Sexual Exploitation and Prostitution and Its Impact on Gender Equality
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Women in Ministerial Positions, Reflecting Appointments up to 1 January 2021
Women in Women in parliament The countries are ranked and colour-coded according to the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or the lower house of parliament, ministerial positions reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 January 2021. The countries are ranked according to the percentage of women in ministerial positions, reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2021. Rank Country Lower or single house Upper house or Senate % Women Women/Seats % Women Women/Seats Rank Country % Women Women Total ministers ‡ Women in Politics: 2021 50 to 65% 50 to 59.9% 1 Rwanda 61.3 49 / 80 38.5 10 / 26 1 Nicaragua 58.8 10 17 2 Cuba 53.4 313 / 586 — — / — 2 Austria 57.1 8 14 3 United Arab Emirates 50.0 20 / 40 — — / — ” Belgium 57.1 8 14 40 to 49.9% ” Sweden 57.1 12 21 4 Nicaragua 48.4 44 / 91 — — / — 5 Albania 56.3 9 16 Situation on 1 January 2021 5 New Zealand 48.3 58 / 120 — — / — 6 Rwanda 54.8 17 31 6 Mexico 48.2 241 / 500 49.2 63 / 128 7 Costa Rica 52.0 13 25 7 Sweden 47.0 164 / 349 — — / — 8 Canada 51.4 18 35 8 Grenada 46.7 7 / 15 15.4 2 / 13 9 Andorra 50.0 6 12 9 Andorra 46.4 13 / 28 — — / — ” Finland 50.0 9 18 10 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 46.2 60 / 130 55.6 20 / 36 ” France 50.0 9 18 11 Finland 46.0 92 / 200 — — / — ” Guinea-Bissau* 50.0 8 16 12 South Africa 45.8 182 / 397 41.5 22 / 53 ” Spain 50.0 11 22 13 Costa Rica 45.6 26 / 57 — — / — 40 to 49.9% 14 Norway 44.4 75 / 169 — — / — 14 South Africa 48.3 14 29 15 Namibia 44.2 46 / 104 14.3 6 / 42 15 Netherlands 47.1 8 17 Greenland Latvia 16 Spain 44.0 154 / 350 40.8 108 / 265 16 -
Can Taking Prostitution “Indoors” Mitigate Social Harms? Maryssa Brogis Union College - Schenectady, NY
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2016 The nI ternet, Prostitution, and Rape: Can Taking Prostitution “Indoors” Mitigate Social Harms? Maryssa Brogis Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Criminology Commons, Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Law and Economics Commons Recommended Citation Brogis, Maryssa, "The nI ternet, Prostitution, and Rape: Can Taking Prostitution “Indoors” Mitigate Social Harms?" (2016). Honors Theses. 278. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/278 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Internet, Prostitution, and Rape: Can Taking Prostitution “Indoors” Mitigate Social Harms? by Maryssa J. Brogis ********* Submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for Honors Department in Economics Honors Department in Women’s and Gender Studies UNION COLLEGE June, 2015 Abstract BROGIS, MARYSSA The Internet, Prostitution, and Rape: Can Taking Prostitution “Indoors” Mitigate Social Harms? ADVISORS: Professor Lewis Davis and Professor Lori Marso Prostitution is often debated as an illegal activity that causes individual and social harms. This study uses feminist theories on prostitution in conjunction with econometric tools to find if prostitution can actually reduce social harms such as rape. Prostitution is a highly debated subject within feminist literature, as some believe prostitution is considered legitimate work, while others view prostitution as extremely harmful toward women and an act that perpetuates female submission. -
The Chapter 30B Manual: Procuring Supplies, Services and Real Property
Notice This manual supersedes the 2014 edition of The Chapter 30B Manual. The contents of older editions may not reflect current law or interpretations of the Office of the Inspector General. You may download this manual from our website at www.mass.gov/ig or purchase copies from the State Bookstore, Room 116, State House, Boston, MA 02133, (617) 727-2834. Massachusetts Office of the Inspector General Address: Room 1311 John McCormack State Office Building One Ashburton Place Boston, MA 02108 Contact Information: (617) 727 - 9140 (Main Office) (617) 722 - 8838 (Chapter 30B) (617) 727 - 9140 (MCPPO Program) (800) 322 - 1323 (Confidential 24-Hour Hotline) (617) 723 - 2334 (FAX) www.mass.gov/ig Copyright 2016 by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Office of the Inspector General, Boston, Massachusetts All rights reserved First edition published 1990, revised 1995, 1998, 2000, 2006, 2011, 2014, 2016 Printed on recycled paper November 2016 Dear Reader: I am pleased to issue this updated edition of The Chapter 30B Manual: Procuring Supplies, Services and Real Property. The manual is one component of the Office of the Inspector General’s ongoing efforts to prevent fraud, waste and abuse in the expenditure of public funds. It provides comprehensive guidance and information about complying with the Uniform Procurement Act, M.G.L. c. 30B (Chapter 30B). This new edition of the manual incorporates statutory changes to Chapter 30B that are effective November 7, 2016, including the new thresholds and requirements in Chapter 218 of the Acts of 2016, An Act Modernizing Municipal Finance and Government. It also includes updated forms and checklists, as well as practical advice on conducting a wide range of procurements. -
