Bayonne Bridge Lesson Plan

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Resources for Teachers and Students [Printable and Electronic Versions] The Bayonne Bridge: The Beautiful Arch

Resources for Teachers And Students [Printable and Electronic Versions]

OVERVIEW/OBJECTIVE: Students will be able to understand and discuss the history of NOTES: the Bayonne Bridge and use science and engineering basics • Key words indicated in to investigate bridge design and test an arch bridge model. Bold are defined in call- out boxes. TARGET GRADE LEVEL: • Teacher-only text Fourth grade instruction, adaptable to higher levels as indicated with Italics. desired in the subjects of Social Studies and Engineering.

FOCUS: In Part I, students learn about history of the Bayonne Bridge including the many engineering challenges encountered during the project and the people who helped overcome those challenges. In Part II, students learn engineering concepts to understand how bridges stay up and use these concepts to complete activities on bridge design before applying these concepts to theorize how the Bayonne Bridge works.

MATERIALS: • Part I: DVD of “The Bayonne Bridge Documentary” • Part II: 2–4 heavy textbooks or 2 bricks per group; 2 pieces of “cereal box” cardboard or similar, 12 x 8 in; weights (anything small that can be stacked on the structure); red and blue marker, crayon or colored pencil for each student or group. The Bayonne Bridge: The Beautiful Arch

Contents

Teacher Materials | Part I: History of the Bayonne Bridge ...... T-1

Teacher Materials | Part II: Bridge Engineering ...... T-7

Student Materials | Part I: History of the Bayonne Bridge ...... S-1

Student Materials | Part II: Bridge Engineering ...... S-7

CORE Standards �� A-2

Additional Resources �� A-4

Further Reading �� A-5

Credits �� A-5 The Bayonne Bridge: The Beautiful Arch The Bayonne Bridge: The Beautiful Arch

Teacher Materials | Part I: History of the Bayonne Bridge

T-1 shore, instead itwas built on aslant or“skew” inorder to lineupbetter with existing roads. Overview plansfor theBayonne Bridge over KillVan Kull showing that thebridge was notbuiltat aright angle(90degrees) to the through thewaterways to the work, ships needto move freely area. For theportsystem to in theNew Jersey-New York in charge ofmanagingtheports Authority ofNY&NJ, theagency The bridge was builtby ThePort Elizabeth, NJandNewark, NJ. ships traveling to theports in is animportant waterway for spans the“ NY andBayonne, NJ. Thebridge in 1931,between Staten Island, The Bayonne Bridge was built History oftheBayonne Bridge Background History questions asthey watch thefilm. Bayonneclass orindependently), watch Bridge Documentary,” “The and answer discussion Students willread the background history and discussion questions (15minutes, either as a Objective: Materials: Part I:History oftheBayonne Bridge Gilbert to designthebridge. (pronounced: ah-mon),teamed upwitharchitect Cass Chief Engineerat thePort Authority, OthmarAmmann trucks travel easily over waterways onbridges.

Kill Students willbeable to understand and discuss the history ofthe Bayonne Bridge. DVD of “The Bayonne BridgeDVD Documentary” of“The

Van Kull ” which marine terminals Aerial view oftheBayonne Bridge duringconstruction. The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch T-2 , while accessed by way oftheKillVan Kull. and Newark Marine Terminals are cargo. InNew Jersey, the Elizabeth warehouses where ships bring their Marine terminal: between theheights ofthe Kill Van Kull was apassage French term for pass, “col.” while “kull” isdrawn from the creek, ornarrow waterway, Dutch word for astream, the pass roughly to channelthrough Kill Van Kull: translates and south. Bergen Ridge to the north the piers, docks and --- “kil”beingthe

Part I: Teacher Materials for Steel Construction. Bridge was awarded theprize for Most Beautiful Steel Bridge in1931 by theAmerican Institute opened thefollowing year in1932.Inaddition to itsengineering achievements, theBayonne Sydney HarbourBridge inAustralia, was alsoasteel arch thoughitwas 25feet shorter and the titleoflongest spanningarch bridge for 46 years. The Bayonne Bridge’s “sister bridge,” the Washington Bridge, over theHudsonRiver. TheBayonne Bridge had a1675-foot spanandheld At thesametime,he was buildingthe world’s longest spanningsuspensionbridge, theGeorge Othmar AmmanndesignedtheBayonne Bridge astheworld’s longest spanningarch bridge. Arch Design next 85years. met theneedsofPort Authorityfor the arch bridge intheworld. TheBayonne Bridge water. Whenitwas finished,it was thelongest economical andbeautiful way to spanthe An arch was chosenbecause itwas themost Newark andElizabeth could passunderneath. enough sothat ships traveling to theportsin The Bayonne Bridge was alsobuilthigh that surround muchofJersey City. get to because ofswampy meadows andrivers entrance to theHollandTunnel was difficult to Manhattan. Before theBayonne Bridge, the the HudsonRiver between New Jersey and the first tunneldesigned for cars, under and trucks toward thenew HollandTunnel, The Bayonne Bridge was builtto move cars Why was itbuilt? Inside theHollandTunnel duringconstruction. The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch T-3 MARINE TERMINAL HOWLAND HOOK complex system that theBayonne Bridge was andisapartof. proposed links were never constructed, themapillustrates the between New York andNew Jersey in1931.Whilesomeofthe that were designedto linktogether thenetwork ofroadways This mapshows thebridges, tunnels,andproposed tunnels PORT OFNEWARK-ELIZABETH MARINE TERMINAL

