Fisiología Respiratoria

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Fisiología Respiratoria 3a. Edición Fisiología respiratoria Lo esencial en la práctica clínica EL LIBRO MUERE CUANDO LO FOTOCOPIA AMIGO LECTOR: La obra que usted tiene en sus manos posee un gran valor. En ella, su autor ha vertido conocimientos, experiencia y mucho trabajo. El editor ha procurado una presentación digna de su contenido y está poniendo todo su empeño y recursos para que sea amplia- mente difundida, a través de su red de comercialización. Al fotocopiar este libro, el autor y el editor dejan de percibir lo que corresponde a la inversión que han realizado y se desalienta la creación de nuevas obras. Rechace cualquier ejemplar “pirata” o fotocopia ilegal de este libro, pues de lo contrario estará contribuyendo al lucro de quienes se aprovechan ilegítimamente del esfuerzo del autor y del editor. La reproducción no autorizada de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor no sólo es un delito, sino que atenta contra la creatividad y la difusión de la cultura. Para mayor información comuníquese con nosotros: Editorial El Manual Moderno, S. A. de C. V. Editorial El Manual Moderno (Colombia), Ltda Av. Sonora 206, Col. Hipódromo, 06100 Carrera 12-A No. 79-03 México, D. F. Bogotá, D.C. 3a. Edición Fisiología respiratoria Lo esencial en la práctica clínica William Cristancho Gómez Fisioterapeuta Universidad Nacional de Colombia Especialista en docencia universitaria Universidad El Bosque Profesor titular Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca Fisiología respiratoria, lo esencial en la práctica clínica. 3ª Edición D. R. ©2012 Editorial El Manual Moderno (Colombia) Ltda. ISBN: 978-958-9446-61-4 ISBN: 978-958-9446-64-5 (versión electrónica) Editorial El Manual Moderno (Colombia) Ltda. Carrera 12A No 79 - 03/05 E-mail: [email protected] Bogotá, D. C., Colombia Todos los derechos reservados. Ninguna parte de esta pu- blicación puede ser reproducida, almacenada en sistema alguno de tarjetas perforadas o transmitida por otro medio –electrónico, mecánico, fotocopiador, registrador, etcétera– sin permiso previo por escrito de la editorial. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may by reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writting from the publisher. y el diseño de la portada son marcas registradas de Editorial El Manual Moderno, S. A. de C. V. Catalogación en la publicación – Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia Cristancho Gómez, William Fisiología respiratoria, lo esencial en la práctica clínica / William Cristancho Gómez -- 3a. ed. -- Bogotá: Manual Moderno, 2012. 264 p. Incluye bibliografía e índice analítico Editor responsable: ISBN 978-958-9446-61-4 Lic. Andrés Julián Gutiérrez E. ISBN 978-958-9446-64-5 (versión electrónica) MSc. 1. Pulmones - Fisiología 2. Respiración 3. Aparato respiratorio - Enfermedades I. Título Diagramación: Aristóbulo Rojas Ch. CDD: 612.2 ed. 20 CO-BoBN–a798299 A Pablo, quien me convenció en mi infancia que absolutamente todo tiene una explicación plausible Contenido Prefacio Prefacio a la primera edición ..................................................................... XIII Prefacio a la segunda edición ..................................................................... XVI Prefacio a la tercera edición ......................................................................XVII Prólogo ................................................................................................... XIX Capítulo 1 Mecánica de la ventilación La fase inspiratoria .........................................................................................2 Concepto de distensibilidad ...........................................................................6 La fase espiratoria ........................................................................................10 Presión pleural .............................................................................................13 Volúmenes, niveles y capacidades pulmonares .............................................17 La vía aérea ..................................................................................................19 El espacio muerto ........................................................................................20 Concepto de flujo ........................................................................................21 Concepto de resistencia ...............................................................................24 Tensión superficial y volumen crítico alveolar ..............................................28 Factor surfactante .........................................................................................29 Fotocopiar sin autorización es un delito. Fotocopiar Presión requerida para mantener insuflado el alvéolo ...................................30 Interdependencia alveolar y ventilación colateral .........................................32 Relación inspiración-espiración (I:E) y constante de tiempo ........................34 Factores que facilitan y mantienen la apertura alveolar ...............................35 Tasa de ventilación ......................................................................................36 Trabajo respiratorio ......................................................................................38 Editorial El Manual Moderno Editorial El Manual Algunos aspectos prácticos para el clínico ...................................................42 © IX X • Fisiología respiratoria, lo esencial en la práctica clínica Capítulo 2 Circulación pulmonar y relación ventilación perfusión Circulación pulmonar ..................................................................................45 Distribución de la ventilación y la perfusión ...............................................49 Diferencias regionales de la perfusión ..........................................................51 Relación ventilación-perfusión (V/Q) ..........................................................55 Algunos aspectos prácticos para el clínico ...................................................60 Capítulo 3 Intercambio gaseoso alvéolo-capilar Propiedades físicas y leyes de los gases .........................................................63 El gas atmosférico ........................................................................................65 Modificaciones en la presión parcial de oxígeno ...........................................67 Difusión .......................................................................................................72 Alteraciones del intercambio gaseoso ...........................................................76 Algunos aspectos prácticos para el clínico ....................................................89 Capítulo 4 Transporte de gases Transporte de oxígeno (DO2) .......................................................................91 Oxígeno disuelto en el plasma .....................................................................91 Oxígeno combinado con la hemoglobina .....................................................92 Contenido arterial de oxígeno ......................................................................99 Intercambio tisular de oxígeno ...................................................................100 Diferencia arterio-venosa de oxígeno (DavO2) ...........................................101 Consumo de oxígeno (VO2) .......................................................................102 Rata de extracción de oxígeno (REO2) .......................................................102 Hipoxia ......................................................................................................102 Intercambio tisular de CO2 ........................................................................104 Transporte de CO2 .....................................................................................105 Curva de disociación del CO2 ....................................................................106 El CO2 como componente esencial del equilibrio ácido básico ..........................................................................107 Regulación de los ácidos orgánicos .............................................................109 Excreción de ácidos titulables ....................................................................112 Formación de amoniaco .............................................................................112 Concepto de Base Exceso (BE) ..................................................................119 Concepto de Anión Gap ............................................................................120 Teoría de Stewart ......................................................................................121 Algunos aspectos prácticos para el clínico ..................................................123 Contenido • XI Capítulo 5 Control de la respiración Sensores .....................................................................................................128 Centros de control .....................................................................................129 Efectores ....................................................................................................131 Respuestas ventilatorias .............................................................................131 Reflejos pulmonares ...................................................................................136 Algunos aspectos prácticos para el clínico ..................................................140
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