Human Trafficking in America's Schools
Human Trafficking in AMERICA’S SCHOOLS 2015 JANUARY Human Trafficking in AMERICA’S SCHOOLS i This report was written under U.S. Department of Education Grant Number Q184L070139 by Jeneé Littrell of the Grossmont Union High School District. Eve Birge served as the grant monitor. This report was designed for the U.S. Department of Education under Contract Number EDESE12O0035 with American Institutes for Research, Inc. Rita Foy Moss served as the contracting officer’s representative for the National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments technical assistance center (NCSSLE). The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the positions or policies of the Department of Education. No official endorsement by the Department of any product, commodity, service or enterprise mentioned in this publication is intended or should be inferred. For the reader’s convenience, this publication contains information about and from outside organizations, including hyperlinks and URLs. Inclusion of such information does not constitute the Department’s endorsement. Office of Safe and Healthy Students David Esquith Director January 2015 This report is in the public domain. Authorization to reproduce it in whole or in part is granted. While permission to reprint this publication is not necessary, the citation should be U.S. Department of Education, Office of Safe and Healthy Students, Human Trafficking in America’s Schools, Washington, D.C., 2015. This report is available for free at http://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/human-trafficking-americas-schools. Availability of Alternate Formats Requests for documents in alternate formats such as Braille or large print should be submitted to the Alternate Format Center by calling 202.260.0852 or by contacting the 504 coordinator via email at [email protected]. -
A Changing of the Guards Or a Change of Systems?
BTI 2020 A Changing of the Guards or A Change of Systems? Regional Report Sub-Saharan Africa Nic Cheeseman BTI 2020 | A Changing of the Guards or A Change of Systems? Regional Report Sub-Saharan Africa By Nic Cheeseman Overview of transition processes in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe This regional report was produced in October 2019. It analyzes the results of the Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) 2020 in the review period from 1 February 2017 to 31 January 2019. Author Nic Cheeseman Professor of Democracy and International Development University of Birmingham Responsible Robert Schwarz Senior Project Manager Program Shaping Sustainable Economies Bertelsmann Stiftung Phone 05241 81-81402 [email protected] www.bti-project.org | www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/en Please quote as follows: Nic Cheeseman, A Changing of the Guards or A Change of Systems? — BTI Regional Report Sub-Saharan Africa, Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung 2020. https://dx.doi.org/10.11586/2020048 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Cover: © Freepick.com / https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/close-up-of-magnifying-glass-on- map_2518218.htm A Changing of the Guards or A Change of Systems? — BTI 2020 Report Sub-Saharan Africa | Page 3 Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................... -
PCT Gazette, Weekly Issue No. 10, 2000
10/2000 9 Mar/mar 2000 PCT Gazette - Section I - Gazette du PCT 2883 SECTION I PUBLISHED INTERNATIONAL APPLICATIONS DEMANDES INTERNATIONALES PUBLIÉES (51) Not classified / non classée (71) SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT (22) 19 Jul/juil 1999 (19.07.1999) [DE/DE]; Wittelsbacherplatz 2, D–80333 (11) WO 00/11924 (13) A1 München (DE). (25) ru (26) ru (for all designated States except / pour tous (21) PCT/AU99/00682 les États désignés sauf US) (30) 98116001 18 Aug/août 1998 RU (18.08.1998) (22) 25 Aug/août 1999 (25.08.1999) (72, 75) HOFMANN, Ludwig [DE/DE]; De- kann–Faber–Ring 21A, D–85304 Ilmmünster (43) 9 Mar/mar 2000 (09.03.2000) (25) en (26) en (DE). (54) • METHOD FOR DISSECTING TISSUES, (30) PP 5505 28 Aug/août 1998 AU (74) SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT; DEVICE FOR SIMULTANEOUSLY (28.08.1998) Postfach 22 16 34, D–80506 München (DE). DISSECTING AND COAGULATING THE SAME AND VARIANTS THE- (43) 9 Mar/mar 2000 (09.03.2000) (81) CN US; EP (AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI REOF FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE). • PROCEDE DE DISSECTION DE TIS- (54) • PIPE CLAMP SUS, DISPOSITIF PERMETTANT • COLLIER DE SERRAGE DE TUYAUX D’EFFECTUER SIMULTANEMENT (51) Not classified / non classée UNE DISSECTION ET UNE COA- (71) MILNES PTY. LIMITED [AU/AU]; 13–19 (11) WO 00/11926 (13) A2 GULATION ET VARIANTES DE CE Malcolm Road, Braeside, VIC 3195 (AU). DISPOSITIF (for all designated States except / pour tous (21) PCT/DK99/00643 les États désignés sauf US) (71, 72) MAMAEV, Gennady Viktorovich (22) 19 Nov/nov 1999 (19.11.1999) [RU/RU]; ul. -
