DOCSLIB.ORG

Crassus Mark Antony Julius Caesar Pompey 49 Bc

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Crassus Mark Antony Julius Caesar Pompey 49 Bc A FUTURE FROM OUR PAST & WHAT GOD WENT THROUGH SO I COULD CREATE: www.thenotaxfreeelectricity.com 2019 Researched, produced and published by John John Romanous, Sydney Australia. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, by any means: electronic, mechanical, photographic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior, written permission of the publisher. WHAT GOD WENT THROUGH, SO I COULD START: www:thenotaxfreeelectricity.com CHAPTER 1: AS I AM INTERESTED IN FINDING WHERE OUR CURRENT ECONOMY CAME FROM, AND HOW MONEY (THAT IS IN CONTROL OF SALES) BECAME IN CONTROL OF EVERYTHING THEREFORE, I COMPLETED AN EXPLORATIVE TOUR THROUGH THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME AND I IDENTIFIED WHAT WAS RELEVANT THAT WE KNOW ABOUT ANCIENT ROME A BASIC TIMELINE OF ANCIENT ROME: For thousands of years, Greece had many religions and its history goes back to early human formation, but the most important Gods were the Olympian Gods led by Zeus: ANCIENT GREEK LENDERS, WHO WERE BASED IN TEMPLES, MADE GRAIN LOANS TO FARMERS AND THE PUBLIC TRADED GOODS BETWEEN CITIES 753 BC: Latin moves into Italy, speaking the ‘Italic’ language. 752 BC: Romulus fought and killed his twin brother Remus calling the new city, Rome after himself. SO THE ROMAN FOUNDATION BEGUN WITH A MURDER DIFFERENT KINGS RULED ROME AFTER THIS PERIOD AND PRIESTLY OFFICIALS WERE CREATED 597 BC: Nebuchadnezzar installed Zedekiah as King of Judah at 21, but revolted against the Pharaoh. 589 BC: Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah and began a Siege of Jerusalem, breaking through Jerusalem's walls, destroying the city and the Temple of Jerusalem. Page 2 of 19 WHAT GOD WENT THROUGH, SO I COULD START: www:thenotaxfreeelectricity.com WE WORSHIP GOD IN THE SAME WAY OVER 2000 YEARS LATER, EVEN AFTER EVERYTHING WE AS HUMANS BEINGS HAVE BEEN THROUGH: INTERESTING SOME EXAMPLES OF MY OBSERVATIONS: They didn’t have computers – we do, so there was difference They didn’t have electricity – we do, so there was difference They didn’t have our knowledge – we do, so there was difference They didn’t have electronic technology – we do, so there was difference They didn’t have our medicines – we do, so there was difference They didn’t have today’s governments – we do, so there was difference They didn’t have the we have today – we do, so there was difference They didn’t even have paper – we do, so there was difference However, praying to God in a building – is the same! TEMPLE OF JERUSALEM CHRISTIANS PRAYING AT A CHURCH 538 BC: Cyrus the Great permitted Jews to return to Judea without restoring the Monarchy, giving Judean Priest Authority over Judaism for they had "Schools of Thought” and the Voices to Dominate. 516 BC: The Temple of Jerusalem was re-built. PRIESTS WHO CONTROLLED THE RITUALS OF THE TEMPLE WERE CALLED RABBIS (Hebrew: "My Master") and dominated the study of the Holy Scriptures Page 3 of 19 WHAT GOD WENT THROUGH, SO I COULD START: www:thenotaxfreeelectricity.com 509 BC: Romans take over the last King, forming the ‘Roman Republic’, and they divided the public into 4 levels: The highest class of Rome were called ‘Patricians' who created and ran offices. The second highest class were the ‘Equestrians’. The third class was the Plebeians, the average Roman. The lowest class were the Slaves. Under the Roman Empire, there were hundreds of thousands of slaves who were owned by other people and had no rights at all. Over the years, Romans started minting their own coins, making coins the main Roman currency throughout the entire Roman Empire during the ‘Roman Republic’. Coins such as: The Aureus (Gold). The Denarius (Silver). The Sestertius (Bronze & Copper). 336/23 BC: Alexander the Great became King of Greece, defeating the Persians, took Egypt, seized the Babylon and then invaded India claiming to be the Son of Zeus. Alexander the Great died and his empire was divided between his four Chief Generals. 301 BC: Seleucus served as Infantry General for Alexander the Great and took control over Northern Syria. 