THE lNTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BAN DON BAY AND PHANGNGA BAY, THAILAND vd T~~H~TEGRATEDMANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BAN DON BAY AND PHANGNGA BAY, THAILAND Office of the National Environment Board. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment Bangkok, Thailand Association of Southeast Asian NationsIUnited States Coastal Resources Management Project Technical Publications Series 8 JAN 3 1 1994 The Integrated Management Plan for Ban Don Bay and Phangnga Bay, Thailand OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL ENV~RONMENTBOARD MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, TECHNOU~AND ENVIRONMENT BANGKOK, THAILAND Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management on behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations/ United States Coastal Resources Management Project. Printed in Manila, Philippines. ONEB-MSTE (Office of the National Environment Board-Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment). 1992. The integrated management plan for Ban Don Bay and Phangnga Bay, Thailand. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 30,161 p. Cover design by Aque. ISSN 0115-5517 ISBN 971-8709-16-9 ICLARM Contribution No. 779 CONTENTS List of Tables ix List of Figures X List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xii Conversion Rates, 1972-1992 xiv Editorial Board XV Acknowledgments xvi xvii Executive Summary Chapter 1. Introduction Significance of the Coast Need for an Integrated Management Plan Context and Background of the Plan Subregional Development Study Sixth National Economic and Social Development Plan Upper South Development Program ASEAN/US Coastal Resources Management Project Planning Area Objectives of the Plan Chapter 2 Biophysical and Sodwconomic Setting Physical Setting Topography and geology Climate Soils Surface water resources Biological Setting Mangrove forests Wildlife habitats Marine fisheries Coral reefs Socioeconomic Setting Population Culture Standard of living Employment and productivity Infrastructure Energy Contents Chapter 3. Resource Utilization and Existing Management Land Use 39 Mangrove forests 39 Agriculture 40 Water Use 43 Marine fisheries 43 Aquaculture 48 Tourism Industry 49 Ban Don Bay 50 P"a"tm.P Bay 53 Other Economic Sectors 53 Animal husbandry 53 Industry 53 Trade and services 54 Mining 55 Upper South Regional Economic Performance 55 Relationship with the South Region and the national economy 55 Economic performance of the Upper South Environmental Laws and Administration Protected areas Chapter 4. Coastal Zone Management Issues Environmental Quality Water pollution Solid waste pollution Loss of wildlife habitats Loss of scenic value and public access Tourismrelated problems Resource Exploitation Mangrove forest conversion Upland forest conversion Improper agricultural practices Overfishing and destructive fishing Shoreline erosion Coral reef damage Illegal hunting Institutional and Organizational Issues Adoption of integrated management plan Insufficient or overlapping regulations Lack of government agency interaction Inadequate extension and low public awareness Ineffective law enforcement Socioeconomic inequities Chapter 5. Policy Guidelines for the Integrated Management Plan Policy Statements Aquaculture Beaches and dunes Contents Capture fisheries Coral reefs Land Mangroves Marine parks Coastal water quality Wildlife Approach of the Plan Chapter 6. Land Use Action Plan Policy Framework Policy Recornmenda tion Management Strategies and Actions Conflicts among mangrove forestry, aquaculture and agriculture Improper cropland use Land use zonation Projects for Implementation 1. Mangrove rehabilitation in Ban Don Bay 2. Pilot multiple-use management system in Ban Don Bay 3. Pilot site for soil conservation in the upland areas surrounding Phanpga Bay Plan Implementation Chapter 7. Water Quality Management Action Plan Policy Framework Policy Recommendations Management Strategies and Actions Water quality degradation Socioeconomic and cultural concerns Legal, institutional and administrative issues Education and public awareness Projects for Implementation 1. Institutional arrangements, Ban Don Bay 2. Coastal water quality monitoring, Ban Don Bay 3. Coastal water quality monitoring, Phangnga Bay 4. Tin mine pollution abatement, Phangnga Bay Plan Implements tion Chapter 8. Fisheries Action Plan -) Policy Framework Policy Recommendations Management Strategies and Actions Resource degradation Conflict between large- and small-scale fisheries Socioeconomic concerns Legal, institutional and administrative framework Education and vublic awareness Contents Projects for Implementation 1. A study of the optimum fishing effort in Ban Don Bay 2. Educational program on fisheries management and conservation for the fishing communities in Ban Don Bay 3. Educational program and public