DOCSLIB.ORG

D0531 Weather

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
D0531 Weather INSTRUMENTS GMI CALIPSO Collecting advanced precipitation The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared measurements from space, the Global Pathfinder Satellite Observation Precipitation Measurement (GPM CALIPSO is dedicated to studying the Microwave Imager (GPIM is furthering impact that clouds and aerosols have on our understanding of Earth’s water and the Earth’s climate. CALIPSO’s active lidar energy cycles and improving our ability instrument scans the atmosphere with For more than 40 years, Ball Aerospace has designed and built innovative to forecast extreme weather events. green and infrared laser light and detects remote sensing instruments, spacecraft and systems that support GMI is one of two instruments aboard backscatter from clouds and aerosols. actionable environmental intelligence. From enabling more accurate the GPM observatory, a joint mission Originally designed for a life of three weather forecasts to delivering insightful observations of our planet, we between NASA and the Japan Aerospace years, scientists continue using data from provide decision makers the information they need to protect what matters Exploration Agency (JAXA. CALIPSO to construct 3D models of the most: you, your family and our nation. Ball designed, built and tested GMI and atmosphere that improve our ability to provided pre- and post-launch support predict future climate change. Credits (Top Image): NOAA; Bottom Image): USGS/NASA Landsat for the instrument. Designed for state- Ball built CALIPSO’s lidar and wide-field of-the-art accuracy, GMI has become camera instruments, the communications the calibration standard for on-orbit equipment and integrated the payload. microwave radiometers. CALIPSO was launched in 2006 as part of the ATrain. Since then, CALIPSO has traveled more than 1.6 billion miles and Images (Top to Bottom): GPIM; GPIM data; CALIPSO produced more than 90 terabytes of data. ADVANCING EARTH SCIENCE Ball is dedicated to advancing the future of Earth Science to solve important problems for the nation. We are currently developing and maturing various technologies that fill important data gaps and help to lower program costs. These technologies include: Small Spacecraft Miniaturized Science Instruments Our flight-proven BCPSmall spacecraft offers a rapid Our close collaboration with the science community response for meeting mission and budget requirements. enables us to design systems that optimize science return We’ve built three spacecraft on this platform for a within platform and cost constraints. For example, we combined 14 years of on-orbit operations. built the Compact Infrared Radiometer in Space (CIRiS instrument for integration on a cubesat platform as part of Airborne Initiative NASA’s In-Space Validation of Earth Science Technologies Through our airborne initiative, we design, build and InVEST program. CIRiS aims to demonstrate and validate demonstrate new and innovative remote sensing the ability of miniaturized science instruments to effectively technologies from airborne platforms, providing the science deliver highly-calibrated, scientifically-significant data while community with new measurement capabilities for a variety also reducing overall costs. of applications, from vector winds and methane to soil moisture and sea surface temperature. Ball Aerospace 3039394000 Fax: 3039396104 [email protected] • www.ball.com/aerospace Copyright 08/2021, Ball Aerospace D0531 SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTS Images (Left to Right): JPSS1; Hurricane Maria captured by Suomi-NPP; Suomi-NPP; CloudSat Images (Left to Right): TEMPO; OLI1; Antarctica captured by OLI1 Credit: USGS/NASA Landsat); OMPS2 Our line of flight-proven spacecraft - the Ball Configurable Platform (BCP are designed for flexible, cost-effective From air quality and precipitation to ozone and clouds, our reliable and affordable instruments are helping scientists track remote sensing applications. Built on a readily configurable design with standard payload interfaces, the BCP is ideally Earth’s weather and climate trends like never before. Spanning the electromagnetic spectrum, our instruments fly on both suited for a wide range of missions, from technology demonstrations to full operational programs. The combined BCP airborne and space-based platforms and support a wide-range of Earth-sensing missions. series has flown for more than an equivalent of 85 years. JPSS1 SUOMINPP CLOUDSAT TEMPO & GEMS LANDSAT OMPS The Joint Polar Satellite System-1 The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Collecting the first global NASA’s Tropospheric Emission: The Landsat program, a series of OMPS measures the global distribution JPSS1, NOAA’s next-generation Partnership (Suomi-NPP mission has measurements of cloud properties, Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO satellites jointly managed by NASA and and vertical structure of Earth’s ozone polar orbiting weather satellite, collects served as the primary polar-orbiting the CloudSat mission has provided mission will revolutionize our the U.S. Geological Survey, provides layer, continuing the nation’s more than critical data for weather forecasting. spacecraft for NOAA’s operational scientists