Inventing Intelligence: on the History of Complex Information Processing and Artificial Intelligence in the United States in the Mid-Twentieth Century
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The Passage of a Transdisciplinary Movement Through an All-Too-Brief Moment in Time. Review of the Cybernetics Moment: Or Why We
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Cognitive Systems Research 43 (2017) 119–124 www.elsevier.com/locate/cogsys Book review The Passage of a Transdisciplinary Movement through an All-Too-Brief Moment in Time. Review of The Cybernetics Moment: or Why We Call Our Age the Information Age, Ronald R. Kline. Johns Hopkins (2015). 336 pp. Action editor: Peter Erdi Peter Cariani Center for Hearing Research, Boston University, United States Received 30 December 2016; accepted 31 December 2016 Available online 27 February 2017 1. Review bemoan the thin index and lack of a separate bibliography. Here is where the text-searchable, electronic Kindle edition The Cybernetics Moment focuses on the history of could come in handy. The wealth of details that Kline has cybernetics and information theory in the US as mid-20th amassed will create many small surprises and revelations in century research programs during the period of roughly the minds of those already familiar with cybernetics and 1940–1975. Kline’s scholarly yet highly readable book pur- information theory. But because relatively little effort is sues three major intertwined threads: cybernetics, informa- devoted to introducing the essential ideas of these move- tion theory and the information age. The text mainly ments, readers less familiar with these fields may find the presents the interactions between major players in these going a bit tougher. fields in a roughly chronological order. For the most part, The book complements a relatively small but growing the book’s trails revolve around Norbert Wiener, Claude historical literature on cybernetics research that includes Shannon, and the Macy conferences on cybernetics Steve Heims’ John von Neuman and Norbert Wiener: From (1946–1953). -
Coming Close: What an Interview Can Reveal About Creativity in the Contemporary Art Music Composer
JOURNAL OF OF RESEARCH ONLINE MusicA JOURNAL OF THE MUSIC COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA COMING CLOSE: WHAT AN INTERVIEW CAN REVEAL ABOUT CREATIVITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY ART MUSIC COMPOSER Introduction RICHARD WILLGOSS he term ‘creativity’, used linguisticly in a musical context, gains a first significance by being used to describe a value judgement on a composer’s output, both as a score and a performance. The relevance of an investigation ■ Sydney Conservatorium of Music Tinto why and how the term is used in this context then gains a second significance University of Sydney in that, buried within being creative, are notions as to why some music is selectively Sydney , New South Wales valued, rather than all of what is on offer. These two premises find weak support from Australia, 2000 parametric approaches to their substantiation. However, gathering and interpreting information in a rational, sensible way should always remain an important step to understanding the subject matter. The major difficulty in resolution that arises is with assumptions made about what might be found, and upon what epistemology it should be based. [email protected] Art music composers create compositions that mainly sit as innovations on or extensions to the western classical music tradition. The use of the term in this research is not meant to imply any elitism or intellectual, social or cultural bias. However, it is innovations on, and links that can be made to, the present classical tradition (or lack of them) that often give rise to calling art music creative. Composers who choose to compose in this manner often devote much of their compositional efforts to this www.jmro.org.au end. -
Historical Perspective and Further Reading 162.E1
2.21 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 162.e1 2.21 Historical Perspective and Further Reading Th is section surveys the history of in struction set architectures over time, and we give a short history of programming languages and compilers. ISAs include accumulator architectures, general-purpose register architectures, stack architectures, and a brief history of ARMv7 and the x86. We also review the controversial subjects of high-level-language computer architectures and reduced instruction set computer architectures. Th e history of programming languages includes Fortran, Lisp, Algol, C, Cobol, Pascal, Simula, Smalltalk, C+ + , and Java, and the history of compilers includes the key milestones and the pioneers who achieved them. Accumulator Architectures Hardware was precious in the earliest stored-program computers. Consequently, computer pioneers could not aff ord the number of registers found in today’s architectures. In fact, these architectures had a single register for arithmetic instructions. Since all operations would accumulate in one register, it was called the accumulator , and this style of instruction set is given the same name. For example, accumulator Archaic EDSAC in 1949 had a single accumulator. term for register. On-line Th e three-operand format of RISC-V suggests that a single register is at least two use of it as a synonym for registers shy of our needs. Having the accumulator as both a source operand and “register” is a fairly reliable indication that the user the destination of the operation fi lls part of the shortfall, but it still leaves us one has been around quite a operand short. Th at fi nal operand is found in memory. -
