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Coins, Forts and Commercial Exchanges in the Sixth- And
Journal Code Article ID Dispatch: 16.08.17 CE: O J O A 1 2 1 2 3 No. of Pages: 16 ME: 1 50 2 51 3 52 4 FLORIN CURTA Q153 5 54 6 55 7 COINS, FORTS AND COMMERCIAL EXCHANGES IN THE SIXTH- 56 8 AND EARLY SEVENTH-CENTURY BALKANS 57 9 58 10 59 11 60 12 61 13 Summary. The nature of settlements in the sixth-century Balkans is a matter of 62 14 current debate. Amphorae and hoards of iron implements and weapons have been 63 15 discussed in relation to this controversy. A key problem is that of the use of coins in 64 16 an economic environment without any large-scale agricultural production. While 65 17 hoards of coins have been analyzed in relation to the presence of the military in 66 18 the Balkans, single finds of coins remain a category of archaeological evidence 67 19 commonly neglected in discussions of the sixth-century economy. The article 68 20 offers an explanation connected with the quaestura exercitus implemented in 69 21 536, and its conclusion is that the small copper denominations discovered on 70 22 hilltop sites in the Balkans were not obtained on the market (none existed in 71 23 any of the many hilltop sites known so far), but piggybacked on transports of 72 24 annona. 73 25 74 26 75 27 76 28 77 INTRODUCTION 29 78 30 The nature or character of the settlement pattern in the sixth-century Balkans has been a 79 31 subject of debate among historians and archaeologists. -
The Cambridge Companion to Age of Constantine.Pdf
The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine offers students a com- prehensive one-volume introduction to this pivotal emperor and his times. Richly illustrated and designed as a readable survey accessible to all audiences, it also achieves a level of scholarly sophistication and a freshness of interpretation that will be welcomed by the experts. The volume is divided into five sections that examine political history, reli- gion, social and economic history, art, and foreign relations during the reign of Constantine, a ruler who gains in importance because he steered the Roman Empire on a course parallel with his own personal develop- ment. Each chapter examines the intimate interplay between emperor and empire and between a powerful personality and his world. Collec- tively, the chapters show how both were mutually affected in ways that shaped the world of late antiquity and even affect our own world today. Noel Lenski is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. A specialist in the history of late antiquity, he is the author of numerous articles on military, political, cultural, and social history and the monograph Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century ad. Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S Edited by Noel Lenski University of Colorado Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521818384 c Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright. -
Roman Provincial Coins
ROMAN PROVINCIAL COINS 86 Æ 87 Æ 88 Æ 86 MACEDON. Amphipolis. Severus Alexander, 222-235 AD. AE 21. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust r. / Cybele seated l., holding a patera, fish in ex. BMC 133. Rich medium brown. Choice Almost EF 175. 87 MOESIA INFERIOR. Nicopolis ad Istrum. Septimius Severus, 193-211 AD. AE 27. Laureate head r. / Two bound captives seated on shields at base of trophy of arms. Moushmov 932var. Scarce. Apple-green with minor burgundy- red deposits Good VF 125. 88 THRACE. Hadrianopolis. Geta, 209-211 AD. AE 28. Laureate, draped bust r. / The Third Labor of Hercules: Hercules and the Erymanthian Boar, King Eurystheus cowering in a jar. Moushmov 2675var. Olive- and forest-green F to About VF 1,000. CHOICE PERINTHOS MEDALLION OF SEVERUS ALEXANDER 89 Æ 89 Perinthos. Severus Alexander, 222-235 AD. AE Medallion. 41mm, 33.29 gm. Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust r. / Sarapis standing l. holding a scepter, saluting at altar. Moushmov 4655. RARE. Deep olive-green, near black Choice VF 1,500. VERY RARE MEDALLION OF PERINTHOS IN ALLIANCE WITH KYZIKOS 90 Æ 90 Perinthos in Homonoia with Kyzikos. Gordian III, 238-244 AD. AE Medallion of 12 Assaria. 37.6mm, 30.79 gm. Laureate and cuirassed bust r., the front of his cuirass adorned with a gorgoneion; AVT K M ANT ΓO-P∆IANOC AYΓ / Kore of Kyzikos standing l., holding staff, presenting grain-ears as an offering over a burning altar; Tyche of Perinthos standing r., holding a cornucopiae, pouring an offering from her phiale; ΠEPINΘIΩN ∆IC NEOK-OPΩN, OMO/NOI/A, KYZIKHN/ΩN in ex. -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