with never-before-seen understanding of air quality, providing the longest continuous space-based 40-year record of total-ozone and Data collected from JPSS1 (known weather forecasting mission since 3D perspectives of Earth’s clouds, space-based hourly measurements record of Earth’s surface unmatched in ozone-profile observations. OMPS is as NOAA20 increases the timeliness 2014, collecting critical data on Earth’s which are critical for understanding of major air pollutants across North quality, detail and coverage. currently flying aboard the JPSS1 and and accuracy of forecasts three to atmosphere, oceans and land surface. their effect on both weather and America for the first time. Ball built Ball is helping to continue this Suomi-NPP satellites. seven days in advance of severe Ball designed and built the Suomi-NPP climate. Launched in 2006 as part of TEMPO’s spectrometer and telescope record with the Operational Land Ball designed, built and tested weather events, enabling emergency spacecraft and OMPS instrument, NASA’s spacecraft constellation called using a two-axis scan mirror. TEMPO Imager (OLI, a multispectral imaging both OMPS instruments, as well as managers to make timely decisions to integrated all five of its instruments, the ATrain, CloudSat has gone well is the first Ball instrument to be instrument that enables better spatial supported instrument integration on protect lives and property. performed satellite-level testing and beyond its 2-year design life. hosted on a geostationary resolution and greater sensitivity to both satellites. As a result of Ball’s Ball designed and built the JPSS1 provided launch support. We are Ball built the CloudSat spacecraft, communications satellite. brightness and color than any previous success on OMPS, we received a sole- spacecraft and Ozone Mapping and currently under contract for continued as well as tested and integrated the In tandem with TEMPO, Ball built Landsat mission. We built the OLI1 source contract from NASA to build Profiler Suite instrument (OMPS, spacecraft operations. Cloud Profiling Radar payload built by the Geostationary Environmental for Landsat 8 and delivered OLI2 for OMPS instruments for all three of the integrated all five of the satellite’s the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS, Landsat 9. Additionally, we contributed next JPSS follow-on missions. instruments, performed satellite level and other hardware contributions from a joint development effort by Ball the cryocooler for the Thermal Infrared Ball has more than 40 years of testing and provided launch support. the Canadian Space Agency. and the Korea Aerospace Research Sensor-1 TIRS1 for Landsat 8 and experience developing ozone Institute (KARI, South Korea. delivered the TIRS2 cryocooler for monitoring instruments for NOAA and Launched in February 2020, GEMS Landsat 9. Ball is also designing and NASA. Ball built three Stratospheric is the Asian element of a global air prototyping next-generation land Aerosol and Gas Experiment III SAGE quality monitoring capability that imaging instruments for NASA to instruments. Measuring the vertical includes TEMPO. GEMS is the first help ensure a seamless extension of structure of gases in the atmosphere, UV-visible air quality spectrometer in Landsat’s 45-year uninterrupted data the SAGE instruments are critical to geostationary orbit. record well into the future. the study of ozone. In addition, Ball built nine Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Radiometers, which helped to discover the ozone hole above Antarctica in 1987..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Earth Observer. July
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration The Earth Observer. July - August 2012. Volume 24, Issue 4. Editor’s Corner Steve Platnick obser ervth EOS Senior Project Scientist The joint NASA–U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat program celebrated a major milestone on July 23 with the 40th anniversary of the launch of the Landsat-1 mission—then known as the Earth Resources and Technology Satellite (ERTS). Landsat-1 was the first in a series of seven Landsat satellites launched to date. At least one Landsat satellite has been in operation at all times over the past four decades providing an uninter- rupted record of images of Earth’s land surface. This has allowed researchers to observe patterns of land use from space and also document how the land surface is changing with time. Numerous operational applications of Landsat data have also been developed, leading to improved management of resources and informed land use policy decisions. (The image montage at the bottom of this page shows six examples of how Landsat data has been used over the last four decades.) To commemorate the anniversary, NASA and the USGS helped organize and participated in several events on July 23. A press briefing was held over the lunch hour at the Newseum in Washington, DC, where presenta- tions included the results of a My American Landscape contest. Earlier this year NASA and the USGS sent out a press release asking Americans to describe landscape change that had impacted their lives and local areas. Of the many responses received, six were chosen for discussion at the press briefing with the changes depicted in time series or pairs of Landsat images.