MEADOWLANDS

BAYONNE

BRIDGE

Holland

Tunnel Proposed Mid-town Tunnel

MANHA

TTAN

Part I: Teacher Materials stone towers for thebridge. cables) over thewaterway anddesigned ornate suspension bridge(roadway suspendedfrom D.C. Gilbertdrew sketches preliminary ofa and theSupremeCourtBuildinginWashington Building andU.S. Customs BuildinginNew York famous buildingsincludingtheWoolworth architect CassGilbertwhodesigned many arch design.Heworked incollaboration with to spanthe KillVan Kull before settling onthe Ammann considered several typesofbridges Ammann, aSwiss-American structural engineer. The BayonneBridgewasdesignedby Othmar Additional Background Historical Information and New Jersey onSeptember 7,2017. Bridge when it called onthePort ofNew York New Panamax ships to passundertheBayonne CGM Theodore Roosevelt was oneofthefirst continued to move freely below. TheCMA Kill Van Kull remained clearandshippingtraffic While theproject was underconstruction, the 151 to 215feet above theaverage water level. Bayonne Bridge. Theroadway was raised from Panamax Ships to be ableto passunderthe “Raise theRoadway” project to allow theNew Coast ports,thePort Authoritystarted the In order to stay competitive withother East and tall ships are called “New Panamax Ships.” a train car orthebackofatruck.Theselarge many as9,000containers, eachofwhichfitson from hertorch to hertoes —andcan carry as 200 feet tall —taller thantheStatue ofLiberty ships to passthrough. Someships are almost 2016. Thecanal can now allow larger container Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, was expandedin waterway inCentral America connecting the 21st century. ThePanama Canal,aman-made The world’s shippingindustry ischanginginthe “Raise theRoadway” The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch T-4 after the roadway was raised. A New Panamax ShippassesundertheBayonne Bridge in2017 roadway was built. George Washington Bridge duringconstruction, before the Sydney HarbourBridge, Sydney Australia, duringconstruction.

Part I: Teacher Materials Container shippassesundertheBayonne Bridge, 1991. continuedservice to operate until 1962. not dropoffasanticipated, asthe ferry company reduced rates to compete withthebridge. Ferry it wasmeant to supplant theferry system, ferry between service Port RichmondandBayonnedid a linkwhichdiverted vehiculartrafficawayfromthe Staten Islandbridges.Additionally, though free highway builtby theNJState Highway Department throughNewark to theHollandTunnel, Tunnel, thePulaski Skywaywouldcome to take onmuchofthistraffic.The PulaskiSkywaywasa Finally, thoughtheBayonneBridgewasintended to funnelcars andtrucks toward theHolland between Staten IslandandBrooklyn,butabridgewasbuiltatthatlocation in1964instead. was alsointended to complement amuch-anticipated tunnelunderthe Verrazzano-Narrows Staten Islandandfewer commuters weretravelingto jobs inNew York City. TheBayonneBridge Many factors were atplay. TheGreatDepressionhadseverely curtailed travelto beacheson the 1920sand1930s–Outerbridge CrossingandGoethals Bridge—wasnotinitiallybusy. Bayonne Bridge,alongwiththeotherbridgesbetween Staten IslandandNew Jersey built during While originallyenvisioned asahighlytrafficked bridgeandvital link to New YorkCity, the surrounding landscape. prospective railline,andlow-profile withinthe due to itscost, abilityto accommodate a neighborhoods. Thearchstyle wasfinallychosen surrounding low-lying industrial andresidential would haverisendramatically higherthanthe the tall towers to supportthesuspensioncables would needto beinstalled atanextra cost) and was addedto thebridge(specialized bracing have cost muchmoreintheevent thatarailline considered, however, thistypeofbridgewould expensive.be very Thesuspensiondesignwas it requiredlargeamounts ofsteel andwould The cantilever designwasnotusedbecause The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch T-5 be animportant priorityofthePort Authority. the New York BayviaKillVan Kull continues to an openwaterway between Newark Bayand New York andNew Jersey. Themaintenance of important to thefinancialhealthof Port of structure safely. This trafficwasandisvitally channel allowed for vesselsto passunderthe absence ofsupportpierswithin thenavigation waterway. Theheight oftheroadwayand sides ofKillVan Kull withoutobstructing the The BayonneBridgeeffectively linked thetwo The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge.