John Mccarthy
JOHN MCCARTHY: the uncommon logician of common sense Excerpt from Out of their Minds: the lives and discoveries of 15 great computer scientists by Dennis Shasha and Cathy Lazere, Copernicus Press August 23, 2004 If you want the computer to have general intelligence, the outer structure has to be common sense knowledge and reasoning. — John McCarthy When a five-year old receives a plastic toy car, she soon pushes it and beeps the horn. She realizes that she shouldn’t roll it on the dining room table or bounce it on the floor or land it on her little brother’s head. When she returns from school, she expects to find her car in more or less the same place she last put it, because she put it outside her baby brother’s reach. The reasoning is so simple that any five-year old child can understand it, yet most computers can’t. Part of the computer’s problem has to do with its lack of knowledge about day-to-day social conventions that the five-year old has learned from her parents, such as don’t scratch the furniture and don’t injure little brothers. Another part of the problem has to do with a computer’s inability to reason as we do daily, a type of reasoning that’s foreign to conventional logic and therefore to the thinking of the average computer programmer. Conventional logic uses a form of reasoning known as deduction. Deduction permits us to conclude from statements such as “All unemployed actors are waiters, ” and “ Sebastian is an unemployed actor,” the new statement that “Sebastian is a waiter.” The main virtue of deduction is that it is “sound” — if the premises hold, then so will the conclusions. -
Ray Solomonoff, Founding Father of Algorithmic Information Theory [Obituary]
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Ray Solomonoff, founding father of algorithmic information theory [Obituary] Vitanyi, P.M.B. DOI 10.3390/a3030260 Publication date 2010 Document Version Final published version Published in Algorithms Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Vitanyi, P. M. B. (2010). Ray Solomonoff, founding father of algorithmic information theory [Obituary]. Algorithms, 3(3), 260-264. https://doi.org/10.3390/a3030260 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:29 Sep 2021 Algorithms 2010, 3, 260-264; doi:10.3390/a3030260 OPEN ACCESS algorithms ISSN 1999-4893 www.mdpi.com/journal/algorithms Obituary Ray Solomonoff, Founding Father of Algorithmic Information Theory Paul M.B. Vitanyi CWI, Science Park 123, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands; E-Mail: [email protected] Received: 12 March 2010 / Accepted: 14 March 2010 / Published: 20 July 2010 Ray J. -
Spring D85 Newsletter
Dartmouth Class of 1985 Spring 2016 SHADES OF GREEN Class Projects Make a Diference! Spotlight on Dartmouth Center for Professional Development Internships Through Class Projects, the Class of 1985 is also a sponsor of DCPD internships in a variety of professions. Read what one of our grateful interns has to say: Dear Class of 1985 Donor, Thank you so much for your contribution that funded my unpaid internship this winter! I interned as a so!ware developer at a tech start-up ca#ed Parent Co. in Burlington, VT, and I rea#y Are we officially middle aged? If 40 was the new 20 (recall our hopeful 20th enjoyed my experience there! reunion theme), is it time to begin our midlife crisis now? (Might be a great Parent Co. is the creator of Notabli, a social topic for our next issue…!) But whether due to crisis, or to sheer media app that a#ows parents to more securely share digital keepsakes (photos, videos, etc.) with confidence, conviction, and courage, some of us have stepped off the career &iends and family. I worked on the Android and path first chosen. For a few it’s been a completely new direction, and their web versions of Notabli for the duration of my stories are as compelling as their talents run wide and deep. internship. I had never worked with Android before, so I learned a great deal under the Erma Bombeck once said that “it takes a lot of courage to show your dreams mentorship of a very experienced Android to someone else.” We are grateful that the classmates featured here were developer who works for the company. -
Artificial Intelligence Goddard Space Flight Center | November 27-29, 2018 NASA Goddard Artificial Intelligence Workshop