    [Show full text]
  • Landsat Data: Community Standard for Data Calibration
    LANDSAT DATA: COMMUNITY STANDARD FOR DATA CALIBRATION A Report of the National Geospatial Advisory Committee Landsat Advisory Group October 2020 Landsat Data: Community Standard for Data Calibration October 2020 LANDSAT DATA: COMMUNITY STANDARD FOR DATA CALIBRATION Executive Summary Landsat has become a widely recognized “gold” reference for Earth observation satellites. Landsat’s extensive historical record of highly calibrated data is a public good and exploited by other satellite operators to improve their data and products, and is becoming an open standard. However, the significance, value, and use case description of highly calibrated satellite data are typically not presented in a way that is understandable to general audiences. This paper aims to better communicate the fundamental importance of Landsat in making Earth observation data more accessible and interoperable for global users. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in early 2020, requested the Landsat Advisory Group (LAG), subcommittee of the National Geospatial Advisory Committee (NGAC) to prepare this paper for a general audience, clearly capturing the essence of Landsat’s “gold” standard standing. Terminology, descriptions, and specific examples are presented at a layperson’s level. Concepts emphasize radiometric, geometric, spectral, and cross-sensor calibration, without complex algorithms. Referenced applications highlight change detection, time-series analysis, crop type mapping and data fusion/harmonization/integration. Introduction The National Land Imaging Program leadership from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) requested that the Landsat Advisory Group (LAG), a subcommittee of the National Geospatial Advisory Committee (NGAC), prepare a paper that accurately and coherently describes how Landsat data have become widely recognized as a radiometric and geometric calibration standard or “good-as-gold” reference for other multi-spectral satellite data.
    [Show full text]
  • The EO-1 Mission and the Advanced Land Imager the EO-1 Mission and the Advanced Land Imager Constantine J
    • DIGENIS The EO-1 Mission and the Advanced Land Imager The EO-1 Mission and the Advanced Land Imager Constantine J. Digenis n The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) was developed at Lincoln Laboratory under the sponsorship of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The purpose of ALI was to validate in space new technologies that could be utilized in future Landsat satellites, resulting in significant economies of mass, size, power consumption, and cost, and in improved instrument sensitivity and image resolution. The sensor performance on orbit was verified through the collection of high-quality imagery of the earth as seen from space. ALI was launched onboard the Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) satellite in November 2000 and inserted into a 705 km circular, sun-synchronous orbit, flying in formation with Landsat 7. Since then, ALI has met all its performance objectives and continues to provide good science data long after completing its original mission duration of one year. This article serves as a brief introduction to ALI and to six companion articles on ALI in this issue of the Journal. nder the landsat program, a series of sat- in the cross-track direction, covering a ground swath ellites have provided an archive of multispec- width of 185 km. The typical image is also 185 km Utral images of the earth. The first Landsat long along the flight path. satellite was launched in 1972 in a move to explore The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) was developed at the earth from space as the manned exploration of the Lincoln Laboratory under the sponsorship of the Na- moon was ending.