Part I: Teacher Materials View from over Bayonne lookingwest at Bayonne Bridge, 1991. • Roadway? What isthereason that thePort Authorityneededto raise theheight oftheBayonne Bridge’s • What isonethingyou found interesting abouttheprocess of constructing theoriginalbridge? • • • designed theBayonne Bridge? What structures, landscape features, ordesignneedsinfluenced OthmarAmmannbefore he • Why didThePort AuthorityofNY&NJdecideto buildtheBayonne Bridge? The Bayonne Bridge Documentary Worksheet • The Bayonne Bridge Documentary (24minutes) large ships could still access themarine terminals atElizabeth andNewark. of theBayonneBridgeneededto beraised.Thisenabled thePort to remaincompetitive asthe ships could passthroughasof2016.Inorderto accommodate these larger ships, theroadway The Panama Canalhasexpanded itscapacity andlarger, taller ships known as “New Panamax” Open-ended question. been moreexpensive to adapt witharailline. The Port Authority’s desirefor railroadadaptability. Thesuspensionbridgedesignwouldhave and pathoftheferry indecidingwhereto buildthebridge. Surrounding neighborhoods&ferries ---Ammanntook into account thenearby neighborhoods incorporates someofitsfeatures, Hell Gate Bridge---Ammannhelpedto buildthisarchrailroad bridge&theBayonneBridge through KillVan Kull uninterrupted. the method ofconstruction usedweredesigned to leavethewaterway open for ships to travel the Port ofNew York andNew Jersey, thushelpingto keep theportcompetitive. Itsheight and while alsomanagingtheoverall flow andpeoplemoving ofgoods,services, in,out,andaround The BayonneBridgewasbuiltto directtraffic toward to newly-constructed Holland Tunnel, Clearance Project. Watch thedocumentary and answer thefollowing questions. NJ andthechangingneedsofportwhichmotivated the“Raise Roadway” Navigational Bayonne Bridge. Thedocumentary alsofocuses onthehistory ofThePort AuthorityofNY& The Bayonne Bridge Documentary explores theconception, design,and construction ofthe The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch T-6

Part I: Teacher Materials The Bayonne Bridge: The Beautiful Arch

Teacher Materials | Part II: Bridge Engineering

T-7 Abutment [ Tension Compression Member [ Load Span Bridge Vocabulary: stretch them. tends to squeeze components or“members” that make upthebridge, andtension, tends to and tension onthematerial ofthebridge itselfand itssupports(piers, abutments). Compression people, cars, orotherthingsitmay carry. Abridge’s loadexerts forces includingcompression We needto learnhow abridge supportsitsload --including itsown weight andtheweight ofany works, we needsomebridge basics. while keeping thewaterway clearofsupportcolumns. To understand how theBayonne Bridge This sectionis focused onhow theBayonne Bridge works--how itspanssuchalongdistance beautiful, fitinwithitssurroundings, and couldbeadapted toadda railline. designs bridges, buildings,andtunnels.Hechoseanarch designbecause itsaved money, was in theworld. Thebridge’s designer, OthmarAmmann,was astructural engineer, aperson who Introduction: and analyze adiagram oftheBayonne Bridge. Objective: Part II:Bridge Engineering:How DoestheBayonne Bridge Work?

Understand thebasicsofhow bridges work, conduct experiments related to arches,

When theBayonne Bridge was completed in1931,itwas thelongest arch bridge the forces imposed by thearch. a structure that supportstheendofabridge; for arch bridges, thisstructure bears the internal force that tends to make members longer, stretching them. [ the internal force that tends to make members shorter, squeezing them. an individualpartofabridge orotherstructure, suchasametal beam. backpack plusyourweight supports, includingthebridge itselfandanything crossing it. the weight that abridge supports ofabridge. the distance between When youstretch arubberband,youare applyingtension to it When If youarecarrying a10-poundbackpack,theloadisyourbodysupports you squeeze aspongeyouareapplying compressive forces to it

two .] The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch Abutment

T-8

Compression Tension Load Span .] .]

