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Law Enforcement's Reconceptualization of Juvenile Prostitutes from Delinquency Offenders to Child Sexual Abuse Victims in Six US Cities

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Law Enforcement's Reconceptualization of Juvenile Prostitutes from Delinquency Offenders to Child Sexual Abuse Victims in Six US Cities University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2008 Law enforcement's reconceptualization of juvenile prostitutes from delinquency offenders to child sexual abuse victims in six US cities Stephanie Halter University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Halter, Stephanie, "Law enforcement's reconceptualization of juvenile prostitutes from delinquency offenders to child sexual abuse victims in six US cities" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations. 422. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/422 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LAW ENFORCEMENT'S RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF JUVENILE PROSTITUTES FROM DELINQUENCY OFFENDERS TO CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE VICTIMS IN SIX U.S. CITIES BY STEPHANIE HALTER Bachelor of Arts, Plymouth State University, 2002 Master of Arts in Sociology, University of New Hampshire, 2004 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology May, 2008 UMI Number: 3308372 Copyright 2008 by Halter, Stephanie All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3308372 Copyright 2008 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 E. Eisenhower Parkway PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED c2008 Stephanie Halter This dissertation has been examined and approved. [y CUA * rJskl^ih.*&_ Dissertation Director, David Finkelhor, Professor of Sociology Heather Turner, Professor of Sociology CesarRebellan, Assistant Professor of Sociology Kimberly Mitchell, Research Assistant Professor of Psychology at Crimes Against Children Research Center JaHisWolak, Research Assistant Professor at Crimes Against Children Research Center 5~ (9-2-00% Date To Ian, for his endless support and encouragement iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been very fortunate as a graduate student in the University of New Hampshire's Sociology Department and I am extremely grateful for the education and opportunities that I received. I owe special thanks to many whom have influenced my academic career and made it possible for me to complete this project. First and foremost, I would like to thank David Finkelhor, for his continued mentorship throughout my graduate school career. I learned so much, in and out of the classroom, and truly would not have achieved this without his continued guidance, patience and thought provoking suggestions. His tireless work ethic and endless appetite for knowledge inspire us all. Additionally, I would like to thank my committee members, Heather Turner, Cesar Rebellon, Kimberly Mitchell and Janis Wolak for their insightful suggestions, guidance and willingness to share their knowledge. Thank you Brad Russ from the Internet Crimes Against Children Taskforce for sharing your contacts; this study truly would not have been possible without your help. I also owe many heartfelt thanks to Kelly Foster and Doreen Cole for their continued support over the years. You both helped me in so many ways. I would also like to thank Sally Ward, Lawrence Hamilton, and Michelle Dillon for my knowledge in Sociological research methods and theory for which without this project would not have been possible. Special thanks to Jean Dawson for her continued friendship and collegial support. I am indebted to the law enforcement agencies and personnel who participated in this study for their willingness to partake and assistance in locating and retrieving the case files. This study would not have been possible without your support and it would not have been nearly as enjoyable without your hospitality. I have also been fortunate to have an tremendously supportive family for which I am extremely grateful. I owe many thanks to my best friend and husband, Ian Reddick, whose encouragement, thoughtfulness and delicious cooking sustained me through graduate school. I would also like to thank our parents, Paula Caputy, Donald Reddick and Alice Hayden for their continued understanding and support over the years. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi ABSTRACT xii CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 I. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Theory 3 Relevant Research 6 Research Questions 33 Hypotheses 34 II. METHODOLOGY 37 Research Design 37 Sample 38 Procedures 42 Measurement 42 Operational Definitions 43 Data Analysis 55 Causal Models 58 Limitations 59 Human Subjects Considerations 59 III. DEMOGRAPHIC AND CASE CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUTH INVOLVED IN PROSTITUTION 60 Characteristics of Youth Involved in Prostitution 60 Case Characteristics 62 vn IV. THE LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE TO JUVENILES' INVOLVEMENT IN PROSTITUTION 79 Entry into the Criminal Justice System 79 Law Enforcement Awareness that the Prostitute Was a Juvenile.. 85 Length of Time Involved in Prostitution Prior to Coming to Police Attention 87 Explaining Length of Time Involved in Prostitution Prior to Law Enforcement Contact 88 Offenses in Cases of Juveniles Involved in Prostitution 95 Case Processing 98 V. LAW ENFORCEMENT'S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF YOUTH INVOLVED IN PROSTITUTION: FACTORS INFLUENCING HOW YOUTH ARE HANDLED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 102 Juveniles' Culpability Status: Are Law Enforcement Viewing Youth Involved in Prostitution as Victims, Offenders or Both? 102 VI. CHARACTERIZING JUVENILES INVOLVED IN PROSTITUTION: DIVERGENCES FROM STEREOTYPICAL CONCEPTUALIZATIONS 125 Conclusions 125 Implications 134 Limitations 136 Future Research 136 VII. THE LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE TO JUVENILES' INVOLVEMENT IN PROSTITUTION 138 Conclusions 138 Implications 146 Limitations 150 Future Research 151 VIII. LAW ENFORCEMENT'S CONCEPTUALIZATION OF YOUTH INVOLVED IN PROSTITUTION: FACTORS INFLUENCING HOW YOUTH WERE HANDLED IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 153 Conclusions 153 Implications 169 Limitations 171 Future Research 172 REFERENCES 173 vin APPENDICES 182 APPENDIX A Tables and Graphs 183 APPENDIX B Data Collection Instrument 203 APPENDIX C Institutional Review Board Approval 214 IX LIST OF TABLES Table A 1 Distribution of Cases by Law Enforcement Agencies in Sample 184 A 2 Demographics of Sample of Youth Involved in Prostitution Known to Law Enforcement 184 A 3 The Prevalence of Co-occurring Types of Prostitution 185 A 4 Prevalence of Locations Youth Were Involved in Prostitution 186 A 5 Total Number of Exploiters Involved in Youth's Prostitution 186 A 6 Prevalence of Exploiters' Roles in Juvenile Prostitution Cases 187 A 7 Demographics of Identified Exploiters Involved in Juvenile Prostitution Known to Law Enforcement 188 A 8 Juveniles Prostitutes Entry into the Criminal Justice System 189 A 9 Table of Means for Length of Time Involved in Prostitution by Residence 190 A 10 Analysis of Variance for Length of Time Involved in Prostitution 190 All Table of Means for Length of Time Involved in Prostitution by How the Case Came to the Attention of Law Enforcement 190 A 12 Analysis of Variance for Length of Time Involved in Prostitution 190 A 13 Table of Means for Length of Time Involved in Prostitution by Pimp Prostitution Type 191 A 14 Analysis of Variance for Length of Time Involved in Prostitution 191 A 15 Table of Means for Length of Time Involved in Prostitution by Prior Record 191 A 16 Analysis of Variance for Length of Time Involved in Prostitution 191 A 17 Summary of Negative Binomial Regression with Robust Standard Errors for Variables Predicting Number of Days Involved in Prostitution 191 A 18 Juvenile Prostitute Offenses Committed 192 A 19 Prevalence of Exploiter's Charged in Juvenile Prostitution Cases 192 A 20 Exploiter Offenses in Juvenile Prostitution Cases 193 A 21 Juvenile Prostitute Culpability Status by Law Enforcement: Victim, Offender or Both 194 A 22 Bivariate Relationships with the Youth's Culpability Status as a Victim or an Offender 195 A 23 Correlation Matrix 198 A 24 Summary of Logistic Regression Analysis for Variables Predicting Victim Culpability Status 199 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure A 1 Causal Models 58 A 2 Length of Time the Juvenile Was Involved in Prostitution Prior to their Encounter with Law Enforcement 200 A 3 The Mean Number of Days the Juvenile was Involved in Prostitution Prior to Current Contact with the Police 200 A 4 Law Enforcement's Conceptualization of Juvenile Prostitutes' Culpability Status 201 A 5 Recoded Culpability Status of Juvenile Prostitutes Known to Law Enforcement 201 A 6 Uniform Crime Reports Juvenile Arrest Rates for Prostitution by Gender, 1990-2004 202 A 7 Uniform Crime Reports Juvenile Arrest Rates for Prostitution by Race, 2000-2006 202 xi ABSTRACT LAW ENFORCEMENT'S
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