300 BC: Roman Republic minted. 290 BC: Rome dominates or takes over the Italian Peninsula. 285 BC: First indigenous Seleucid appointed. Page 4 of 19 WHAT GOD WENT THROUGH, SO I COULD START: www:thenotaxfreeelectricity.com 222/187 BC: King Antiochus III the Great, wanting to be friends with his new Jewish subjects, assured them of their right to "live according to their ancestral customs", including religious practises. AFTER 2000 YEARS, IT IS THE SAME CURRENCY: LIKE RELIGION, THE SAME! Silver coin of King Antiochus III the Great | Silver coin of Alexander Balas | Our Queen’s Silver 20 cent coin 175 BC: Antiochus IV recaptures Jerusalem from Jews, outlawing Judaism and Circumcision (Jewish belief). 161 BC: The Seleucid Empire became unstable, and Antiochus V was overthrown by Seleucus IV's son, in attempt to restore the Seleucid power in Judea, but was overthrown by Alexander Balas. 100 BC: Romans conquer Gaul and Egypt that came under Roman rule, and gave access to the Red Sea for Spice and other trades. Page 5 of 19 WHAT GOD WENT THROUGH, SO I COULD START: www:thenotaxfreeelectricity.com Gaius Julius Caesar was born into a Patrician family, with Caesar's father, also called (Gaius Julius Caesar), governing the province of Asia. 85 BC: Caesar's father died suddenly, so at 16, Julius Caesar was the head of the family. The following year he was nominated to be the new High Priest of Jupiter. During this time, he was called back into military action in Asia, raising aids to repel a hostile entry from the East. Back in Rome, he was elected Military Leader, and saw visions of a political career. 78 BC: Last Seleucid King was defeated which ended the Seleucid Monarchy. Greek & Jewish Religious tensions started building up in Judea and the Roman’s stepped in to help their Greek Religion, by starting The First Jewish–Roman War. 73/66 BC: The First Jewish–Roman War, were Jewish Rebels fighting against the Roman Empire escalated, due to Anti–Taxation protests, and forced the Roman Governor Florus to order his Roman troops to their Temple. The Jewish people fell to unrest over this matter, some Jewish Leaders openly mocking Florus in public, which caused Florus to react to this unrest the next day, by sending soldiers and arresting a number of the city leaders, who were later whipped and crucified. 63 BC: Caesar lived in Rome and won the election to be the Chief Priest in the Roman State Religion and was appointed to govern Spain, but still in massive debt, needed to satisfy his creditors. A rich Roman Marcus Crassus, aided Caesar's debts and acted as guarantor for others. Page 6 of 19 WHAT GOD WENT THROUGH, SO I COULD START: www:thenotaxfreeelectricity.com Caesar left for Spain, conquering two local tribes and was hailed as a Commander by his troops. Judea came under Roman influence, when Pompey the Great arrived as part of a Roman campaign. 59 BC: Caesar who was a Consul, brought Pompey and Crassus together to control public business forming the First Triumvirate ("rule of three men") and proposed a powerful law for the ‘Redistribution of public Lands to the poor’ which was cemented by the marriage of Pompey to Caesar's daughter. 56 BC: Julius Caesar's Governorship was extended for another five years and began an invasion of Britain. 55 BC: While Caesar was in Britain, his daughter, (Pompey's wife) died giving childbirth. Caesar tried to re-secure Pompey's support by offering him his great niece in marriage, but Pompey declined. 53 BC: Pompey was appointed sole Consul as Crassus was killed leading a failed invasion of the East. The Triumvirate died, and Pompey married the daughter of Caesar’s political opponent. 50 BC: Pompey accused Caesar of treason to the law, so Caesar left Italy under the control of Mark Antony, to head to Spain to defeat Pompey's Lieutenants. The Roman Senate began laying honours on Caesar, appointing him Dictator, but he resigned this Dictatorship to pursue Pompey to Egypt but found him already dead. Therefore, Caesar began killing the Pharaoh's forces for their role in Pompey's murder. Page 7 of 19 WHAT GOD WENT THROUGH, SO I COULD START: www:thenotaxfreeelectricity.com CRASSUS MARK ANTONY JULIUS CAESAR POMPEY 49 BC: He marched back to conquer Rome itself, and forcibly opened the treasury that had a tribune seal, as he saw the central government to be weak, with political corruption spiralling out of control. 