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Home , Adam Ferguson, Catharine Macaulay, John Toland, Marquis de Sade, Olympe de Gouges

The Enlightenment A sourcebook and reader

Edited by Paul Hyland with Olga Gomez and Francesca Greensides

Routledge Taylor & Francis Group

LONDON AND NEW YORK Contents

List of illustrations ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii A note on the texts xvii

PART ONE Sources 1

1 nature 3 Leviathan (1651) 8 Alexander Pope An Essay on Man (1733-34) 11 Julien Offray de La Mettrie Man a Machine (1747) 14 Jean-Jacques Rousseau Discourse on Inequality (1755) 17 'Colour of the Inhabitants' and 'Wretched Condition of the Slaves in America' from Raynal's of the „ Settlements ([1772], 1780) 20 Sketch of a Historical Picture of the Human Mind (1795) _ 27 2 The search for knowledge 33 Mathematical Principles of (1687) 37 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) 40 A Treatise of Human Nature (1739) 45 Jean d'Alembert 'Preliminary Discourse'to the Encyclopedie (1751) 49 'What is Enlightenment?' (1784) 53 3 Religion and belief 59 not Mysterious (1696) 64 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Essays on Theodicy (1710) 68 VI CONTENTS

David Hume 'Of Miracles' from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748) 71 Poem on the Lisbon Disaster (1756); 'Theist' from Philosophical Dictionary (17'64) 75 Jean-Jacques Rousseau 'The Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Priest' from Emile (.1762) 83 Baron d'Holbach Common Sense (1772) 87 4 The natural world 91 Stephen Hales Vegetable Statics (1727) 95 Carolus Linnaeus System of Nature (1735) 102 Comte de Buffon History of Man and the Quadrupeds (1753) 107 Denis Diderot Thoughts on the Interpretation of Nature (1753) 111 Jean-Jacques Rousseau Reveries of the Solitary Walker (1782) 117

5 and invention 122 Voltaire Letters Concerning the English Nation (1733) 126 Comte de Buffon History and Theory of the Earth (1749) 131 Louis Jaucourt 'Invention' from the Encyclopedie (1765) 134 Engravings of Technology from the Encyclopedie (1751-72) 138 Darwin Zoonomia (1794-96) 140 6 Political and responsibilities 148 John Locke Two Treatises of (1690) 153 Baron de The Spirit of the Laws (1748) 162 Catherine II Instruction (17'67) 171 Frederick II Essay on the Forms of Government (1777) 173 7 The development of civil 176 New Science ([1725], 1744) 182 An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767) 188 (1776) 192 The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-88) 201 8 Moral principles and punishments 209 David Hume An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751) 213 Marchese di Beccaria On Crimes and Punishments (1764) 216 Immanuel Kant Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785) 220 The Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) 223 Philosophy in the Boudoir (1795) 228

9 Gender and society ' 233 MaryAstell A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (1694) 237 Tatler, no. 149 (1710); Spectator, no. 66 (1711); Englishman', no. 9 (1713) 241 Catharine Macaulay Letters on Education (1790) 246 The Rights of Woman (1791) 249 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) 253 10 Art, architecture and nature 259 Jean-Jacques Rousseau Discourse on the Arts and (1750) 261 Marc-Antoine Laugier Essay on Architecture (1753) 264 William Chambers Treatise on Civil Architecture ([1759], 1791) 266 Jean-Simeon Chardin La Raie (1725-26); Le Benedicite (1740) 270 Denis Diderot 'Chardin' from Salons (1759-69) 271 William Hogarth Beer Street (1751); Gin Lane (1751) 275 CONTENTS VII

Horace Walpole 'William Hogarth' and 'On Modern Gardening' from Anecdotes of Painting in England (1762-71) 278 Thomas Gainsborough Mr and Mrs Robert Andrews (1748-50); Girl with Pigs (17'82) 286 'The Grand Style of Painting' from Johnson's Idler, no. 79 (1759); 'Gainsborough' from Discourse XIV (1788) 289 Joseph Wright An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump (1768) 294 11 Europeans and the wider world 296 Mary Wortley Montagu Embassy Letters (1763) 299 Abbe Raynal A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements ([1772], 1780) 304 James Cook A Voyage towards the South Pole and Round the World (1777) 309 Denis Diderot Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville (1796) 319 12 Radicalism and 328 A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774); Notes on the State of Virginia (1787) 331 The Rights of Man (1791-92) 341 An Enquiry Concerning Political (1793) 347 13 Autobiographical reflections 352 Jean-Jacques Rousseau Confessions (1781) 355 Autobiography (1791) 360 Madame de Roland An Appeal to Impartial Posterity (1795) 369

PART TWO Reader 375

14 Modern critical reflections 377 Ernst Cassirer The Philosophy of the Enlightenment (1932) 380 Theodor W. Adorno and The Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947) 383 Jiirgen Habermas The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962) 386 Peter Gay The Enlightenment: An Interpretation (1969) 389 Robert Darnton The Business of Enlightenment (1979) 392 Jean-Francois Lyotard The Postmodern Condition (1979) 396 'What is Enlightenment?'(1984) * 398 SylvanaTomaselli 'The Enlightenment Debate on Women'(1985) 400 Joan Wallach Scott 'French Feminists and the Rights of "Man" ' (1989) 405

PARTTHREE Chronology and further reading 411

Chronology 4i3 Further reading 419

Index 453