    [Show full text]
  • Civilian Satellite Remote Sensing: a Strategic Approach
    Civilian Satellite Remote Sensing: A Strategic Approach September 1994 OTA-ISS-607 NTIS order #PB95-109633 GPO stock #052-003-01395-9 Recommended citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Civilian Satellite Remote Sensing: A Strategic Approach, OTA-ISS-607 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1994). For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP. Washington, DC 20402-9328 ISBN 0-16 -045310-0 Foreword ver the next two decades, Earth observations from space prom- ise to become increasingly important for predicting the weather, studying global change, and managing global resources. How the U.S. government responds to the political, economic, and technical0 challenges posed by the growing interest in satellite remote sensing could have a major impact on the use and management of global resources. The United States and other countries now collect Earth data by means of several civilian remote sensing systems. These data assist fed- eral and state agencies in carrying out their legislatively mandated pro- grams and offer numerous additional benefits to commerce, science, and the public welfare. Existing U.S. and foreign satellite remote sensing programs often have overlapping requirements and redundant instru- ments and spacecraft. This report, the final one of the Office of Technolo- gy Assessment analysis of Earth Observations Systems, analyzes the case for developing a long-term, comprehensive strategic plan for civil- ian satellite remote sensing, and explores the elements of such a plan, if it were adopted. The report also enumerates many of the congressional de- cisions needed to ensure that future data needs will be satisfied.
    [Show full text]
  • Users, Uses, and Value of Landsat Satellite Imagery— Results from the 2012 Survey of Users
    Users, Uses, and Value of Landsat Satellite Imagery— Results from the 2012 Survey of Users By Holly M. Miller, Leslie Richardson, Stephen R. Koontz, John Loomis, and Lynne Koontz Open-File Report 2013–1269 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey i U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2013 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Miller, H.M., Richardson, Leslie, Koontz, S.R., Loomis, John, and Koontz, Lynne, 2013, Users, uses, and value of Landsat satellite imagery—Results from the 2012 survey of users: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1269, 51 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131269. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Contents Contents ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Acronyms and Initialisms ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Earth Observer.The Earth May -June 2017
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration The Earth Observer. May - June 2017. Volume 29, Issue 3. Editor’s Corner Steve Platnick EOS Senior Project Scientist At present, there are nearly 22 petabytes (PB) of archived Earth Science data in NASA’s Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) holdings, representing more than 10,000 unique products. The volume of data is expected to grow significantly—perhaps exponentially—over the next several years, and may reach nearly 247 PB by 2025. The primary services provided by NASA’s EOSDIS are data archive, man- agement, and distribution; information management; product generation; and user support services. NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project manages these activities.1 An invaluable tool for this stewardship has been the addition of Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to EOSDIS data products. DOIs serve as unique identifiers of objects (products in the specific case of EOSDIS). As such, a DOI enables a data user to rapidly locate a specific EOSDIS product, as well as provide an unambiguous citation for the prod- uct. Once registered, the DOI remains unchanged and the product can still be located using the DOI even if the product’s online location changes. Because DOIs have become so prevalent in the realm of NASA’s Earth 1 To learn more about EOSDIS and ESDIS, see “Earth Science Data Operations: Acquiring, Distributing, and Delivering NASA Data for the Benefit of Society” in the March–April 2017 issue of The Earth Observer [Volume 29, Issue 2, pp. 4-18]. continued on page 2 Landsat 8 Scenes Top One Million How many pictures have you taken with your smartphone? Too many to count? However many it is, Landsat 8 probably has you beat.
    [Show full text]
  • 8 7 Outcomes Towards
    GEO Forest Carbon Tracking Task Draft section to the CEOS High Profile Publicationi 1. Forests, CO2 and biodiversity Deforestation, degradation and peat fires represent up to 20% of the global anthropogenic CO2 emissions according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Compared with other measures, reducing deforestation and forest degradation is a relatively straight-forward action to rapidly reduce global CO2 emissions, which in addition would bring positive side-effects in terms of environmental conservation and protecting biological diversity. This is the essence of the UNFCCC programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), which aims to engage developing countries, in particular in the tropical zone, to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, manage the role of conservation and sustainable management and enhance their forest carbon stocks. One of the main challenges to the inclusion of forest protection in the post-Kyoto framework has been the question about the capacity to consistently monitor the vast areas required and to establish reliable systems for national measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of forest carbon stocks and their changes. Both technology and political willingness have matured and the COP-15 Copenhagen Accord called for the “immediate establishment of a mechanism including REDD+”, to be in operation by 2013. Furthermore, COP-15 draft decision 1(d) requests developing country Parties to establish robust and transparent national forest monitoring systems using a combination of remote sensing and ground-based forest carbon inventory approaches. The GEO Forest Carbon Tracking Task was established to provide satellite-based observation support to countries on the path towards the establishment of sovereign national MRV systems, forming a global network of MRV systems that comply with IPCC guidelines and support REDD+.
