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Diplomová Práce UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA T ĚLESNÉ VÝCHOVY A SPORTU DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE 2012 Bc. Petra Vymazalová UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA T ĚLESNÉ VÝCHOVY A SPORTU Historický vývoj volného potáp ění Diplomová práce Vedoucí diplomové práce: Vypracovala: Ing. et Mgr. Miloš Fiala, Ph.D. Bc. Petra Vymazalová Praha, srpen 2012 Prohlašuji, že jsem záv ěre čnou diplomovou práci zpracovala samostatn ě a že jsem uvedla všechny použité informa ční zdroje a literaturu. Tato práce ani její podstatná část nebyla p ředložena k získání jiného nebo stejného akademického titulu. V Praze dne 30. srpna 2012 …………………………… Petra Vymazalová Eviden ční list Souhlasím se zap ůjčením své diplomové práce ke studijním ú čel ům. Uživatel svým podpisem stvrzuje, že tuto diplomovou práci použil ke studiu a prohlašuje, že ji uvede mezi použitými prameny. Jméno a p říjmení: Fakulta / katedra: Datum vyp ůjčení: Podpis: ______________________________________________________________________ Pod ěkování Děkuji panu Ing. et Mgr. Miloši Fialovi, Ph.D. a panu Mgr. Davidovi Vondráškovi za odborné vedení, za cenné rady, podporu a ú činnou pomoc při vypracování této záv ěre čné diplomové práce. Abstrakt Název: Historický vývoj volného potáp ění. Cíle: Hlavním cílem diplomové práce je popsat historický vývoj volného potáp ění. Metody: K dosažení cíle bylo využito studia a analýzy odborné literatury, internetových zdroj ů, informací a materiál ů o potáp ění, deskripce, komparace, dopl ňujícího rozhovoru. Výsledky: Tato práce podá zájemc ům o tento sport i široké laické ve řejnosti přehledný historický popis a vývoj volného potáp ění od raných prvopo čátk ů až po sou časnost. Klí čová slova: historie, sport, potáp ění, plavání, freediving Abstract Title: Historical development of freediving. Objectives : The goal of this thesis is to describe the historical development of freediving. Methods: To achieve the goal, it has been analysed all available information including literature, internet software, materials about diving, descriptions, comparisons and an interview. Results: This thesis shall provide, to those interested in the sport and to general public, a comprehensive and clear description of historical development of freediving from the early beginnings to the present. Keywords: history, sport, diving, swimming, freediving OBSAH 1 ÚVOD ..................................................................................................................... 11 2 METODOLOGIE .................................................................................................. 13 3 HISTORIE POTÁP ĚNÍ ........................................................................................ 15 3.1 Historie a vývoj potáp ění ......................................................................................... 15 3.1.1 Historie potáp ění v datech a obrazech ....................................................... 16 3.1.2 Historie potáp ění v České republice ......................................................... 40 3.2 Dělení potáp ění s ohledem na historii ..................................................................... 45 3.2.1 Potáp ění jako zdroj obživy ........................................................................ 45 3.2.2 Vojenské potáp ění ..................................................................................... 47 3.2.3 Pracovní potáp ění ...................................................................................... 48 3.2.4 Rekrea ční potáp ění .................................................................................... 51 3.2.5 Speleopotáp ění .......................................................................................... 53 3.2.6 Sport a potáp ění ......................................................................................... 57 3.2.6.1 Plavání s ploutvemi a rychlostní potáp ění .......................................... 59 3.2.6.2 Orienta ční potáp ění ............................................................................. 61 3.2.6.3 Hry pod vodou .................................................................................... 64 3.2.6.4 Spearfishing ........................................................................................ 67 3.2.6.5 Volné potáp ění - freediving ................................................................ 69 3.3 Historie freedivingu ................................................................................................. 71 3.3.1 Historie AIDA versus CMAS .................................................................... 71 3.3.2 Disciplíny AIDA International .................................................................. 73 3.3.3 Závody AIDA versus CMAS .................................................................... 