48 BC: Caesar was re-appointed Dictator for Ten years, with a month of the year still named after him: July. 47 BC: Pharaoh's forces where finally destroyed by Caesar at the Battle of the Nile, but this time leaving Cleopatra, the ‘Queen of Egypt’, to go back to the Middle East, and to annihilate the King and proceeded to Africa. 45 BC: Caesar resigned his position as Sole Consul, but started The Julian Calendar, (similar to our Calendar) and had not proscribed his enemies, but instead pardoning almost all, as there was no public threat, naming his grandnephew Octavian to heir everything and made Mark Antony High Priest. Early 44 BC: Caesar was appointed Dictator for life and established an early police force. Late 44 BC: Caesar was due to appear at a session of the Senate, when Cassius produced his dagger and stabbed the dictator's neck shouting “Help, brother”! Within moments, the entire group surrounded them, pulling his toga over his head when he saw General Brutus among the Conspirators.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D
    The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Native Interaction Across the Frontier Zone of Hadrian's Wall'
    The University of Nottingham Department of Archaeology ‘Native Interaction Across The Frontier Zone Of Hadrian’s Wall’ By Penny Trichler Module MR4120 Dissertation presented for MA (by Research) In Archaeology, November 2015 1 I certify that: a) The following dissertation is my own original work. b) The source of all non-original material is clearly indicated. c) All material presented by me for other modules is clearly indicated. d) All assistance received has been acknowledged. Signed: Penny Trichler 30/11/2015 2 Acknowledgements This project has relied mainly on the help and guidance of supervisor Professor Will Bowden who gave his time and expertise to aid in the creation of this research. I would also like to thank all at the Department of Archaeology at the University of Nottingham for their support and direction. 3 Abstract This dissertation will look at the transition from the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age through to the Roman period in what is today’s northern England and Scotland, specifically looking at the native communities and their interaction across and around the frontier of Hadrian’s Wall. It will compare the engagement of native peoples on either side of the frontier zone with each other and with the Romans occupying the Wall. This research expands the recent thinking that has been developing over the last few years in this area of study, the idea of a frontier zone with both native and military elements interacting, rather than a pure military barrier. It also looks to expand the knowledge of the native peoples engagement with each other across Hadrian’s Wall frontier as well as with Roman culture on the boundaries of the Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • 11Ffi ELOGIA of the AUGUSTAN FORUM
    THEELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM 11ffi ELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM By BRAD JOHNSON, BA A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University © Copyright by Brad Johnson, August 2001 MASTER OF ARTS (2001) McMaster University (Classics) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: The Elogia of the Augustan Forum AUTHOR: Brad Johnson, B.A. (McMaster University), B.A. Honours (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Claude Eilers NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 122 II ABSTRACT The Augustan Forum contained the statues offamous leaders from Rome's past. Beneath each statue an inscription was appended. Many of these inscriptions, known also as elogia, have survived. They record the name, magistracies held, and a brief account of the achievements of the individual. The reasons why these inscriptions were included in the Forum is the focus of this thesis. This thesis argues, through a detailed analysis of the elogia, that Augustus employed the inscriptions to propagate an image of himself as the most distinguished, and successful, leader in the history of Rome. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Claude Eilers, for not only suggesting this topic, but also for his patience, constructive criticism, sense of humour, and infinite knowledge of all things Roman. Many thanks to the members of my committee, Dr. Evan Haley and Dr. Peter Kingston, who made time in their busy schedules to be part of this process. To my parents, lowe a debt that is beyond payment. Their support, love, and encouragement throughout the years is beyond description.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download Roman Imperial Coinage Volume II
    ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE VOLUME II, PART 3 : FROM AD 117 TO AD 138 - HADRIAN PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Richard Abdy | 608 pages | 13 May 2020 | Spink & Son Ltd | 9781912667185 | English | London, United Kingdom Roman Imperial Coinage Volume II, Part 3 : From AD 117 to AD 138 - Hadrian PDF Book Rahden : Marie Leidorf. From Vespasian to Domitian AD 69— The diameter is 20 mm and is 2. Leicester Archaeology Monographs From: T. Sydenham and C. A bright and clear example with a spectacular portrait. Seller Image. Ancient Coins. Grandson of Germanicus , step-, and adopted son of Claudius. Volume VII. Q in left field , AK in right field. Coinage and money under the Roman Republic: Italy and the Mediterranean economy. Jones , D. Weber , 53 — Lattara Denomination: Denarius. AR Antoninianus mm, 4. Reigned 9 August 16 March Any copyright remains with the original holders. Chameroy , J. In this publication Fleur Kemmers gives an overview of 21st century scholarship on Roman coinage for students and scholars in the fields of ancient history and Roman archaeology. Munich : Beck. Reigned June - August , Governor of Moesia Superior , proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Decius 's death and in opposition to Hostilian ; made his son Volusianus co-emperor in late AD. Interest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months. Watch this item. Learn More - opens in a new window or tab Any international postage is paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc. Get the item you ordered or get your money back. Email to friends Share on Facebook - opens in a new window or tab Share on Twitter - opens in a new window or tab Share on Pinterest - opens in a new window or tab Watch this item.
    [Show full text]
  • Sidonius' World
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42921-4 — Reading Sidonius' Epistles M. P. Hanaghan Excerpt More Information 1 CHAPTER 1 Sidonius’ World As a young man in the 440s and 450s Sidonius enjoyed all the traditional markers of the Roman elite: a noble birth, a classical education, a good marriage, privilege, and wealth. 1 By his death in the mid to late 480s the great secular Gallo- Roman aristocrat of his age was a bishop. 2 Barbarians likely lodged in his villa. 3 h ey certainly occupied his see, Clermont. His wife’s father had been murdered shortly after becoming emperor. 4 h e last Roman emperor in the West was dead, and the next generation inspired Sidonius with little coni dence that his belletrism would continue in the family, or even the Gallo- Roman aristocracy. Documenting accurately this fascinating period was not Sidonius’ aim – he checked himself from writing history. 5 If he was, as McLynn claims “Fifth Century Gaul’s … great historian manqué ,” this miss is of his own making. 6 Events during the 1 h e exact date of Sidonius’ marriage to Papianilla, the daughter of Fl. Eparchius Avitus is unclear. Loyen ( 1970a : x) suggested that Sidonius was twenty, Stevens ( 1933 : 19) proposes a slightly later date. For two later assessments of Sidonius’ life see Gregory of Tours 2.22 and Gennadius of Marseilles 92, neither of which may be relied upon with any certainity; Gregory manipulates Sidonius as a source when it suits him and on occasion misreads his meaning, for an example of which see Moorhead ( 2007 : 331), and for detailed analysis Furbetta ( 2015c ).