Name Reign Succession Died
Name Reign Succession Died March 20, 235 CE - Proclaimed emperor by German legions April 238 CE; Assasinated by Praetorian Maximinus I April 238 CE after the murder of Severus Alexander Guard Proclaimed emperor, whilst Pro-consul in Africa, during a revolt against Maximinus. Ruled jointly with his son Gordian II, and in opposition to Maximinus. Technically a usurper, but March 22, 238 CE - retrospectively legitimised by the April 238 CE; Committed suicide upon Gordian I April 12, 238 CE accession of Gordian III hearing of the death of Gordian II. Proclaimed emperor, alongside father March 22, 238 CE - Gordian I, in opposition to Maximinus by April 238 CE; Killed during the Battle of Gordian II April 12, 238 CE act of the Senate Carthage fighting a pro-Maximinus army Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus by the Senate in opposition to April 22, 238 AD – Maximinus; later co-emperor with July 29, 238 CE; Assassinated by the Pupienus July 29, 238 AD Balbinus. Praetorian Guard Proclaimed joint emperor with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I & April 22, 238 AD – II, in opposition to Maximinus; later co- July 29, 238 CE; Assassinated by the Balbinus July 29, 238 AD emperor with Pupienus and Gordian III Praetorian Guard Proclaimed emperor by supporters of April 22, 238 AD – Gordian I & II, then by the Senate; joint February 11, 244 emperor with Pupienus and Balbinus February 11, 244 CE; Unknown, possibly Gordian III AD until July 238 AD. murdered on orders of Philip I February 244 AD – Praetorian Prefect to Gordian III, took September/October -
The Gothic Invasions of the Mid-3Rd C. A.D. and the Battle of Abritus: Coins
The Gothic invasions of the mid-3rd c. A.D. and the Battle of Abritus: coins and archaeology in east-central Barbaricum* Aleksander Bursche and Kirill Myzgin (Kирилл Мызгин) In the Numismatic Chronicle for 2013, A. Bursche put forward the proposition that the imperial treasury was seized by the Goths when in A.D. 251 they crushed the Roman army at Abritus.1 Most of the plundered Roman gold was presumably in the form of coin (ingots are neither excluded nor confirmed). This gold has now been traced with some confidence to archaeological sites of the Wielbark and the Chernyakhiv cultures, in particular to grave assemblages dated to the second half of the 3rd c. (phase C1b-C2 of the Late Roman period).2 This had even broader consequences, since the capture of an enormous amount of gold by the barbarians could have been the immediate cause of the deterioration of the aureus under Decius’ successors.3 The conclusion that the Roman imperial treasury was captured by the Goths at Abritus is based chiefly upon analysis of the evidence of coin finds, above all the aurei of Decius and his immediate predecessors recovered from barbarian contexts and then those iden- tified in museum collections. These finds evidently cluster in Pomerania, E Poland and W Ukraine, territories settled in the second quarter of the 3rd c. by people of the Wielbark culture, and in the territory of the Chernyakhiv culture. Outside this area, and includ- ing the territory of the empire itself, the same finds category is hardly recorded. Nearly all of the coins are pierced, the hole having been made from the obverse, usually above the emperor’s head, but some of them were cut up. -
Stellar Symbols on Ancient Coins of the Roman Empire – Part Iii: 193–235 Ad