National Aeronautics and Program Book Space Administration Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer sodales sagittis magna. Sed consequat, leo eget adipiscing elit. Aenean commodo ligula eget dolor. bibendum sodales, augue velit cursus nunc, Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et Aenean massa. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque mus. Donec quam felis, ultricies nec, pellentesque eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa eu, pretium quis, sem. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo. Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer dictum felis eu pede mollis pretium. Integer tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum tincidunt. Cras dapibus. Vivamus elementum semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. semper nisi. Aenean vulputate eleifend tellus. Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, Aenean leo ligula, porttitor eu, consequat vitae, eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus eleifend ac, enim. Aliquam lorem ante, dapibus in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra in, viverra quis, feugiat a, tellus. Phasellus viverra nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. nulla ut metus varius laoreet. Quisque rutrum. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Aenean imperdiet. Etiam ultricies nisi vel augue. Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget Curabitur ullamcorper ultricies nisi. Nam eget dui. dui. Etiam rhoncus. Maecenas tempus, tellus Etiam rhoncus. -
Charles Lindsey the Mechanical Differential Analyser Built by Metropolitan Vickers in 1935, to the Order of Prof
Issue Number 51 Summer 2010 Computer Conservation Society Aims and objectives The Computer Conservation Society (CCS) is a co-operative venture between the British Computer Society (BCS), the Science Museum of London and the Museum of Science and Industry (MOSI) in Manchester. The CCS was constituted in September 1989 as a Specialist Group of the British Computer Society. It is thus covered by the Royal Charter and charitable status of the BCS. The aims of the CCS are: To promote the conservation of historic computers and to identify existing computers which may need to be archived in the future, To develop awareness of the importance of historic computers, To develop expertise in the conservation and restoration of historic computers, To represent the interests of Computer Conservation Society members with other bodies, To promote the study of historic computers, their use and the history of the computer industry, To publish information of relevance to these objectives for the information of Computer Conservation Society members and the wider public. Membership is open to anyone interested in computer conservation and the history of computing. The CCS is funded and supported by voluntary subscriptions from members, a grant from the BCS, fees from corporate membership, donations, and by the free use of the facilities of both museums. Some charges may be made for publications and attendance at seminars and conferences. There are a number of active Projects on specific computer restorations and early computer technologies and software. -
The Dartmouth College Artificial Intelligence Conference: the Next
AI Magazine Volume 27 Number 4 (2006) (© AAAI) Reports continued this earlier work because he became convinced that advances The Dartmouth College could be made with other approaches using computers. Minsky expressed the concern that too many in AI today Artificial Intelligence try to do what is popular and publish only successes. He argued that AI can never be a science until it publishes what fails as well as what succeeds. Conference: Oliver Selfridge highlighted the im- portance of many related areas of re- search before and after the 1956 sum- The Next mer project that helped to propel AI as a field. The development of improved languages and machines was essential. Fifty Years He offered tribute to many early pio- neering activities such as J. C. R. Lick- leiter developing time-sharing, Nat Rochester designing IBM computers, and Frank Rosenblatt working with James Moor perceptrons. Trenchard More was sent to the summer project for two separate weeks by the University of Rochester. Some of the best notes describing the AI project were taken by More, al- though ironically he admitted that he ■ The Dartmouth College Artificial Intelli- Marvin Minsky, Claude Shannon, and never liked the use of “artificial” or gence Conference: The Next 50 Years Nathaniel Rochester for the 1956 “intelligence” as terms for the field. (AI@50) took place July 13–15, 2006. The event, McCarthy wanted, as he ex- Ray Solomonoff said he went to the conference had three objectives: to cele- plained at AI@50, “to nail the flag to brate the Dartmouth Summer Research summer project hoping to convince the mast.” McCarthy is credited for Project, which occurred in 1956; to as- everyone of the importance of ma- coining the phrase “artificial intelli- sess how far AI has progressed; and to chine learning. -
A Framework for Representing Knowledge Marvin Minsky MIT-AI Laboratory Memo 306, June, 1974. Reprinted in the Psychology of Comp