    [Show full text]
  • Diocletian's New Empire
    1 Diocletian's New Empire Eutropius, Brevarium, 9.18-27.2 (Eutr. 9.18-27.2) 18. After the death of Probus, CARUS was created emperor, a native of Narbo in Gaul, who immediately made his sons, Carinus and Numerianus, Caesars, and reigned, in conjunction with them, two years. News being brought, while he was engaged in a war with the Sarmatians, of an insurrection among the Persians, he set out for the east, and achieved some noble exploits against that people; he routed them in the field, and took Seleucia and Ctesiphon, their noblest cities, but, while he was encamped on the Tigris, he was killed by lightning. His son NUMERIANUS, too, whom he had taken with him to Persia, a young man of very great ability, while, from being affected with a disease in his eyes, he was carried in a litter, was cut off by a plot of which Aper, his father-in-law, was the promoter; and his death, though attempted craftily to be concealed until Aper could seize the throne, was made known by the odour of his dead body; for the soldiers, who attended him, being struck by the smell, and opening the curtains of his litter, discovered his death some days after it had taken place. 19. 1. In the meantime CARINUS, whom Carus, when he set out to the war with Parthia, had left, with the authority of Caesar, to command in Illyricum, Gaul, and Italy, disgraced himself by all manner of crimes; he put to death many innocent persons on false accusations, formed illicit connexions with the wives of noblemen, and wrought the ruin of several of his school-fellows, who happened to have offended him at school by some slight provocation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great
    Graeco-Latina Brunensia 24 / 2019 / 2 https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2019-2-2 The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great Stanislav Doležal (University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice) Abstract The article argues that Constantine the Great, until he was recognized by Galerius, the senior ČLÁNKY / ARTICLES Emperor of the Tetrarchy, was an usurper with no right to the imperial power, nothwithstand- ing his claim that his father, the Emperor Constantius I, conferred upon him the imperial title before he died. Tetrarchic principles, envisaged by Diocletian, were specifically put in place to supersede and override blood kinship. Constantine’s accession to power started as a military coup in which a military unit composed of barbarian soldiers seems to have played an impor- tant role. Keywords Constantine the Great; Roman emperor; usurpation; tetrarchy 19 Stanislav Doležal The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great On 25 July 306 at York, the Roman Emperor Constantius I died peacefully in his bed. On the same day, a new Emperor was made – his eldest son Constantine who had been present at his father’s deathbed. What exactly happened on that day? Britain, a remote province (actually several provinces)1 on the edge of the Roman Empire, had a tendency to defect from the central government. It produced several usurpers in the past.2 Was Constantine one of them? What gave him the right to be an Emperor in the first place? It can be argued that the political system that was still valid in 306, today known as the Tetrarchy, made any such seizure of power illegal.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Britain in the Third Century AD
    Roman Britain in the third century AD Despite Claudius’s invasion of Britain in AD 43, the population was still largely British with the local administrative capital at Venta Belgarum - now Winchester. By the 3rd century there was political unrest across the Roman Empire, with a rapid succession of rulers and usurpers. Some were in power for only a few months before being killed by rivals or during wars, or dying from disease. The situation became even more unstable in AD 260 when Postumus, who was Governor of Lower Germany, rebelled against the central rule of Rome and set up the breakaway Gallic Empire. For the next 14 years the Central and Gallic Empires were ruled separately and issued their own coinage. Despite the turmoil in the Empire as a whole, Britain appears to have experienced a period of peace and prosperity. More villas were built, for example, and there is little evidence of the barbarian raids that ravaged other parts of the Empire. Map showing the Gallic and Central Empires, courtesy of Merritt Cartographic 1 The Boldre Hoard The Boldre Hoard contains 1,608 coins, dating from AD 249 to 276 and issued by 12 different emperors. The coins are all radiates, so-called because of the radiate crown worn by the emperors they depict. Although silver, the coins contain so little of that metal (sometimes only 1%) that they appear bronze. Many of the coins in the Boldre Hoard are extremely common, but some unusual examples are also present. There are three coins of Marius, for example, which are scarce in Britain as he ruled the Gallic Empire for just 12 weeks in AD 269.