    [Show full text]
  • 2008 Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM)
    NASA Report to Congress regarding Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) Data Continuity July 2008 NASA Report to Congress Regarding Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) Data Continuity Contents Page I. INTRODUCTION 3 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LANDSAT MEASUREMENTS 4 II A. STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE 4 II B. LANDSAT SENSORS AND DATA 5 II C. HISTORY OF LANDSAT SATELUTE OPERATlONS 8 lID. LAND REMOTE SENSING POLICY ACT OF 1992 AND DATA CONTINUITY 9 IlL LANDSAT DATA CONTINUITY 10 III A. ACQUISlTlONGEOMETRY 10 HI B. COVERAGE CHARACTERISTICS 11 III C. SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS 11 III D. THERMAL L 'FRARED 13 IV. LANDSAT DATA CONTINUITY MISSION 14 IV A. SCHEDULE URGE CY 15 IV B. LDCM ACQUISITION STRATEGY AND STATUS 15 V. CONCLUSION ,' 16 APPENDIX A. OPTIONS FOR A THERMAL CAPABILITY 18 I. BACKGROUND 18 LA. CURRENT LANDSAT THERMAL IMAGING DATA CHARACTERISTICS 18 LB. CURRENT AND PLANNED EARTH REMOTE SENSING THERMAL IMAGlNG SYSTEMS 19 II. POTENTIAL LANDSAT THERMAL INFRARED IMAGING CONTINUITY OPTIONS 19 Il.A. LDCM 19 11.B. FREE-FLYER DEDICATED TO THERMAL IMAGING (LOWER RISK) 20 H.C. FREE FLYER DEDrCATED TO THERMAL IMAGING (HIGHER RISK) 20 [1.0. Mrssro S OF OPPORTUNITY 21 [1.0.1. INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) 21 n.D.2. COMMERCIAL MISSION OF OPPORTUNITY 22 II.D.3. NSS FLIGHT OR MISSION OF OpPORTUNITy 23 [l.DA. r TERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIP 23 III. ASSESSMENT AND SUMMARY 24 II. La G TERM EARTH SCIENCE DECADAL SURVEY HyspIRI MISSION 27 2 I. Introduction The following direction for NASA is included in the Explanatory Statement accompanying the FY 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Act (P.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Moderate Resolution Remote Sensing Alternatives: a Review of Landsat-Like Sensors and Their Applications
    Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, Vol. 1, 012506 (9 November 2007) Moderate resolution remote sensing alternatives: a review of Landsat-like sensors and their applications Scott L. Powella*, Dirk Pflugmacherb, Alan A. Kirschbaumb, Yunsuk Kimb, and Warren B. Cohena a USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA b Oregon State University, Department of Forest Science, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA * Corresponding Author USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA [email protected] Abstract. Earth observation with Landsat and other moderate resolution sensors is a vital component of a wide variety of applications across disciplines. Despite the widespread success of the Landsat program, recent problems with Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 create uncertainty about the future of moderate resolution remote sensing. Several other Landsat- like sensors have demonstrated applicability in key fields of earth observation research and could potentially complement or replace Landsat. The objective of this paper is to review the range of applications of 5 satellite suites and their Landsat-like sensors: SPOT, IRS, CBERS, ASTER, and ALI. We give a brief overview of each sensor, and review the documented applications in several earth observation domains, including land cover classification, forests and woodlands, agriculture and rangelands, and urban. We conclude with suggestions for further research into the fields of cross-sensor comparison and multi-sensor fusion. This paper is significant because it provides the remote sensing community a concise synthesis of Landsat-like sensors and research demonstrating their capabilities. It is also timely because it provides a framework for evaluating the range of Landsat alternatives, and strategies for minimizing the impact of a possible Landsat data gap.
