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Global Literature Review of Haemophilus Influenzae Type B and Streptococcus Pneumoniae Invasive Disease Among Children Less Than Five Years of Age 1980–2005

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Global Literature Review of Haemophilus Influenzae Type B and Streptococcus Pneumoniae Invasive Disease Among Children Less Than Five Years of Age 1980–2005 WHO/IVB/09.02 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Global literature review of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease among children less than five years of age 1980–2005 Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals WHO/IVB/09.02 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Global literature review of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease among children less than five years of age 1980–2005 Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals WHO/IVB/09.02 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Global literature review of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease among children less than five years of age 1980–2005 The Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals thanks the donors whose unspecified financial support has made the production of this document possible. This publication was produced for the Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO, by: Maria Deloria Knoll1, Katherine L. O’Brien1, Emily Henkle1, Ellen Lee1, James P. Watt2, Natalie McCall1, Punam Mangtani2 1 GAVI Alliance’s PneumoADIP, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 2 GAVI Alliance’s Hib Initiative, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom Ordering code: WHO/IVB/09.02 Printed: March 2009 This publication is available on the Internet at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2009/WHO_IVB_09.02_eng.pdf Copies of this document as well as additional materials on immunization, vaccines and biologicals may be requested from: World Health Organization Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland • Fax: + 41 22 791 4227 • Email: [email protected] • © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The named authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. Printed by the WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland ii Contents Abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................................................v Authorship and acknowledgements...............................................................................vii Executive summary ...........................................................................................................xi 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................1 2. Methods ...................................................................................................................2 2.1 Literature search strategy ................................................................................2 2.2 Screening and article retrieval ..........................................................................4 2.3 Exclusion criteria ..............................................................................................6 2.4 Abstractor training ...........................................................................................7 2.5 Article abstraction process ...............................................................................7 2.6 Information abstracted ....................................................................................8 2.7 Data entry ........................................................................................................12 2.8 Data cleaning .................................................................................................12 2.9 Qualitative assessment of meningitis incidence ..........................................14 3. Other inputs for analysis ....................................................................................18 3.1 Country classifications ...................................................................................18 3.2 Geographic and mortality strata used ...........................................................18 4. Results ....................................................................................................................20 4.1 Hib studies .....................................................................................................21 4.2 Spn studies ......................................................................................................24 4.3 Hib meningitis ................................................................................................26 4.4 Spn meningitis .................................................................................................37 4.5 Comparison of Hib and Spn meningitis incidence data ..............................49 4.6 Hib non-pneumonia, non-meningitis invasive disease ...............................57 4.7 Spn non-pneumonia, non-meningitis invasive disease ................................59 5. Discussion ..............................................................................................................62 5.1 Clinical standards for case definitions and classification ............................62 5.2 Limitations of Hib and Spn incidence studies ............................................64 5.3 Data sparsity and reporting inconsistencies in the published literature ....66 5.4 Adjusted incidence data ................................................................................66 5.5 Foreign language papers ................................................................................67 6. References ..............................................................................................................68 iii 7. Annexes ..................................................................................................................69 Annex 1: Search strategies ...................................................................................70 Annex 2: Article screening instructions ..............................................................81 Annex 3: Data Abstraction Form (DAF) ..........................................................85 Annex 4: Member States by WHO Region .....................................................108 Annex 5: Countries and territories by United Nations region .....................109 Annex 6: Study characteristics and key data from Hib studies entering the meningitis and NPNM analytic database ..................110 Annex 7: Study characteristics and key data from Spn studies entering the meningitis and NPNM analytic database ..................128 Annex 8: References for studies with evaluable outcome data ......................145 iv Abbreviations and acronyms AFR WHO African Region AMR WHO Region of the Americas CFR Case-fatality ratio CSF Cerebrospinal fluid DAF Data Abstraction Form EMR WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region EUR WHO European Region Independent Expert Panel Ad Hoc Expert Review Committee for the Global Burden of Hib and Pneumococcal Disease HELLIS Health Literature, Library and Information Services Hi Haemophilus influenzae Hib Haemophilus influenzae type b HibRAT Hib Rapid Assessment Tool IBIS Invasive Bacterial Infections Surveillance IMCI integrated management of childhood infections IMEMR Index Medicus for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region IMSEAR Index Medicus for the WHO South-East Asia Region Invasive disease Organism identified from a normally sterile site, such as blood, cerebral spinal fluid, or pleural fluid JHBSPH Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health LILACS Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Information LP lumbar puncture LSHTM London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine NPNM Non-pneumonia, non-meningitis PCR polymerase chain reaction SEAR WHO South-East Asia Region Spn Streptococcus pneumoniae UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WHO World Health Organization Working Group Global Burden of Hib and Pneumococcal Disease Working Group WPR WHO Western Pacific Region v vi Authorship and acknowledgements This work was performed collaboratively by WHO, the PneumoADIP and the Hib Initiative. The PneumoADIP and
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