Member

Part II: Teacher Materials This typeofbridge isgood for longspans. the cables are undertension, suspendingtheroadway deck. The towers exert compressive forces ontheirfoundations and by cables whichrunbetween towers. Suspension Bridge forms. arch bridges by reinforcing andstrengthening thesebridge The useoftrussesextend thereach ofboththebeamand forces to create stability. composed oftrusses--triangular structures that distribute Truss Bridge strong structure andisgood for longer spans. ends ofthebridge from spreading. Thisbridge form hasa Fixed abutments exert compressive forces whichprevent the compression. downward andoutward alongthecurve ofthearch through Arch Bridge the load. where thebottom ofthebeam stretches underthe weight of surface (theroadway) andat theabutments, andtension The forces actingonthebeambridge are compression at its Beam Bridge Large bridges today incorporate several components ofthesebasicforms, combining Compression Tension - - - A bridge which transfers theloadofbridge A bridge whose load-bearingstructure is Composed ofadeckor“beam”andabutments. - elements from eachto create longer andstronger spans! A bridge where theroadway issupported will helpusto understand how eachtypeofbridge works. Understanding theforces that bridges needto contend with Main Types ofBridges The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch T-9 Suspension Beam Truss Arch

Part II: Teacher Materials Right: Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge between Staten Island andBrooklyn, New York. Right: OldStone Bridge, Boonton, New Jersey. Real World Examples The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch T-10 Bridge, Summit,New Jersey. Jersey Transit Tracks. MapleStreet Left: Beambridge spanningNew Westfield, New Jersey. Osborn Avenue Bridge, New Jersey Transit Tracks. Left: Truss bridge spanning

Part II: Teacher Materials (4) (3) (2) (1) Observations 4. 3. 2. 1. Step 2: 4. 3. 2. 1. Step 1: the factors contributing to stable design. Objective: • • • Materials: Activity: Cardboard Arch Bridge Record theamount ofweight thebridge held. until itbegins to saginthemiddle. Gradually placeweights inthecenter ofthe cardboard the distance between thebooks. Place apieceofcardboard ontop ofthearch, spanning that itfitssnugly. a pieceofcardboard intheform ofthearch. Make sure Place an arch between the textbooks by carefully bending Record how thischanges your results. Experiment withashorter span(distance between sides). began to sag. Record theamount ofweight thebridge heldbefore it until itbegins to saginthemiddle. Gradually placeweights inthecenter ofthe cardboard apart andplaceapieceofcardboard ontop. Place two stacks oftextbooks 20cm(about8inches) structure) Weights (anything smallthat can bestacked onthe 2 piecesof“cereal cardboard box” orsimilar, 12x8in. 2-4 heavy textbooks or2bricks pergroup What happenswhenyou change thespan ofthebridge (distance between thetwo sides)? What otherfeatures could beaddedto thebridges to make itstronger? What effect didaddingthearch to thebridge have, ifany? What typeofbridge didyou buildinStep 1?What typedidyou buildinStep 2? • • • •

Investigate and test bridge models to determine The beambridgeperforms better for shorter spans. under thebeam Trusses could beaddedto roadwayorthearch,pierscould havebeen added The archallowed thebridgeto supportmoreweight before buckling. bridge supportingabeamabove. Students constructed asimplebeambridgeinStep 1andinStep 2,anarch The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch T-11

Part II: Teacher Materials types. of Bridges acting ondifferent partsofthebridge anditsapproaches. Usethediagrams onthe the trusssystem. Using Step 2 Main Types ofBridges Step 1 Bridge andidentify someofthe forces actingonthedifferent partsofthebridge. Objective Materials: Activity: How theBayonne Bridge Works! Arch Suspension Cables : : Take alookat thesimplifieddiagram oftheBayonne Bridge which excludes thedetails of Take alookat thephotograph oftheBayonne Bridge andcompare itsstructure withthe • • : handoutto figure outwhere compression and tension are exerted ondifferent bridge Determine thedifferent typesofbridges whichare combined to form theBayonne Red andbluemarker, crayon, orcolored pencil pressure offtheabutments. the roadwayitself. Thedeckalsostops thearchfrompushingoutward,taking some as partsoftheapproaches,archbridgedesign,andsuspensioncables to holdup The BayonneBridgecombines several ofthesebridgetypes,includingbeambridges Bayonne Bridgearebeambridges. the archandsuspensioncables to supporttheroadwaydeck.Theapproachesof The BayonneBridgeisanarchbridge,however, itusestrussesfor stability within handout.What typesofbridge isit?Doesitcombine more thanone? red Wind Bracing for compression and Abutment Deck The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch T-12 blue Suspension cables for tension, draw where theseforces are are intensionare Deck isintension and compression Main Types compression Arch isin