awareness on fisheries management for the fishing communities in Phangnga Bay 4. Controlling and reducing fishing effort in Phangnga Bay through community cooperation 5. Educational and training program on alternative occupations Plan Implementation Chapter 9. Tourism Action Plan (Islands and Coral Reefs) Policy Framework Environmental policy Socioeconomic policy Policy Recommendations Management Strategies and Actions Resource degradation Socioeconomic and cultural concerns Legal, institutional and administrative issues Education and public awareness Projects for Implementation 1. KO Phangan community-based resource management 2. KO Taen community marine reserve 3. KO Samui shoreline management, edtlaation and overall coordination Plan Implementstion Chapter 10. Implementation Arrangements Public Participation Project Funding Plan Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation Conclusion References Appendix LIST OF TABLES A summary of management problems and projects that address them. A summary of action plans and projects in the integrated management plan for Ban Don Bay and Phangnga Bay. Hydrological characteristics of selected rivers in the Upper South, 1984. Range of water quality parameters from K. Phum Duang, 1986. Areas (ha) of mangroves in Phangnga Bay and Ban Don Bay, 1987. Population forecasts (thousand) in the Upper South, by province, 1991-2000. Urban/rural population (thousand) in the Upper South, by province, 1980-2000. Major causes of mangrove conversion in Ban Don Bay, habitats most affected and substitute vegetation which becomes established. Major causes of mangrove conversion in Phangnga Bay, habitats most affected and substitute vegetation which becomes established. Areas (ha) of former mangrove forests now converted into other uses, Phangnga Bay and Ban Don Bay, 1987. Comparison of GPP in 1987 at constant 1972 prices (million baht) of Phuket, Surat Thani, Krabi and Phangnga with GRP of the Upper South. Major agricultural products from Phangnga and Surat Thani. Marine fisheries production (t) in Thailand, 1977-1989. Level of exploitation and MSY of marine fisheries resources in the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman coast. Contribution of trade and services in 1987 at constant 1972 prices (million baht) to GPP and Upper South GRP. Growth of service sector in the Upper South and constituent provinces at constant 1972 prices (thousand baht). The Upper South GRDP at 1972 prices (million baht), by major sector, 1981-1987. Upper South PAS. A summary of the management problems in Ban Don and Phangnga Bays. Seawater quality in the nearshore areas of KO Samui. A summary of the strategies and actions that address management issues and problems. Sanctuary and conscrva tion zones in Ban Don Bay. LIST OF FIGURES The planning area in the Uppcr South Region. The study site in Ban Don Bay with the cross-sectional areas marked (modified from Bunpapong and Paw 1988). The study site in Phangnga Bay with the cross-sectional areas marked (modified from Bunpapong and Paw 1988). Cross-sectional profiles of the coasts along Ban Don Bay (Bunpapong and Paw 1988). Cross-sectional profiles of the coasts along Phangnga Bay (Bunpapong and Paw 1988). Mountain ranges in the Upper South (Bunpapong and Paw 1988). Mean annual rainfall pattern in the Upper South, 1969-1978 (Bunpapong and Paw 1988). General soil types of the Upper South (Vijamsorn 1988). Catchment areas of rivers in the Upper South (Kosi tratana 1988). Tapi-Phum Duang River Watershed, Upper South (Bunpapong and Paw 1988). The monthly discharge of K. Tapi and K. Phum Duang into Ban Don Bay (Kositratana 1988). Distribution of mangroves and other land-use types in Ban Don Bay, 1987 (Aksornkoae et al. 1988). Distribution of mangroves and other land-use types in Phangnga Bay, 1987 (Aksornkoae et al. 1988). Distribution and quality of coral in Ban Don Bay. 2.10 Existing road network in the Upper South, 1982 (NESDB 1988). 2.11 Energy use in the Upper South (NESDB 1988). 2.12 Petroleum use by various sectors in the Upper South, 1980 (NESDB 1988). 2.13, Electric consumption by sector in the Upper South, 1980 (NESDB 1988). Important spawning areas of some commercially important species in Ban Don Bay. Prohibited fishing grounds in Ban Don Bay, 15 February-15 May of every year. Major tourism beaches on KO Samui, Ban Don Bay. Major tourism beaches on KO Phangan, Ban Don Bay. Tourism volume at KO Samui, 1980-1987 (TISTR 1988). Increase in the number of rooms at KO Samui, 1984-1988 (TISTR 1988). Annual GDP growth rates, 1982-1987 (NESDB 1989). Scctoral contributions to GRDP, Upper South, 1987 (NESDB 1989). Major PAS in the Upper South, Thailand (Ngampongsai 1988) List of Figures Potential and actual wasteloads from land-based pollution sources in Ban Don Bay (Kositratana and Kajomatiyudh 1988). 63 Land use zonation scheme for Ban Don Bay. 84 Coastal water quality