A Framework for Representing Knowledge Marvin Minsky MIT-AI Laboratory Memo 306, June, 1974. Reprinted in The Psychology of Computer Vision, P. Winston (Ed.), McGraw-Hill, 1975. Shorter versions in J. Haugeland, Ed., Mind Design, MIT Press, 1981, and in Cognitive Science, Collins, Allan and Edward E. Smith (eds.) Morgan-Kaufmann, 1992 ISBN 55860-013-2] FRAMES It seems to me that the ingredients of most theories both in Artificial Intelligence and in Psychology have been on the whole too minute, local, and unstructured to account–either practically or phenomenologically–for the effectiveness of common-sense thought. The "chunks" of reasoning, language, memory, and "perception" ought to be larger and more structured; their factual and procedural contents must be more intimately connected in order to explain the apparent power and speed of mental activities. Similar feelings seem to be emerging in several centers working on theories of intelligence. They take one form in the proposal of Papert and myself (1972) to sub-structure knowledge into "micro-worlds"; another form in the "Problem-spaces" of Newell and Simon (1972); and yet another in new, large structures that theorists like Schank (1974), Abelson (1974), and Norman (1972) assign to linguistic objects. I see all these as moving away from the traditional attempts both by behavioristic psychologists and by logic-oriented students of Artificial Intelligence in trying to represent knowledge as collections of separate, simple fragments. I try here to bring together several of these issues by pretending to have a unified, coherent theory. The paper raises more questions than it answers, and I have tried to note the theory's deficiencies. -
The Computational Attitude in Music Theory
The Computational Attitude in Music Theory Eamonn Bell Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Eamonn Bell All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Computational Attitude in Music Theory Eamonn Bell Music studies’s turn to computation during the twentieth century has engendered particular habits of thought about music, habits that remain in operation long after the music scholar has stepped away from the computer. The computational attitude is a way of thinking about music that is learned at the computer but can be applied away from it. It may be manifest in actual computer use, or in invocations of computationalism, a theory of mind whose influence on twentieth-century music theory is palpable. It may also be manifest in more informal discussions about music, which make liberal use of computational metaphors. In Chapter 1, I describe this attitude, the stakes for considering the computer as one of its instruments, and the kinds of historical sources and methodologies we might draw on to chart its ascendance. The remainder of this dissertation considers distinct and varied cases from the mid-twentieth century in which computers or computationalist musical ideas were used to pursue new musical objects, to quantify and classify musical scores as data, and to instantiate a generally music-structuralist mode of analysis. I present an account of the decades-long effort to prepare an exhaustive and accurate catalog of the all-interval twelve-tone series (Chapter 2). This problem was first posed in the 1920s but was not solved until 1959, when the composer Hanns Jelinek collaborated with the computer engineer Heinz Zemanek to jointly develop and run a computer program. -
The Road Not Taken
THE ROAD NOT TAKEN John Scales Avery October 27, 2020 Introduction1 Decision trees During each human life, a child starts with many possible destinations. He or she then makes decisions, and each decision more closely defines who the person is and what it is possible for the person to become. The choice of a vocation defines who a person is, as does the choice of a husband or wife. Often chance plays a role. The decision to take a holiday at a particular place may lead to a chance meeting with a life partner. In a human life, we can observe a treelike pattern, similar to the decision tree of a person traveling through a landscape. At each forking of the path, a decision has to be made, and that decision determines more and more closely the traveler’s ultimate destination. Analogously, in a human life, a tree-like series of decisions or external influences more and more closely define the person’s identity and destiny. Each decision is a positive step, since it helps to define a person’s character. But there is sadness too. As we step forward on the road ahead, we must renounce all other possibilities. Although we might embrace our destiny, we sometimes think with regret on the road not taken, and wonder what might have been if we had chosen other paths. Pathfinding The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was shared by John O’Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser. They received the prize for discover- ing the histologically observable structures in the brains of mammals which are used to remember pathways, for example the pathway through a maze.