STELLAR SYMBOLS ON ANCIENT COINS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE – PART III: 193–235 AD ELENI ROVITHIS-LIVANIOU1, FLORA ROVITHIS2 1Dept of Astrophysics, Astronomy & Mechanics, Faculty of Physics, Athens University, Panepistimiopolis, Zographos 15784, Athens, Greece Email: [email protected] 2Email: fl[email protected] Abstract. We continue to present and describe some ancient Roman coins with astro- nomical symbols like the Moon, the Zodiac signs, the stars, etc. The coins presented in this Paper correspond to the Roman Empire covering the interval (193 - 235) AD, which corresponds mainly to the Severan dynasty. Key words: Astronomy in culture – Ancient Roman coins – Roman emperors – Stellar symbols. 1. PROLOGUE In a series of papers ancient Greek and Roman coins with astronomical sym- bols were shown, (Rovithis-Livaniou and Rovithis, 2011–2012 and 2014–2015,a&b). Especially the last two of them, hereafter referred as Paper I & II corresponded to the Roman Empire and covered the intervals 27 BD to 95 AD and 96 to 192 AD, re- spectively. Thus, the Roman numismatic system, and its coins has been examined in detail. For this reason, we do not repeat it here, where we continue with coins of the same subject covering the period (193–235) AD that corresponds mainly to the Severan dynasty. What it is worthwhile to be mentioned is that during this time interval, and when there was some numismatic crisis, the silver contain of the denary was reduced. For example during Caracalla’s[1] epoch a specific silver plated coin with less silver than denary was issued the so-called antonianus or the radiative. -
On the Roman Frontier1
Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Impact of Empire Roman Empire, c. 200 B.C.–A.D. 476 Edited by Olivier Hekster (Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) Editorial Board Lukas de Blois Angelos Chaniotis Ségolène Demougin Olivier Hekster Gerda de Kleijn Luuk de Ligt Elio Lo Cascio Michael Peachin John Rich Christian Witschel VOLUME 21 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/imem Rome and the Worlds Beyond Its Frontiers Edited by Daniëlle Slootjes and Michael Peachin LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016036673 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1572-0500 isbn 978-90-04-32561-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-32675-0 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. -
Ulpia Nicopolis Ad Istrum ~ Cultural and Historical Heritage Library
IVAN TSAROV NICOPOLIS AD I STRUM IVAN TSAROV ULPIA NICOPOLIS AD I STRUM <<e Sl.filKllH A day will come for all cities that have once imposed their dominance, and for all monuments that have embellished the countries by their beauty and size, when people, standing at their very spot, will wonder where these might have been. Seneca, Epistulae, LXXI The reign of Emperor Trajan (AD 98- 117) was the time of the greatest expansion of the Roman Empire. More than a century had passed since the Balkans came under the heel of Rome and the imperial admin- istration assimilated the lands south of the Istros River (today's Danube). It was the preservation of the peace along the bor- der rather than the need of new territorial gains that led to several military campaigns, which were a complete success for the Ro- man troops. The most significant of these was against the union of Dacian states under Decebalus. Dacians were tribes of Thracian ancestry, inhabiting the north part of the Danubian plain and the South Carpathians in modern Romania. The first Dacian War (AD 101-102) ended with partial Roman success and the signing of a peace treaty, which was humiliating for the Dacians. It was the reason for the start of the second Dacian War a few years later (AD 105-106), 3 The Roman Empire 4 which resulted in the annihilation of the Da- cian kingdom, the suicide of Decebalus in an attempt to avoid being taken prisoner by the Romans, and the annexation of the conquered territory as a new imperial province under the name of Dacia. -
Coins of Gerizim