Feminism, Power, and Sex Work in the Context of Hiv/Aids: Consequences for Women’S Health
FEMINISM, POWER, AND SEX WORK IN THE CONTEXT OF HIV/AIDS: CONSEQUENCES FOR WOMEN’S HEALTH AZIZA AHMED* I. Introduction and Background ............................. 226 II. An Old Feminist Battle .................................. 228 A. Rise of the Sex-Positive Feminists and Sex Worker Rights Groups ....................................... 229 III. A Theoretical Model: Governance Feminism............... 231 A. Proposed Legal Regimes by Abolitionist and Sex- Positive Feminists, Sex Workers, and Public Health Authorities .......................................... 232 IV. Two Cases of Feminist Engagement in International Health Governance Structures ................................... 234 A. Sex Work in Global Public Health Governance: The Case of the UNAIDS Guidance Note .................. 234 B. U.S. Bilateral Aid for HIV and Sex Work: The Case of the Anti-Prostitution Pledge .......................... 242 1. History of the Anti-Prostitution Pledge: Early Engagement from Feminists and Sex Worker Rights Groups ......................................... 242 2. History of the Cases ............................. 246 3. Feminist Response and Involvement in Anti- Prostitution Pledge Litigation .................... 246 4. Engagement in the Processes of the Court......... 246 5. Feminist Activism on the Anti-Prostitution Pledge Outside of Litigation ............................. 249 V. Feminist Legal Reforms: Unintended Consequences on Women’s Health ......................................... 252 A. Women’s Greater Exposure to Sexual and Other Violence -
A Sex Worker Rights and Anti-Trafficking Initiative
ANTI-TRAFFICKING REVIEW 12 (2019): 140-154 The ‘Prioritizing Safety for Sex Workers Policy’: A sex worker rights and anti-trafficking initiative Alexandra Lutnick Abstract This article presents a case study of how sex worker and anti-trafficking organisations and activists in San Francisco, California, worked together to develop and pass the ‘Prioritizing Safety for Sex Workers Policy’. This policy, as enacted by the San Francisco District Attorney’s Office and the San Francisco Police Department, creates a legal environment where people can come forward and report to law enforcement when they are a victim of or witness to an array of violent crimes while engaged in sex work, and not be arrested or prosecuted for their involvement in that criminalised behaviour or for any misdemeanour drug offences. The article details how the groups came together and the challenges they faced while developing the policy. The work was fuelled by the recognition that no one wants people in the sex industry to experience violence. That is true whether selling sex is their choice, influenced by their life circumstances, or something they are being forced or coerced to do. The Prioritizing Safety for Sex Workers Policy is a unique example of the way in which sex workers, people who have experienced trafficking, service providers, activists, women’s rights policymakers, the police department, and the District Attorney’s office came together around a common goal. Keywords: sex work, human trafficking, policy, coalitions, violence, crime victim Suggested citation: A Lutnick, ‘The “Prioritizing Safety for Sex Workers Policy”: A sex worker rights and anti-trafficking initiative’, Anti-Trafficking Review, issue 12, 2019, pp. -
The French Law of April 13 2016 Aimed at Strengthening the Fight Against the Prostitutional System and Providing Support For
The French law of April 13 2016 aimed at strengthening the fight against the prostitutional system and providing support for prostituted persons Principles, goals, measures and adoption of a historic law. 1 CAP international, March 2017 www.cap-international.org Authors: Grégoire Théry, Executive director of CAP international Claudine Legardinier, Journalist Graphic design: micheletmichel.com Translation: Caroline Degorce Contents Presentation of the law of April 13, 2016 > Introduction ................................................................................................................................................p.5 > Content of the law ....................................................................................................................................p.5 French law following the adoption of the new Act > The fight against procuring and pimping .......................................................................................p.8 > Prohibition of the purchase of sex acts .......................................................................................... p.9 > Protection, access to rights and exit policy for victims of prostitution, pimping and trafficking .......................................................................................................................p.10 The spirit of the law > Philosophical foundation ....................................................................................................................p.13 > Adoption of the parliamentary resolution of December -
“Tackling Gender Stereotypes and Sexism”