Part II: Teacher Materials The Bayonne Bridge: The Beautiful Arch

Student Materials | Part I: History of the Bayonne Bridge

S-1 shore, instead it was builtonaslant or“skew” inorder to lineupbetter with existing roads. Overview plansfor theBayonne Bridge over KillVan Kull showing that thebridge was notbuiltat aright angle(90degrees) to the through thewaterways to the work, ships needto move freely area. For theportsystem to in theNew Jersey-New York in charge ofmanagingtheports Authority ofNY&NJ, theagency The bridge was builtby ThePort Elizabeth, NJandNewark, NJ. ships traveling to theports in is animportant waterway for spans the“ NY andBayonne, NJ. Thebridge in 1931,between Staten Island, The Bayonne Bridge was built History oftheBayonne Bridge Background History Documentary,” and answer discussion questions as you watch thefilm. Bridge. Read thebackground history and discussion questions,“The Bayonne watch Bridge Objective: Part I:History oftheBayonne Bridge Gilbert to designthebridge. (pronounced: ah-mon),teamed upwitharchitect Cass Chief Engineerat thePort Authority, OthmarAmmann trucks travel easily over waterways onbridges.

Kill Students willbeable to understand and discuss the history ofthe Bayonne

Van Kull ” which marine terminals Aerial view oftheBayonne Bridge duringconstruction. The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch S-2 , while accessed by way oftheKillVan Kull. and Newark Marine Terminals are cargo. InNew Jersey, the Elizabeth warehouses where ships bring their Marine terminal: and south. Bergen Ridge to the north between theheights ofthe Kill Van Kull was apassage French term for pass, “col.” while “kull” isdrawn from the creek, ornarrow waterway, Dutch word for astream, the pass--- roughly to channelthrough Kill Van Kull: translates the piers, docks and “kil” being the

Part I: Student Materials for Steel Construction. Bridge was awarded theprize for “Most BeautifulSteel Bridge” in1931 by the American Institute opened thefollowing year in1932.Inaddition to itsengineering achievements, theBayonne Sydney HarbourBridge inAustralia, was alsoasteel arch thoughitwas 25feet shorter and the titleoflongest spanningarch bridge for 46 years. The Bayonne Bridge’s “sister bridge,” the Washington Bridge, over theHudsonRiver. TheBayonne Bridge had a1675-foot spanandheld At thesametime,he was buildingthe world’s longest spanningsuspensionbridge, theGeorge Othmar AmmanndesignedtheBayonne Bridge astheworld’s longest spanningarch bridge. Arch Design next 85years. met theneedsofPort Authorityfor the arch bridge intheworld. TheBayonne Bridge water. Whenitwas finished,it was thelongest economical andbeautiful way to spanthe An arch was chosenbecause itwas themost Newark andElizabeth could passunderneath. enough sothat ships traveling to theportsin The Bayonne Bridge was alsobuilthigh that surround muchofJersey City. get to because ofswampy meadows andrivers entrance to theHollandTunnel was difficult to Manhattan. Before theBayonne Bridge, the the HudsonRiver between New Jersey and the first tunneldesigned for cars, under and trucks toward thenew HollandTunnel, The Bayonne Bridge was builtto move cars Why was itbuilt? Inside theHollandTunnel duringconstruction. The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch S-3 MARINE TERMINAL HOWLAND HOOK complex system that theBayonne Bridge was andisapartof. proposed links were never constructed, themapillustrates the between New York andNew Jersey in1931.Whilesomeofthe that were designedto linktogether thenetwork ofroadways This mapshows thebridges, tunnels,andproposed tunnels PORT OFNEWARK-ELIZABETH MARINE TERMINAL

MEADOWLANDS

BAYONNE

BRIDGE

Holland

Tunnel Proposed Mid-town Tunnel

MANHA

TTAN

Part I: Student Materials A New Panamax ShippassesundertheBayonne Bridge in2017after the roadway was raised. Bridge onSeptember 7,2017. Theodore Roosevelt, passed under the Bayonne of theNew Panamax ships, theCMACGM continued to move freely below. Thelargest Kill Van Kull remained clearandshippingtraffic While theproject was underconstruction, the 151 to 215feet above theaverage water level. Bayonne Bridge. Theroadway was raised from Panamax Ships to be ableto passunderthe “Raise theRoadway” project to allow theNew Coast ports,thePort Authoritystarted the In order to stay competitive withother East and tall ships are called “New Panamax Ships.” a train car orthebackofatruck.Theselarge many as9,000containers, eachofwhichfitson from hertorch to hertoes— andcan carry as 200 feet tall —taller thantheStatue ofLiberty ships to passthrough. Someships are almost 2016. Thecanal can now allow larger container Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, was expandedin waterway inCentral America connecting the 21st century. ThePanama Canal,aman-made The world’s shippingindustry ischanginginthe “Raise theRoadway” The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch S-4 roadway was built. George Washington Bridge duringconstruction, before the Sydney HarbourBridge, Sydney Australia, duringconstruction.