Copyright for personal use only of Larry Rynearson 2014 Coins of Gerizim Hadrian (Latin: Publius Aelius Hadrianus Augustus 24 January, 76 AD – 10 July, 138 AD) was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian Left: 250 ---Hadrian. 117-138. Æ23.5. Laur bust right/Zeus seated left, nude in Tetra-style temple, 101=119/120 [The location to my knowledge of this temple shown here is unidentified, it could possibly be that of Gerizim but most likely minted at a different location] Right: Jewish Medalian Æ medallion; 48 mm; 56.3 gr.; Obv.: Laureate draped and cuirassed bust of Antoninus Pius to r.; Greek legend upwards from bottom left: [ANTω]NINOC CEBAC EYCE AY[TOK KA]I(C)AP Rev.: Mount Gerizim is represented as two mountain peaks, separated by a sloping roadway. A steep, broad stairway leads up between houses to a temple seen in three-quarters perspective. Below is a colonnade with eleven pillars and two arches over the columns. The entrance leads to a square with a horned altar. A path leads to the right from the center of the road to a higher hill with a second horned altar. Greek legend from bottom left upwards: ΦΔ NEACΠOΔEωC CYPIAC ΠAΔAICTINE[C] ET ΠH (“Fl[avia] Neapolis [which is in] Syria-Palestine, year 88 [160 CE]”) 1 See http://www.archaeological-center.com/en/monographs/m21 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Antoninus Pius (Latin: Titus Fulvius Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius; born 19 September, 86 AD – died 7 March, 161 AD), also known as Antoninus, was Roman Emperor from 138 to 161. -
A Medallion of Constantius II Julia Ruff Lawrence University
Lawrence University Lux Lawrence University Honors Projects 2005 A Medallion of Constantius II Julia Ruff Lawrence University Follow this and additional works at: https://lux.lawrence.edu/luhp Part of the Byzantine and Modern Greek Commons © Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Recommended Citation Ruff, Julia, "A Medallion of Constantius II" (2005). Lawrence University Honors Projects. 70. https://lux.lawrence.edu/luhp/70 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by Lux. It has been accepted for inclusion in Lawrence University Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of Lux. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This honors these submitted by Julia Ruff has been read and found acceptable for Honors in Independent Study Randall McNeill, Member of the Examinin~ Committee Je#ld Podair, Member of the Examining Committee Carol Lawton, Thesis Adviser A MEDALLION OF CONSTANTIUS II Julia Ruff TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1 Introduction 2-3 The Sources 4 Historical Background 4-9 Ammianus Marcellinus 9-12 Reign of Constantius II 13-18 Medallions: Definition 18-19 Medallions: Occasions for Minting 19-22 Medallions: Intended Recipients 23-27 Description of the Medallion 28 Obverse 28-33 Reverse 34-39 Medallions: Production 39-45 The Messages of the Medallion of Constantius 45-50 Conclusions 50-51 Figure 1 52 Figure 2 53 Figure 3 54 Figure 4 55 Figure 5 56 Figure 6 57 Figure 7 58 Figure 8 59 Figure 9 60 Bibliography 61-62 ( 1 ( PREFACE I would like to acknowledge those individuals who have helped to make this work possible. -
The Coins of Aelia Capitolina
Top of the Damascus Gate. (Detail of a photo in Wikimedia Commons by Laurice Haddad) N 2018 Donald Trump, the president of called Aelia Capitolina and no Jews lived (Jupiter), parts of which still stand. In Ithe United States of America, ordered there. From the reign of the Roman 130 AD he visited Jerusalem and it was that his country officially recognize Jeru- Em peror Hadrian (117-138 AD) to the from that time that the city was rebuilt salem as the capital of Israel. Following reign of Hostilian (251 AD) a number of as a Roman colony which Hadrian called the United States the Australian gov - coins were minted bearing the name Aelia Capitolina. His family name was ernment ordered that West Jerusalem Aelia Capitolina, and the coins reflect the Aelius, and Capitolina referred to the be recognized by Australia as the capi - Greco-Roman culture that existed in the gods worshiped on the Capitoline Hill tal of Israel. Not many Australians know city at that time. in Rome. Coins were struck to celebrate that for some centuries after the Second Jesus Christ was crucified in Jerusalem the foundation of Aelia Capitolina. ( Fig - Jewish Revolt (132-135 AD) the city was in 30 AD. The city that he knew was ures 1 and 2 ) Veterans of the Roman de stroyed by a Roman army in 70 AD army and other non-Jewish people were after the First Jewish Revolt (66-70 AD). settled there. Jews were not allowed The temple that King Herod built in to live in the city and circumcision was Jerusalem was demolished but the great forbidden.