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Cons/Ruction of Steel Arch Bridges 9 MIIDERII Ciinstrucnll1l

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Cons/Ruction of Steel Arch Bridges 9 MIIDERII Ciinstrucnll1l Fifty Year Development: Cons/ruction of Steel Arch Bridges 9 MIIDERII CIINSTRUCnll1l .. PUblished by VOLUME xv I NUMBER 2 I SECOND QUARTER 1975 American Institute of Steel Construction CONTENTS 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York. N,Y. 10020 Fifty Year Development: Construction of Steel Arch Bridges 3 AISC Regional Engineering Staff 16 O ~" ICER S Van W. Coddington, President 1975 ARCHITECTURAL AWARDS OF D. B. Hughes, EXCELLENCE COMPETITION First Vice President George W. Hall, The American Institute of SteeL Construction takes pleasure in Second Vice President announcing its sixteenth annual Architectural Awa"ds of Ex­ Robert P. Stupp, Treasurer cellence Program to recognize and honor outstanding achitec­ John K. Edmonds, Cural design in steel and to encourage further exploration of Executive Vice President the many aesthetic possibilities inherent in steeL construction. Leslie H. Gillette, Assistant Executive Vice President William W. Lanigan, All registered architects practicing professionally in the Secretary and General Counsel United States are invited to enter stee!-.framed buildings of their design constructed anywhere in the United States (de­ fined as the 50 states, the District of CoLumbia, and aU U. S. Territories), and cO'Yltpleted after January 1, 1974 and prior to • • DIT ORIAL STA .... August 29, 1975. Each building must have been designed, de­ Daniel farb, Director of Publications tailed, fabricated, and erected in the U. S., and aU structural Mary Anne Stockwell, Editor steeL and plate ,nust have been produced in the U. S. The structuraL frante of the building must be steeL, alth(}ugh it is not a requirement that the steeL be exposed and a part of R IiOIONAL 0 .... IC. 8 the achitecturaL expression. Buildings of aU c/.assifications are Atlanta, Georgia eLigible, with equal emphasis given to all sizes and types in the Birmingham, Alabama judging. There is no limit to the number of entries by any Boston, Massachusetts individuaL or firm. Buildings named as previous AAE winners Chicago, Illinois will not be eligible. Cleveland, Ohio Columbus, Ohio The members 0/ the 1975 Jury of Awards are: Dallas, Texas Max Abramovitz, FA IA Harrison & Abramovitz, New Denver, Colorado Detroit, Michigan YQ1'k, New York Charlotte, North Carol ina Fred Ba"elli, FA IA Fred Bassetti & Company/ Archi­ Hartford, Connecticut tects, Seattle, WCUlhington Houston, Texas Los Angeles, California Charle. William Brubaker, FA IA Perkins & Will, Chi­ Memphis, Tennessee cago, Illinms Milwaukee, Wisconsin Milo Kelchum, F.ASCE Minneapolis, Minnesota S. Profess()T of Civil Engineer­ New York, New York ing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Consultant: Ketchum, Konkel, Barrett, Nickel & Austin Omaha, Nebraska Denver, CoLorado Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Harlan E. McClure, FA IA Dean, CoUege of Architecture, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina St. Louis, Missouri San Francisco, california Competition rules are available from AISC, 1221 Avenue Seattle, Washington Of . Syracuse, New York the Ame!'icas, New York, N.Y. 10020. Entries must be post­ Washington, District of Columbia marked prior to August 29, 1975. Q Cl.. :» '< -l ::r rn 0 0 -e- rn- C/} CO OJ ... OJ c-.> ~ rn '< (""')- :::l ...... VI ...... ::r ,..., CO OJ OJ rn (""') :z c::r -~ ::r :::l G) VI rn Cl.. (""') :z ~ Cl.. ~ ,..., -0. rn ......rn ,..., ...... :::l CO :::u 0 <: ~ rn :::l :z :::> G) ...... 0 0 "0 '- ...... rn C> ::r C rn :::u :z :» r- • , Please enter my subscription to the AISC• ENGI NEERI NG JOURNAL U. S. and Canada 1 Year $5.00 3 Years $12.50 Other Countries Year $ 6.00 1 3 Years $1500 ·Payable .n U. S. Fund$ Payment must be enclosed with thIS order. Make chec~s payable to AISC . NAMl IpltJse pr1flt l fiRM Olil Aff IllATION ADORlSS CITY SUll liP COOL Profession or occupation. Engineer r.:: Architect o Educator '-' Othel • • • ~ -Q) • :z .......Q) en a::::- Q) "'C ~ en 10.. Q) c..:» L&.I Q) en L&.I c:c c: .......= c: :z :z -=Q b4 u c:c- a:::: .- -~ :::::) >0.. en 10.. Q) ,..... Q) .......= Q= .c :z Q - "'C en ~ ....... L&.I - • dlZ AHINnOJ '31V1S SS3HOOV fiRST ClASS PERM IT No. 62<l 38 NEW YORK . N, Y BUSINESS REPLY MAIL NO POSTACE STAMP NECESSARY If MAILED IN THE. UNITED STATES - POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 1221 Avenue of the America s New York. New York 10020 Attention; Paul R. Johnson ------------------------ ----- • FIFTY-YEAR DEVELOPMENT: - :-'" --~-- -;.:-~~ ;. ~ Fig. l.