    [Show full text]
  • Jordanes and the Invention of Roman-Gothic History Dissertation
    Empire of Hope and Tragedy: Jordanes and the Invention of Roman-Gothic History Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Brian Swain Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Timothy Gregory, Co-advisor Anthony Kaldellis Kristina Sessa, Co-advisor Copyright by Brian Swain 2014 Abstract This dissertation explores the intersection of political and ethnic conflict during the emperor Justinian’s wars of reconquest through the figure and texts of Jordanes, the earliest barbarian voice to survive antiquity. Jordanes was ethnically Gothic - and yet he also claimed a Roman identity. Writing from Constantinople in 551, he penned two Latin histories on the Gothic and Roman pasts respectively. Crucially, Jordanes wrote while Goths and Romans clashed in the imperial war to reclaim the Italian homeland that had been under Gothic rule since 493. That a Roman Goth wrote about Goths while Rome was at war with Goths is significant and has no analogue in the ancient record. I argue that it was precisely this conflict which prompted Jordanes’ historical inquiry. Jordanes, though, has long been considered a mere copyist, and seldom treated as an historian with ideas of his own. And the few scholars who have treated Jordanes as an original author have dampened the significance of his Gothicness by arguing that barbarian ethnicities were evanescent and subsumed by the gravity of a Roman political identity. They hold that Jordanes was simply a Roman who can tell us only about Roman things, and supported the Roman emperor in his war against the Goths.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cambridge Companion to Age of Constantine.Pdf
    The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine offers students a com- prehensive one-volume introduction to this pivotal emperor and his times. Richly illustrated and designed as a readable survey accessible to all audiences, it also achieves a level of scholarly sophistication and a freshness of interpretation that will be welcomed by the experts. The volume is divided into five sections that examine political history, reli- gion, social and economic history, art, and foreign relations during the reign of Constantine, a ruler who gains in importance because he steered the Roman Empire on a course parallel with his own personal develop- ment. Each chapter examines the intimate interplay between emperor and empire and between a powerful personality and his world. Collec- tively, the chapters show how both were mutually affected in ways that shaped the world of late antiquity and even affect our own world today. Noel Lenski is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. A specialist in the history of late antiquity, he is the author of numerous articles on military, political, cultural, and social history and the monograph Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century ad. Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S Edited by Noel Lenski University of Colorado Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521818384 c Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Collector's Checklist for Roman Imperial Coinage
    Liberty Coin Service Collector’s Checklist for Roman Imperial Coinage (49 BC - AD 518) The Twelve Caesars - The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians (49 BC - AD 96) Purchase Emperor Denomination Grade Date Price Julius Caesar (49-44 BC) Augustus (31 BC-AD 14) Tiberius (AD 14 - AD 37) Caligula (AD 37 - AD 41) Claudius (AD 41 - AD 54) Tiberius Nero (AD 54 - AD 68) Galba (AD 68 - AD 69) Otho (AD 69) Nero Vitellius (AD 69) Vespasian (AD 69 - AD 79) Otho Titus (AD 79 - AD 81) Domitian (AD 81 - AD 96) The Nerva-Antonine Dynasty (AD 96 - AD 192) Nerva (AD 96-AD 98) Trajan (AD 98-AD 117) Hadrian (AD 117 - AD 138) Antoninus Pius (AD 138 - AD 161) Marcus Aurelius (AD 161 - AD 180) Hadrian Lucius Verus (AD 161 - AD 169) Commodus (AD 177 - AD 192) Marcus Aurelius Years of Transition (AD 193 - AD 195) Pertinax (AD 193) Didius Julianus (AD 193) Pescennius Niger (AD 193) Clodius Albinus (AD 193- AD 195) The Severans (AD 193 - AD 235) Clodius Albinus Septimus Severus (AD 193 - AD 211) Caracalla (AD 198 - AD 217) Purchase Emperor Denomination Grade Date Price Geta (AD 209 - AD 212) Macrinus (AD 217 - AD 218) Diadumedian as Caesar (AD 217 - AD 218) Elagabalus (AD 218 - AD 222) Severus Alexander (AD 222 - AD 235) Severus The Military Emperors (AD 235 - AD 284) Alexander Maximinus (AD 235 - AD 238) Maximus Caesar (AD 235 - AD 238) Balbinus (AD 238) Maximinus Pupienus (AD 238) Gordian I (AD 238) Gordian II (AD 238) Gordian III (AD 238 - AD 244) Philip I (AD 244 - AD 249) Philip II (AD 247 - AD 249) Gordian III Trajan Decius (AD 249 - AD 251) Herennius Etruscus
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]