueden ver al final en la parte de Referencias (pág. 142) Abcisa (pl., abcisas) (Abcissa (pl., abcissae). Un segmento de una vena de ala que está delimitada por la intersección de otras venas. 2 Abdomen (adj., abdominal) (Abdomen (adj., abdominal). Tercer tagma o segmento del cuerpo de los insectos. La tercera y más posterior división del cuerpo (Holldobler, Wilson 1990. La división principal posterior del cuerpo, posterior a los segmentos que tienen las patas, está compuesto de diez o menos segmentos aparentes. En la mayoría de los Symphyta, el segmento abdominal 1 es fácilmente reconocido por su raja mediana (ver metasoma, propodeum). En el caso de las hormigas incluye el propodeo, el pecíolo y el gáster. En las hormigas obreras, tiene siete segmentos visibles y cada uno tiene un espiráculo que puede ser visible o escondido. El primer segmento del abdomen es el propodeo, representado solo por su terguito, ya que el esternito se ha perdido, el cual está fusionado inmoviblemente al tórax. El segmento formado por el tórax más el propodeo se denomina alitronco o mesosoma. El segundo segmento del abdomen es el pecíolo, el cual es siempre especializado. Generalmente es reducido en tamaño y siempre separado del propodeo por una articulación angosta y compleja, y separado del siguiente segmento del abdomen por, al menos, una constricción. En la mayoría de las hormigas, el pecíolo está aislado anterior y posteriormente. Desde el segmento abdominal 2 hasta el ápice se denominan en conjunto, metasoma. En el caso de las hormigas, el segmento 3 del abdomen se denomina primer segmento gastral, cuando es de tamaño completo y articulado a lo ancho del siguiente segmento. Cuando es aislado y reducido en tamaño, se denomina postpecíolo. El segmento 3 del abdomen se articula con el segmento precedente por medio del helcio (“helcium”). El pecíolo solo o cuando hay porstpecíolo, ambos se les llama cintura. El segmento 4 del abdomen es el primer segmento gastral cuando hay pecíolo y postpecíolo, pero si solo hay pecíolo, es el segundo segmento gastral. Los segmentos 3 ó 4 hasta el 7 se les denomina gastro (“gáster”) y es la parte Terminal del cuerpo. Cada segmento del abdomen después del primero, consiste de un terguito (dorsal) y un esternito (ventral) que pueden ser todos similares o modificados. En las obreras, el último terguito visible es el pigidio (“pygidium”) y el último esternito visible es el hipopigio (“hypopygium”) (Wilson). Abeja “mielera” (Honey bee). Un miembro del género Apis (Hymenoptera: apidae) o más particularmente un miembro de la especie doméstica Apis mellifera, que se aplica, generalmente, a la casta obrera (Wilson). Abeja sin aguijón (Stingless bee). Abeja que pertenece a la subfamilia Meliponinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (Wilson). Abejas (Bees). Hymenoptera pertenecientes a la superfamilia Apoidea. Abejas de lengua corta (Short-tongued bees). Grupo de abejas dentro de los Apoidea (Hymenoptera), incluyendo los Melittidae, Colletidae y Halictidae, que posee adultos con una glosa que es más corta que el prementum; ver abejas de lengua larga. Abejas de lengua larga (Long-tongue bees). Abejas (Hymenoptera (apoidea), incluyendo las Megachilidae, Apidae y Anthophoridae, en las cuales la glossa de los adultos es alargada y puntiaguda, generalmente más larga que el “prementum”; ver abejas de lengua corta. Abejas sociales (Social bees). Abejas eusociales que pertenecen a la familia Apidae (Hymenoptera); ver abejas solitarias. 