“Tackling Gender Stereotypes and Sexism” SPEAKERS BIOGRAPHIES Helsinki 28-29 March 2019 www.coe.int/equality Opening Session Annika Saarikko, 35, was appointed Minister of Family Affairs and Social Services in the summer of 2017. She took responsibility for one of the biggest reforms in Finland in recent decades: the healthcare and social services reform. In addition to the this reform, other topical issues at the ministry include gender equality issues, services for children, families and elderly people, as well as utilisation of digitalisation, health technology, genome data and setting up the National Pharmaceutical Development Centre. Annika Saarikko became a Member of the Finnish Parliament in 2011, one year after becoming Vice Chair of the Centre Party, a post she held for three terms. During her terms in Parliament, Annika Saarikko has focused on issues pertaining to gender equality, as well as healthcare and social welfare. Gabriella Battaini-Dragoni has served as the Council of Europe’s Deputy Secretary General since 2012 and was re-elected in June 2015. She oversees the implementation of the Secretary General’s reform agenda, in line with the decisions and priorities of the Committee of Ministers. Her priorities include shaping the Programme and Budget to guarantee member States value for money, while ensuring that the Organisation’s activities have maximum impact in advancing democracy, human rights and the rule of law. She also oversees the Council of Europe’s staff policy. Before taking up her post, Mrs Battaini-Dragoni held a number of positions within the Organisation. In 2001 she became the first female Director General in the Organisation’s history, in charge of Social Cohesion. -
Prostitution in Germany – a Comprehensive Analysis of Complex Challenges
Prostitution in Germany – A Comprehensive Analysis of Complex Challenges © Authors: Dorothea Czarnecki, Henny Engels, Barbara Kavemann, Wiltrud Schenk, Elfriede Steffan, Dorothee Türnau Consultant On Human Trafficking: Naile Tanis Berlin, April 2014 Contents Prostitution in Germany – A comprehensive analysis of complex challenges 2 1 The Prostitution Act – A step toward legal equality and against discrimination 4 2 Prostitution as gainful employment: Conditions, places and types of work 5 3 What reasons do women give for entering prostitution? 8 4 Everything goes? Legal regulations in Germany 9 4.1. The rostitutionP Act 9 4.2. European regulations 10 4.3. The influence of migration law on ostitutionpr in Germany 10 Free Movement of Citizens Act/EU 10 Residence Act 11 4.4. Criminal code provisions on aspects of prostitution 11 Criminal law on prostitution 11 Criminal law on human trafficking 12 5 Influence of other laws and regulations 14 5.1. Healthcare 14 5.2. Tax law 16 5.3. Exclusion zone ordinances: Spatial and temporal restrictions on sex work 17 6 Migration and prostitution 17 7 Support services 19 7.1 Support services for women in prostitution 19 7.2 Support services for minors in prostitution 20 7.3 Healthcare support services 21 7.4 Support services for persons trafficked for sexual exploitation 21 8 Retraining programs 23 8.1 Support for new employment 23 9 Open questions and political controversies 25 9.1 Do the Prostitution Act and associated measures meet expectations? 25 9.2 Does the Prostitution Act encourage procurement -
Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization
IA SCIEN M T E IA D R A V C M A PONTIFICIAE ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARVM SOCIALIVM ACTA 20 S A O I C C I I F A I T L I N V M O P Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization The Proceedings of the 20th Plenary Session 17-21 April 2015 Edited by Margaret S. Archer | Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo Libreria Editrice Vaticana • Vatican City 2016 Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences Acta 20 The Proceedings of the 20th Plenary Session Human Trafficking: Issues Beyond Criminalization 17-21 April 2015 Edited by Margaret S. Archer Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo IA SCIE M NT E IA D R A V C M A S A I O C C I F I I A T L I N V M O P LIBRERIA EDITRICE VATICANA • VATICAN CITY 2016 The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences Casina Pio IV, 00120 Vatican City Tel: +39 0669881441 • Fax: +39 0669885218 Email: [email protected] • Website: www.pass.va The opinions expressed with absolute freedom during the presentation of the papers of this meeting, although published by the Academy, represent only the points of view of the participants and not those of the Academy. ISBN 978-88-86726-32-0 © Copyright 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, pho- tocopying or otherwise without the expressed written permission of the publisher. THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES LIBRERIA EDITRICE VATICANA VATICAN CITY In recent years, the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, thanks to the efforts of its President, its Chancellor and a num- ber of prestigious external collaborators – to whom I offer my heartfelt thanks – has engaged in important activities in defence of human dignity and freedom in our day.