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Bernardo De Lriarte. of the Palm Cenus Lriartea

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Bernardo De Lriarte. of the Palm Cenus Lriartea 156 PRINCIPES [Vor. 29 Principes,29(4), I985, pp. I56-159 Bernardo de lriarte. of the Palm Cenus lriartea R. A. DrFnIpps Departnent of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 In the last decades of the eighteenth Charles IV who received 41,900 pesosin century, the Spanish colonies in the New donationsfrom the fortunate peopleon his "suggested World were organized into gigantic Empire-wide list of contribu- o'viceroyal- administrative regions termed tors." Ruiz and Pavon followed an under- ties," the government of which was super- standableprocedure, glorifying new plant vised by the Council of the Indies in discoveries by naming several in com- Madrid with ultimate responsibility vested memoration of the sponsorsand well-wish- in the King. These massive domains ers of their expedition. Thus, in the Prod- included" from north to south, the vice- rotnus are found newly described, for royalty of New Spain (present-day south- example, the genera Carludoaica western United States, Mexico, and Cen- (Cyclanthaceae,compounded in reference tral America north of Panama); the to patrons King Charles IV and Queen viceroyalty of New Granada (today's Louisa); Godoya (Ochnaceae,for Manuel Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Pan- de Godoy, benefactor of Madrid's Royal ama); and the viceroyalty of Peru. Botanical Garden, King's Minister and Expecting the discovery of new dimen- Queen'sparamour); and, on page 149 the sions in mineral and plant wealth, includ- genus lriartea for Don Bernardo de ing mercuryo cinnamon and quinine at Iriarte, promoter of the noble arts and various times, the kings sent expeditions sciences,especially botany, and councillor to New Granadain 1750 (directed by Jos6 on matters of the Indies. Mutis); to New Spain in 1787-1803 Iriarte's family was from the Canary (commandedby Martin de Sess6and Jos6 Islands, an Atlantic archipelago long col- Mociffo); and to the viceroyalty of Peru onized by Spain. According to his baptis- in 1778-1788, led by the 22-year old mal certificate, which is fully quoted by botanists Hip6lito Ruiz and Jos6 Antonio Emilio Cotarelo y Mori in Iriarte y su Pavon (GoodmanL972). During Ruiz and Epo"o (1897, primarily about Bernardo's Pavon's explorationsin Peru, a stilt-palm famous literary uncle Don Juan and his unknown to science was collected, and poet brother Don Tom6s), our subject subsequently named as the new genus Bernardo Sime6n de Iriarte was born on Iriartea (Fig. l). The namesake of this Tenerife on February 18, 1735, the son 'Dofia palm, diplomat Bernardo de Iriarte, is the of B6rbara Cleta Marcelina de las subject of this story. Nieves y Oropesa and Don Bernardo de The Ruiz and Pavon expedition was, in Iriarte, whose Christian (given) name he the words of its chronicler A. R. Steele evidently received. He was baptized on o'first (1964), the comprehensivelydocu- March l, 1735 in Puerto de la Cruz, island mented study of plant life in the Spanish and diocese of Tenerife, province of the New World." The first major publication, Canaries. entitled Flnrae Peruuia.nae et Chilensis After a period of schoolinghe engaged Prod.romus (1794), was underwritten by in literary enterprises on a stipend from r98sl DNFILIPPS: IRIARTEA IJ{ l. Bernardo de lriarte, after the painter, Goya, reproduced with permission of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, N.Y. the public exchequer, assisting his uncle office of First Secretary of State. Soon, in Don Juan in the production of a Latin- 1774, he was elected to membershipof Spanish dictionary during 1754-1756. the Royal Academy of San Fernando, a While still quite young, he proceeded to high honor. obtain in l75B the position of secretary Iriarte's careerwas in the ascendancy, of the Embassyin London. When his mis- and he was promotedto occupy a seat on sion in England was finished he was the Council of the Indies recently vacated appointed to serve as a mediator in the by his friend Don Fernando Magall6n. office of the First Secretary of State (of With his work as a political dignitary came Spain),and he later, in 1773, rose to the much lucrative and honorific recoenition. I58 PRINCIPES [Vor. 29 In 1787 he became director of the Com- upon the thrones of erstwhile local kinss pafria de Filipinas (Company of the Phil- (Putman l9B2). A war on Spanishroil *Is ippines); n 1792 Vice-Protector of the provoked againstPortugal for not respect- Royal Academy of San Fernando (an ing France's call for embargo of English academyof fine arts; he collected Murillo, ships in Portuguese ports. It flared into Van Dyck, Velazquez);and in 1797 he the Iberian Peninsular War of lB08 to was made Minister of the Royal Junta of l8l4, resulting in the abdication of King Agriculture, Commerce, and Shipping CharlesIV of Spain who was replacedb! Beyond the