Part I: Student Materials Roadway? What isthereason that thePort Authorityneededto raise theheight oftheBayonne Bridge’s What isonethingyou found interesting abouttheprocess of constructing theoriginalbridge? designed theBayonne Bridge? What structures, landscape features, ordesignneedsinfluenced OthmarAmmannbefore he Why didthePort Authoritydecideto buildtheBayonne Bridge? Project. Watch thedocumentary andanswer thefollowing questions. changing needsoftheportwhichmotivated the“Raise Roadway” Navigational Clearance Bayonne Bridge. Thedocumentary alsofocuses onthehistory ofThePort Authorityandthe The Bayonne Bridge Documentary explores theconception, design,and construction ofthe

The Bayonne Bridge Documentary Worksheet The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch S-5

Part I: Student Materials The Bayonne Bridge: The Beautiful Arch The Bayonne Bridge: The Beautiful Arch

Student Materials | Part II: Bridge Engineering

S-7 Abutment Tension Compression Member crossing Load it. Span Bridge Vocabulary: stretch them. tends to squeeze components or“members” that make upthebridge, andtension, tends to and tension onthematerial ofthebridge itselfand itssupports(piers, abutments). Compression people, cars, orotherthingsitmay carry. Abridge’s loadexerts forces includingcompression We needto learnhow abridge supportsitsload --including itsown weight andtheweight ofany works, we needsomebridge basics. while keeping thewaterway clearofsupportcolumns. To understand how theBayonne Bridge This sectionis focused onhow theBayonne Bridge works--how itspanssuchalongdistance beautiful, fitinwithitssurroundings, and couldbeadapted toadda railline. designs bridges, buildings,andtunnels.Hechoseanarch designbecause itsaved money, was in theworld. Thebridge’s designer, OthmarAmmann,was astructural engineer, aperson who Introduction: and analyze adiagram oftheBayonne Bridge. Objective: Part II:Bridge Engineering:How DoestheBayonne Bridge Work? Abutment

Understand thebasicsofhow bridges work, conduct experiments related to arches,

When theBayonne Bridge was completed in1931,itwas thelongest arch bridge

structure bears theforces imposedby the arch. a structure that supportstheendofabridge; for arch bridges, this the internal force that tends to make members longer, stretching them. the internal force that tends to make members shorter, squeezing them. an individualpartofabridge orotherstructure, suchasametal beam. the weight that abridge supports,includingthe bridge itselfandanything the distance between two supportsofabridge.

Compression Tension Load The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch Span S-8 Member

Part II: Student Materials This typeofbridge isgood for longspans. the cables are undertension, suspendingtheroadway deck. The towers exert compressive forces ontheirfoundations and by cables whichrunbetween towers. Suspension Bridge forms. arch bridges by reinforcing andstrengthening thesebridge The useoftrussesextend thereach ofboththebeamand forces to create stability. composed oftrusses--triangular structures that distribute Truss Bridge strong structure andisgood for longer spans. ends ofthebridge from spreading. Thisbridge form hasa Fixed abutments exert compressive forces whichprevent the compression. downward andoutward alongthecurve ofthearch through Arch Bridge the load. where thebottom ofthebeam stretches underthe weight of surface (theroadway) andat theabutments, andtension The forces actingonthebeambridge are compression at its Beam Bridge Large bridges today incorporate several components ofthesebasicforms, combining Compression Tension - - - A bridge which transfers theloadofbridge A bridge whose load-bearingstructure is Composed ofadeckor“beam”andabutments. - elements from eachto create longer andstronger spans! A bridge where theroadway issupported will helpusto understand how eachtypeofbridge works. Understanding theforces that bridges needto contend with Main Types ofBridges The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch S-9 Suspension Beam Truss Arch

Part II: Student Materials Right: Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge between Staten Island andBrooklyn, New York. Right: OldStone Bridge, Boonton, New Jersey. Real World Examples The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch S-10 Bridge, Summit,New Jersey. Jersey Transit Tracks. MapleStreet Left: Beambridge spanningNew Westfield, New Jersey. Osborn Avenue Bridge, New Jersey Transit Tracks. Left: Truss bridge spanning

Part II: Student Materials Notes: 4. 3. 2. 1. Step 2: Notes: 4. 3. 2. 1. Step 1: design. Objective: • • • Materials: Activity: Cardboard Arch Bridge Record theamount ofweight thebridge held. it beginsto saginthemiddle. Gradually placeweights inthecenter ofthecardboard until distance between thebooks. Place apieceofcardboard ontop ofthearch, spanningthe it fitssnugly. piece ofcardboard intheform ofthearch. Make sure that Place anarch between thetextbooks by carefully bendinga Record how thischanges your results. Experiment withashorter span(distance between sides). began to sag. Record theamount ofweight thebridge heldbefore it it beginsto saginthemiddle. Gradually placeweights inthecenter ofthe cardboard until and placeapieceofcardboard ontop. Place two stacks oftextbooks 20cm(about8inches)apart Weights 2 piecesof“cereal cardboard, box” 12x8in. 2-4 heavy textbooks or2bricks pergroup