-EadB Bridge, erection with. tieback cables (Courtesy 0/ J08eph E. Vollmar, Jr.) Construction of Steel Arch Bridges The past 50 years have been a time Historical Background of remarkable accomplishment in One of the eminent engineers at the bridge buildi ng_ During this period start of this 50-year period, J. Waddell, By William F_ Hollingsworth, M_ASeE there has been unprecedented growth often stated that bridge building did Engineer, American Bridge Diy_, and achievement in engineering, mate­ not become a science until the early Un ited States Stee l rials, fabrication, construction, and part of the 20th century. However, in Pittsburgh, Pa _ aesthetics_ retrospect, perhaps there was a touch It is the purpose of this article to of science a little earlier. In 1868, con ­ review some of these developments as struction was started on the boldest they pertain to steel arch bridges_ Pri­ bridge of its day- The Eads Bridge at mary emphasis will be on field con ­ SI. Louis, Mo. This bridge, designed by struction. However, pertinent changes James B. Eads, was the forerunner of in the related areas of fabrication, ma­ arch bridges today. It was the first steel terials, and design will also be re­ bridge, and actually it was the first im­ viewed. After these innovations have portant use of steel in any type of con­ been examined briefly, they will be struction. The superstructure was the further explored by reviewing the first that utilized hollow tubular mem­ actual construction of several repre­ bers for structural strength. It was the sentative arch bridges that have been biggest bridge ever built and the first built in the United States. to make extensive use of the cantilever method of erection. Reprinted with permission from the March 1975 The bridge was built without fal se­ Issue of the Journal of the Construction Divi· sian-Proceedings of the American SOCiety of work by cantilevering out from the piers Civil EnKineers (Vol. 101, Proceedings Paper • 11187). in counterbalanced stages. A temporary SECOND QUARTER 1975 wooden tower was mounted on each would occupy nearly all of his produc­ duce the amount of dead load and kept pier to support steel bars that acted as tive time; now he can spend his time the size and thickness of sections down forestays and held up each half section in a truly productive manner. to a practical limit. Following chrom­ of the arch as erection progressed. The If an engineer is designing, his time ium steel, the carbon-manganese steels • dead weight of the bars was supported can be spent on investigating many arrived at approximately the same time by additional wooden towers that were different types of bridges to give his as the heat-treated high-strength eye­ stationed at intervals along the arch client an aesthetic and pleasing struc­ bars. These steels offered new design (Fig. 1). ture at the least cost. In the area of possibilities and have been extensively Erection went smoothly until the first construction, the computer allows the used for many years. two arch halves neared completion at engineer to explore numerous types of The constant quest for a more eco­ midspan. The gap turned out to be too erection schemes to obtain the one nomical and stronger steel has led to short and the closing piece could not that is safest and the most economical. the present family of steels. These range be inserted. To obtain a larger opening, The computer also serves an ever in­ from carbon steel with a yield of 36 ksi it was decided to pack ice in wooden creasingly important function in plan­ (ASTM A36) to high-strength low-alloy troughs that were installed around the ning the sequence of construction. It steels with a yield of 50 ksi (ASTM A588 bottom portion of the tubular arch tells the engineer and builder which and A441), and to quenched and tem­ members. Unfortunately, the weather parts of the construction path are most pered alloy steel plate with a yield of turned unseasonably hot and, even after critical-in other words. where he should 100 ksi (ASTM A514) . using 60 tons of ice, the gap was still invest his time and energy. Some of these steels (e.g., ASTM too short. The closure was finally made A242 and A588) are corrosion resistant Surveying-In recent years there have by substituting tubes with screw threads and do not have to be painted. This been numerous changes in the art and on the ends that provided adjustable type of steel forms a tightly adherent science of surveying. With the use of lengths. This idea of a specially made protective oxide film that substantially laser beams and small computers, ac­ keystone piece is still being used today. seals the surface against further corro­ curacy that was previously unheard of The Eads Bridge stands as an im­ sion. This protective oxide film grad­ can now be obtained. For example, dis­ portant landmark in the history of ually darkens and assumes a dark tances across canyons can now be bridges, for it ushered in the age of steel brown color. Not only does this color measured to an accuracy of less than and with it a reliance on exact mathe­ blend into the natural surroundings, '!ii-in. in several thousand feet. The matical calculations, the analysis and but it also reduces maintenance and present surveying instruments combine technique of materials, and modern eliminates first-time paint costs.
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