Seas. At some point hJ mar- Napolebn's brother Joseph as King (in ried a lady from a distinguishedGibraltar 1808). Due to this atmosphereof turmoil !l-ily, Dofia Antonia Siez de Tejada y in the peninsula, at various times every- Hermoso; sourcesdo not record any chii- one-Charles IV, his son Ferdinand VIi. dren from this union. Goya, and Iriarte-chose exile in France Iriarte edited an account of the voyage (rather than in England, which ultimately of pursuit made in 1579-1580 by Pedro won the war through the Iron Duke of Sarmiento de Gamboa in search of Sir Wellington). Francis Drake who had attacked Peru, The particular circumstancesleading to and this volume was published in lZ68 Iriarte's exile have been summarized bv (Braganza "Iriarte and Oakes 1974), but it seems Trapier (1964) as follows: was Iriarte's later writings mostly concerned chosen by the Council of the Indies to the political turmoil of life in neighboring welcome Joseph Bonaparte to Madrid in Portugal: it was the era of Napoleonic 1809, and at the court of the latter he venturism throughout Europe. was made a member of the Council of Recalling that Iriarte was Vice-Protec- State. He received lrom JosephBonaparte tor of the Royal San Fernando Academy, the Royal Order of Spain and seems to we can appreciate that he numbered have favored the Frenchman, which placed among his friends the volatile Aragonese him under suspicion as an afrancesado painter Goya (FranciscoGoya y Lucientes, (Frenchified Spaniard). Like many other L746-1828), who had long been associ- Spaniards,after the War of Independence ated with the Academy and was Director he went to Bordeaux to join the colony of of the Academy's Painting Department as refugees from Spain who had established of 1795 (Lepore 1967). Goya made, in themselves there." Iriarte died in Bor- 1797, a portrait of his friend Iriarte wear- deaux on August 13, 1814. His wife out- ing the decorationof the Order of Charles lived him, in Germany. III (Trapier 1964); it was exhibited at the Luciano Bernardi (1977) summed up Academy on November I, LT9Z. The the era by saying (in translation): "Con- canvas presents an Iriarte with aloof and sidering . the troubled years undergone fastidiousbearing, yet with the persuasive "arrived" by Spain in Ruiz and Pavon's dignity of an man. The orisinal time-the Napoleonic occupation, painting is in the Mus6e de la Vi-elle" the clumsily Strasbourg,France, and the one repro- achieved Restoration, the long and vain duced here (Fig. 2) is a late eighteenth war in Latin America-the accomplish- century copy of it after Goya, now kept ment of Ruiz and Pavon is quite respect- in storagein the Metropolitan Museum of able." In addition to the I794 Prodromus Art, New York City (Wold, pers. comm.). in which lriartea was published,they pro- In this period Emperor NapoleonBona- duced Systerna Vegetabilium Florae parte (I769-182l) wasexpanding, in the Peruaianaeet Chilensis(1798) in which name of the French Revolution against the type speciesI. deltoideawas describedo tyranny, his extensiveroster of conqiered and the 3-volume Florae Peruuiana et client-states, often placing his relatives Chilensisin I 798-I802. r98sl DNFILIPPS: IRIARTEA 159 LnnnlruRn Crrun LEPoRE,M. 1967. The Life and Times of Goya. Philadelphia and New York: Curtis Books. Purtt.ru, J. J. 1982. Napoleon. National Geo- BrnN.rnoI, L. 1977. Hip6lito Ruiz, les trois Jos6 "Real graphic16I(2): 142-189. et la Expedicion." Mus6es de Gendve Srrrrr, A. R. t964. Flowers for the King. Dur- I74:8-15. ham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. BRAGANZA,R. L. S. DE eNo C. Oerrs, eds. 1974. TRaptrn, E. ruGuf . 1964. Goyaand His Sitters. The Hill Collection of Pacific Voyages. Univer- New York: The Hispanic Society of America. sity of California, Sm Diego: University Library. WoLD, GRETcHEN. 1984. in Department of Euro- CoTARELoY MoRI, E. 1897. Iriarte y su Epoca. pean Paintings, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Madrid. New York City, contacted on my behalf by Gooonren, E. J. 1972. The Explorers of South Patricia Upchurch, Smithsonian Exposition America. New York: Macmillan Companv. Books.Washington, D.C. SECREToF rHr ORtrNr DweRr Rge.pIs BOOKSTORE EXCELSA(L. MCKAMEY1983, 51 PP.).-..- 3.95 A MANUAL OF THE RATTANS OF THE Supprrrr.rnNt to Plrrr,rs or tgt Wonrl MALAv PENINSUTI (J. Dransfield 1979, (A. C. Langlois1976, 252 pp.) ..,-..,...........25.00 270 pp.) ...-...-..,........".".........-$2s.00 THn Gnnus PTycHospERMALe.rIrr. (F. CocoNUr PALM FRoND WnevINc (Wm. B. Essig 1978, 6I pp.) ....-..--..-...,. 5.50 H. Goodloe1972, 132 pp.) .-...-..-...-..,-.........3.95 THE INDIGENoUSPALMS OF NEW CALE- Cunrvetro Pe.rrrasor Vrxrzurre. (A. DoNIA(H. E. Moore, Jr., N. W. Uhl Braun 1970, 94 pp. and 95 photo- I984, 88 pp.) ...............-...-...- 12.00 graphs.),........"...... 4.50 Tnr INorcsNous P,trus or SuntNlue (J. FLoRAoF PANAMA(Palms) (R. E. Wood- G. W. Boer 1965, Part of Flora, I72 son, Jr., R.
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