Investigate and test bridge models to determine the factors contributing to stable The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch S-11 Name: Date: ______

Part II: Student Materials 4. 3. 2. Step 2: Step 1: 1. Observations Worksheet: Cardboard Arch Bridge sides)? What happenswhenyou changed thespanofbeambridge (distance between thetwo What otherfeatures could beaddedto thebridge to make itstronger? What effect didaddingthearch to thebridge have, ifany? What typeofbridge didyou buildinStep 1?What typedidyou buildinStep 2? The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch S-12 Name: Date: ______

Part II: Student Materials Notes: Main Types ofBridges Step 1 Bridge andidentify someofthe forces actingonthedifferent partsofthebridge. Objective: Determine thedifferent typesofbridges which are combined to formthe Bayonne Materials: Activity: How theBayonne Bridge Works! : Take alookat thephotograph oftheBayonne Bridge andcompare itsstructure withthe

Red andbluemarker, crayon, orcolored pencil handout.What types ofbridge isit? Doesitcombine more thanone? The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch S-13 Name: Date: ______

Part II: Student Materials Notes: Bridges acting ondifferent partsofthebridge anditsapproaches. Usethediagrams onthe the trusssystem. Using Step 2 Activity: How theBayonne Bridge Works! :

handoutto seehow theseforces may actonthebridge. Take alookat thesimplifieddiagram oftheBayonne Bridge which excludes thedetails of red for compression and The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch S-14 blue for tension, draw where theseforces are Name: Date: ______Main Types of

Part II: Student Materials The Bayonne Bridge: The Beautiful Arch

Additional Materials

A-1 • • • http://www.p12.nysed.gov/ciai/mst/pub/elecoresci.pdf Fourth Grade Science–Student LearningStandards New York (2016) • • • http://www.p12.nysed.gov/ciai/socst/documents/ss-framework-k-8a2.pdf Fourth Grade SocialStudiesCore Standards New York (2016) Studies andScience. This lessonmeets thefollowing CommonCore andindividualstate core standards inSocial New York CORE Standards processes, andhandtools. amodelofthesolution,using T1.4 Planandbuild,undersupervision, familiar materials, solution; and explain reasons for thechoices. age-appropriate mathematics andscienceskills; evaluate theideasanddetermine thebest T1.3 Generate ideasfor possiblesolutions,individuallyandthrough group activity;apply suggest ways inwhichtheobjectscan bechanged, fixed, orimproved. orreal,T1.1 Describeobjects,imaginary that might bemodeledormadedifferently and and place. 4.C.5 - Describehistorical developments inNew York State withspecificdetail includingtime 4.A.6 - Create anunderstanding ofthepast by andsecondary usingprimary sources. and graphs). social studies (includingsources suchasartandphotographs, artifacts, oral histories, maps, 4.A.2 - Recognize, use,andanalyze different forms of evidence used to make meaningin The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch A-2

CORE Standards: New York • • http://www.state.nj.us/education/cccs/2016/science/3-5-ETS1.pdf Engineering Design Fourth Grade Science–Student LearningStandards New Jersey (2014) • • • http://www.state.nj.us/education/cccs/2014/ss/ Fourth Grade SocialStudiesCore Standards New Jersey (2014) Studies andScience. This lessonmeets thefollowing CommonCore andindividualstate core standards inSocial New Jersey CORE Standards document AFramework for K - 12ScienceEducation. performance expectations above were developed usingthe following elements from theNRC are considered to identify aspectsofamodelorprototype that can beimproved. The 3-5-ETS1-3. - Planandcarry outfair tests inwhichvariables are controlled andfailure points specified criteria for successand constraints onmaterials, timeor cost. 3-5-ETS1-1. - Define asimpledesignproblem reflecting aneedor a want that includes suited for settlement thanothers. SOC.K-4.6.1.4.B.7 - Explainwhy somelocations inNew Jersey andtheUnited States are more the United States. have impacted where andhow peoplelive andwork indifferent regions ofNew Jersey and SOC.K-4.6.1.4.B.4 - Describehow landforms, climate andweather, andavailability ofresources contributed to cultural diffusionandeconomic interdependence. relationship ofplacesinNew Jersey, theUnited States, andotherareas, worldwide, have SOC.K-4.6.1.4.B.2 - Usephysical andpolitical maps to explain how thelocation andspatial The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch A-3