75 3.3.4 Rozdíly v pravidlech .................................................................................. 80 3.3.5 Bezpe čnost freedivingu ............................................................................ 81 3.3.6 Spolupráce ................................................................................................. 83 3.4 Český freediving a jeho úsp ěchy z hlediska historie ............................................... 84 3.4.1 Martin Št ěpánek ......................................................................................... 84 3.4.2 Alena Zabloudilová ................................................................................... 87 3.4.3 Zhodnocení ................................................................................................ 89 4 SOU ČASNÝ STAV POTÁP ĚNÍ .......................................................................... 90 5 ZÁV ĚR ................................................................................................................... 91 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY A ZDROJ Ů ................................................... 93 SEZNAM OBRÁZK Ů ................................................................................................ 100 PŘÍLOHY SEZNAM ZKRATEK AIDA Association Internationale pour le Développement de l'Apnée CMAS Sv ětová potáp ěč ská konfederace ČR Česká republika ČSS Česká speleologická spole čnost IAFD Mezinárodní organizace volného potáp ěč e MČR mistrovství ČR n. l. našeho letopo čtu př. n. l. před naším letopo čtem SP ČR Svaz potáp ěčů ČR SSS ČR Sdružení sportovních svaz ů České republiky SSSR Svaz sov ětských socialistických republik 1 ÚVOD V posledních n ěkolika letech se potáp ění stalo pom ěrn ě dostupným sportem, kterému propadne každoro čně velké množství nových nadšenc ů. Kdo byl prvním člov ěkem, který se odvážil pono řit hlavu pod hladinu, se dnes již nedozvíme. Už nezjistíme, jak to všechno za čalo. Možná se ten první potáp ěč potopil jen ze zv ědavosti, nebo proto, že mu do vody n ěco upadlo. Z hlediska historie je t ěžké stanovit dobu, kdy se za čal formovat vztah člov ěka k vod ě. Potáp ění, na rozdíl od jiných sport ů, nepodléhá žádnému kontrolnímu ú řadu a každý se tedy potápí na vlastní riziko. Situace se dá p řirovnat k řidi či, který práv ě dod ělal autoškolu. Má stejná práva, jako každý jiný. M ůže si po řídit silné auto a jezdit. Jenže silni ční provoz má jasn ě daná pravidla, za jejichž porušení p řichází řidi č o body i o peníze. I tak je však každou chvíli slyšet ve zprávách o nehodách, za jejichž vznikem stojí nedostatek zkušeností a p řílišné sebev ědomí. Podobn ě je tomu i u potáp ění. Ani tady nikdo nebude zapálenému nadšenci bránit v koupi technické výstroje a v cest ě za prvními ponory. Dokonce ani neriskuje, že by za porušení pravidel dostal pokutu nebo p řišel o potáp ěč skou licenci. Riskovat ale m ůže nakonec mnohem víc. Stejn ě jako ho v autoškole nenau čí, jak jezdit bezpe čně na sn ěhu, v mlze nebo v dešti, tak ani v kurzu potáp ění se nem ůže připravit na všechny možné komplikace. Řada lidí absolvuje úvodní kurz potáp ění u mo ře. Teplá voda, zpravidla dobrá viditelnost a spousta zajímavostí všude kolem. Plni dojm ů, se pak vrací zpátky do Čech a s čerstv ě ud ělenou certifikací vyráží potáp ět se do lom ů a do temných vod přehrad. Tady je ale čeká p řekvapení, na které p řipraveni nejsou, jako tma, zima, snížená nebo v ůbec žádná viditelnost a po n ěkolika neopatrných pohybech mrak kalu, ve kterém rychle ztrácí orientaci a v ětšinou i nervy. K nehod ě v takovém p řípad ě zbývá už jen kr ůč ek. Nedá se srovnávat zkušenost ze 40 metrového ponoru v mo ři a ze stejn ě hlubokého ponoru nap říklad na Orlické p řehrad ě. Práv ě z tohoto d ůvodu je lepší absolvovat kurz v domácích vodách a zkušenosti potom uplatnit p ři výjezdech do zahrani čí. Potáp ění v chladných vodách by m ěla odpovídat i výstroj. Řada nehod je zp ůsobena nedostate čnou znalostí výstroje a jejího používání. 11 Jestliže potáp ěč i zaslechnou jméno Cousteau, každý z nich si okamžit ě vybaví opáleného muže s orlím nosem a červenou čapkou. Tento pr ůkopník potáp ění a vynálezce aqualungu, brázdil na své lodi Calypso oceány a to čil zajímavé filmy a seriály z vodní říše. Jacques-Yves Cousteau, společně se svým týmem, stál po dlouhá léta v pop ředí zájmu sv ětových médií díky své vynikající popularizaci potápění a v ědeckých poznatk ů. S rozvojem v ědy a techniky dochází i k vývoji potáp ění a potáp ěč ské techniky. Bezpe čnější potáp ěč ské výstroje a pot řeby motivují stále v ětší po čet zájemc ů o tento sport. I mně potáp ění zaujalo, a proto jsem si ho zvolila jako téma této práce. Cílem diplomové práce je popsat historický vývoj volného potáp ění. K dosažení cíle bylo využito t ěchto metod: studium a analýza odborné
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