    [Show full text]
  • Landsat—Earth Observation Satellites
    Landsat—Earth Observation Satellites Since 1972, Landsat satellites have continuously acquired space- In the mid-1960s, stimulated by U.S. successes in planetary based images of the Earth’s land surface, providing data that exploration using unmanned remote sensing satellites, the serve as valuable resources for land use/land change research. Department of the Interior, NASA, and the Department of The data are useful to a number of applications including Agriculture embarked on an ambitious effort to develop and forestry, agriculture, geology, regional planning, and education. launch the first civilian Earth observation satellite. Their goal was achieved on July 23, 1972, with the launch of the Earth Resources Landsat is a joint effort of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Technology Satellite (ERTS-1), which was later renamed and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Landsat 1. The launches of Landsat 2, Landsat 3, and Landsat 4 NASA develops remote sensing instruments and the spacecraft, followed in 1975, 1978, and 1982, respectively. When Landsat 5 then launches and validates the performance of the instruments launched in 1984, no one could have predicted that the satellite and satellites. The USGS then assumes ownership and operation would continue to deliver high quality, global data of Earth’s land of the satellites, in addition to managing all ground reception, surfaces for 28 years and 10 months, officially setting a new data archiving, product generation, and data distribution. The Guinness World Record for “longest-operating Earth observation result of this program is an unprecedented continuing record of satellite.” Landsat 6 failed to achieve orbit in 1993; however, natural and human-induced changes on the global landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the Landsat Program
    Landsat Data A Brief History of the The Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of the thematic mapper (TM) sensors; Landsat Program 1992 (Public Law 102-5555) officially however, routine collection of MSS data authorized the National Satellite Land was terminated in late 1992. They orbit In the mid-1960’s, the National Remote Sensing Data Archive and at an altitude of 705 km and provide a Aeronautics and Space Administration assigned responsibility to the Department 16-day, 233-orbit cycle with a swath (NASA) embarked on an initiative to of the Interior. In addition to its Landsat overlap that varies from 7 percent at the develop and launch the first Earth- data management responsibility, the EDC Equator to nearly 84 percent at 81 monitoring satellite to meet the needs of investigates new methods of degrees north or south latitude. These resource managers and earth scientists. characterizing and studying changes on satellites were also designed to collect The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) the land surface with Landsat data. data over a 185 km swath. The MSS entered into a partnership with NASA in sensors on board Landsats 4 and 5 are the early 1970’s to assume responsibility Characteristics of the identical to the ones that were carried on for archiving data and distributing data Landsat System Landsats 1, 2, and 3. The MSS and TM products. On July 23, 1972, NASA sensors primarily detect reflected launched the first in a series of satellites Landsats 1 through 3 operated in a near- radiation from the Earth in the visible designed to provide repetitive global polar orbit at an altitude of 920 km with and IR wavelengths, but the TM sensor coverage of the Earth’s land masses.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2019 Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation—Land Remote
    2019 Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation— Land Remote Sensing Satellite Compendium Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation NASA • NGA • NOAA • USDA • USGS Circular 1455 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Image of Landsat 8 satellite over North America. Source: AGI’s System Tool Kit. Facing page. In shallow waters surrounding the Tyuleniy Archipelago in the Caspian Sea, chunks of ice were the artists. The 3-meter-deep water makes the dark green vegetation on the sea bottom visible. The lines scratched in that vegetation were caused by ice chunks, pushed upward and downward by wind and currents, scouring the sea floor. 2019 Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation—Land Remote Sensing Satellite Compendium By Jon B. Christopherson, Shankar N. Ramaseri Chandra, and Joel Q. Quanbeck Circular 1455 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2019 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials JACIE as noted in the text.
    [Show full text]