CORE Standards: New Jersey http://www.gwinnett.k12.ga.us/HarbinsES/Classes/burger/brigquest.htm#Task WebQuests/Research Options https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypfkMZFqSBA YouTube Video(withadditionalbridge resources onthesidebar) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/build-bridge-p1.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/bridge/challenge/index.html Online Games/Challenges http://www.historyofbridges.com/facts-about-bridges/ http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/engineering/bridges.html Online Bridge Facts/Activities https://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/bayonne-bridge.html Online facts about theBayonne Bridge Wo7O6YPwaUk https://nj.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/phy03.sci.phys.mfw.bbarch/arch-bridge/?#. Online Arch Bridge Informational Video http://www.education.com/science-fair/article/building-the-best-bridge/ http://www.exploratorium.edu/structures/ http://www.instructables.com/id/Toothpick-Bridge/ Online “Build-a-Bridge” Tutorials: activities to explore andadapt asneeded. The following resources for teachers andeducators includerelevant information, ideas,and Additional Resources • • • • • • • • • • • Virtual “FieldTrip” to famous bridges around theworld Animation ofthe construction ofan arch bridge withdeckabove communities More advanced educational narrative gamesabout buildingbridges fordifferent Simple educational narrative gamesaboutbuilding bridges fordifferent communities Facts aboutbridge types,history, andmodelbridge buildingactivities Fun facts aboutthehistory ofbridge building and otherinformation. Official website of The PortAuthorityofNY&NJwithlinks onthebridge’s history, images, Short videoexplaining how forces actonanarch andhow anarch bridge supportsweight Simple instructions for bridge experiments usingspaghetti and popsicle sticks A widevariety ofactivities related tobridges andother structures forall grade levels Simple instructions, withimages, for constructing your owntrussbridge The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch A-4

Additional Resources The Royal Australian Historical Society The Port Authority ofNew York andNew Jersey Archives The New York Public Library, Digital Collections The Library ofCongress, Historic American EngineeringRecord Collections Images found inthisLessonPlanareusedCourtesy ofthefollowing institutions: and publishedby theUnited States Steel Corporation. Onfile atthe New York PublicLibrary. York Van Kull Bridge” in Map found onpages S-3 andT-3 adapted from “MapofNew York Harbor, Showing Location ofKill Credits Illinois, 2000. Principles for BeginningEngineers &Architects (ZigguratBook). Salvadori, Mario, Saralinda Hooker, andChristopher Ragus. University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 2005. Richman, Steven M. Dover Publications, Mineola,New York.]. Reier, Sharon. 2007. Rastorfer, Darl. York &New Jersey. Mysak, JosephandJudithSchiffer. Landscape Designers. Lewis, Anna. Principles for Beginners. Levy, Matthys andRichard Panchyk. New York Authority. JamesonW.Doig, Further Reading . Written by Henry W. Troelsch, DesigningEngineer for theAmerican Bridge Company, 1931, • • • Note: Grades 4+ Note: Grades 4+ Note: Grades 6-8 Woman of Stone andSteel: Twenty-two InspirationalArchitects, Engineers, and The BridgesofNew York. Bayonne Bridge:ALandmarkby Land,Sea,andAir. Empire ontheHudson:Entrepreneurial VisionandPolitical Power atthe Port of General Publishing Group, Inc.,Santa Monica, California, 1997. The Kill Van Kull Bridge between Bayonne, New Jersey and Port Richmond, New ColumbiaUniversity Press, New York, New York, 2001. The BridgesofNew Jersey: Portraits ofGardenState Crossings. Chicago Review Press, Chicago, Illinois,2014. Chicago Review Press, Chicago Illinois,2000. Perpetual Motion:TheIllustrated History ofthe Port ofNew Engineering theCity:How Infrastructure Works, Projects and Quadrant Press, New York, New York, 1977[2000Reprint, The BayonneBridge:BeautifulArch A-5 The ArtofConstruction: Projects and Chicago Review Press, Chicago, Port AuthorityofNY&NJ, Rutgers

Further Reading The Bayonne Bridge: The Beautiful Arch

This Lesson Plan was created as one of several items required as mitigation for the Bayonne Bridge Navigational Clearance Program. The Bayonne Bridge, which spans the Kill Van Kull, is located in the City of Bayonne, Hudson County, New Jersey and Staten Island, Richmond County, New York. Owned and operated by The Port Authority of NY & NJ, the bridge has been determined eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. The mitigation for its reconstruction (completed in 2019) was established by a Programmatic Agreement (PA) among the United States Coast Guard, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection – Historic Preservation Office, New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and The Port Authority of NY & NJ. The PA satisfies Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. The Lesson Plan satisfies Stipulation 5 of the PA. The Lesson Plan has been created to provide students with an understanding of the history and basic structural design of the Bayonne Bridge. It was created in 2018 by RGA, Incorporated, cultural resource consultant, in consultation with The Port Authority NY & NJ, the New York State Education Department, and the State of New Jersey Department of Education.

January 31, 2020