3 Abejas solitarias (Solitary bees). Abejas (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), por ejm., abejas minadoras (Andrenidae y Halictidae), abejas carpinteras (Xylocopidae) y abejas “cuckoo” ¿cuco? (Alomadidae), en las cuales cada una hace su propio nido sin la cooperación de otras y no hay reina ni castas obreras separadas; ver avispas sociales. Abdomen (Abdomen). La tercera y posterior mayor división del cuerpo. Aciculado (Aciculate). Finamente estriado, como si fuese rasguñado por una aguja. Ácido alantoico (Allantoic acid). Producto del desecho del metabolismo del nitrógeno que ocurre en las excretas de larvas y adultos de Lepidoptera y larvas de Hymenoptera, el cual es un producto de la alantoina sobre la que actúa la alantoinasa. Ácido fórmico (Formic acid). Ácido alifático simple, HCO2H, usado en defensa, producido en la glándula de veneno de hormigas de la subfamilia Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (T-B). Acidoporo (Acidopore). En adultos de Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), orificio circular salida de la glándula de veneno formado por el margen del esternito gastral terminal (Holldobler y Wilson 1990); poro del ápice del hipopigio modificado, generalmente con un borde de setas cortas, a través del cual se disparan secreciones venenosas (Bolton, Gauld, Holldobler, Wilson), ver “nozzle”. Acrestogonomas (Achrestogonomes). En unas pocas especies de Isoptera, alados que permanecen en el nido después del “swarming” (¿enjambramiento?), perdiendo sus alas y se atrofian sus gónadas, y no juegan ningún papel en el mantenimiento del nidoassé). Aculeata (Aculeata). Un grupo de Hymenoptera, incluyendo las superfamilias Chrysidoidea, Tiphioidea, Formicoidea, Scolioidea, Vespoidea, Sphecoidea, Apoidea, en las cuales el ovipositor se modifica en un aguijón (T-B,Wilson); ver Apocrita. Aculeado (Aculeate). Punteagudo (T-B); armado con puntas cortas y agudas (T-B); con espinas (T-B); con acúleas; armado con un aguijón como en los Hymenoptera (T-B); perteneciente a los Aculeata (Wilson). Acúleo, pl. acúleos (Aculeus (pl. aculei). Una espina; una espina corta y aguda (T-B); en Odonata, aplicado a las gonapófisis anterior y mediana combinadas (Tuxen, según Tylliard); en Lepidoptera adultos, microtrichium, q. v. (T-B); en Tipulidae (Diptera), una espina aguda saliendo de debajo del margen octavo esternito (t-B, Tulloch); en Hymenoptera, ovipositor en forma de aguijón (Tuxen). Acuminado (Acuminate). Que termina en una punta fina (Holldobler, Wilson). Acus (Acus). En Hymenoptera aculeados, la segunda gonapófisis, q. v. (Tuxen). Acutilingual (Acutilingual). Con la lengua o estructura bucal puntiaguda, como en algunas abejas (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) (T-B). Acutilingües (Acutilingues). Abejas (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), con lengua puntiaguda (T- B): ver obtisilingües. 4 Adecticous. Con mandíbulas no artículadas, a menudo reducidas que in la mayoría de las especies no se usan para salir del pupario. Adultoide reproductivo (Reproductive adultoid). En las termitas superiores (Isoptera), un reemplazo reproductivo que se convierte en un imago completamente desarrollado, que no se dispersa y en vez, se convierte en un reproductivo funcional (morfológicamente indistinguible del rey o reina fundadores) dentro del nido natal, pero rara vez se desarrolla en colonias con un reproductivo primario vigoroso del mismo sexo; ver reproductivo suplementario. Aedeagus, edeago (Aedeagus). En Diptera, órgano introductorio como un todo (Tuxen), órgano introductorio en cuanto fusionado con las válvulas del pene (Tuxen); o distifalo, q. v. (Tuxen); en Chironomidae (Diptera), órgano introductorio resultante de una combinación de gonapófisis IX y falos rodeantes; en Culicidae (Diptera), cuerpo central del falosoma o parte distal del falo; en Siphonaptera, la parte externa del falosoma incluyendo la cámara final que tiene un apodemo basal grande; en Hymenoptera, órgano introductorio bilobulado (Bolton, Gauld); pene y válvulas del pene (Tuxen); o la genitalia entera (Tuxen). Afidóculo (Aphidocolous). Que frecuenta colonias de áfidos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae), se aplica a hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (T-B). Agalla arveja (Pea gall). Agalla esférica verde del tamaño de una arveja, pero con un número de pequeñas proyecciones con forma de gancho, que se presentan en las hojas d las rosas y son causadas por avispas de agallas, Diplolepis nervosa y especies relacionadas (Hymenoptera: Cynipidaae); ver agalla arveja
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