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Spain's Rapid Transition: a Case Study of Late SPAIN’S RAPID TRANSITION: A CASE STUDY OF LATE MODERNIZATION © 2018 By Sydney Elizabeth Brown A thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion Of the Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies Croft Institute for International Studies Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College The University of Mississippi University, Mississippi May 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to begin by thanking Dr. Miguel Centellas, my advisor, who was very understanding and helpful throughout this process. Although I asked many questions, Dr. Centellas answered all of them promptly and agreed to meet with me weekly to ensure that I was on track, always encouraging me when I showed up to our meetings frantic and stressed. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. Holly Reynolds and Dr. Will Schenck for serving as additional readers on my thesis. I am grateful for all the time my readers put in, especially because my thesis was quite lengthy. I would also like to thank Dr. Holly Reynolds for lending me some of her personal books to use in my research. Additionally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their support and encouragement throughout this whole process. Thank you all for dealing with my stress and helping to remind me not to forget to do the things I enjoy throughout this process. Finally, I would like to thank the Croft Institute and the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College for providing me with so many opportunities over the past four years. Thank you for providing me with challenging courses and making a large campus feel a lot smaller. ii ABSTRACT SPAIN’S RAPID TRANSITION: A CASE STUDY OF LATE MODERNIZATION Throughout the mid-twentieth century, Spain was under the control of dictator Francisco Franco. Under Franco’s rule, while the rest of the world was modernizing, Spain was a very conservative and traditional society, with many of its traditions and ideals centered on the Catholic Church. As time went on, Franco was forced to loosen his control on Spain ever so slightly, allowing Spain the freedom to begin the process of modernization. However, it was not until after the death of the dictator that the modernization process in Spain was able to fully take off. Spain is a unique case of modernization, as it modernized very rapidly and much later than most of its European neighbors. Using qualitative data such as books and scholarly articles, as well as quantitative data in the form of surveys from the World Values Survey, in addition to comparing Spain with other countries, this thesis examines the validity of Spain as a modern state and attempts to understand the process of modernization that Spain underwent after Franco’s death in 1975. Special attention is paid to the three separate modernization spheres: the economic sphere, the social/cultural sphere and the political sphere. Although the three go hand-in- hand this thesis shows that the economy of Spain modernized first, bringing the social/cultural modernization and eventually political modernization with it. Additionally, through the analysis of surveys, and comparison with other countries, it illustrates that Spain is in fact a modern nation by most standards. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................ 3 Table 1.1: Modernization Scale Scores ................................................................................... 6 Research Design ......................................................................................................................... 6 Case Selection ............................................................................................................................. 7 Data ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Method ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter Outlines ..................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: MODERNIZATION .............................................................................. 14 Modernization Theory ............................................................................................................ 15 Criticisms of Modernization Theory ...................................................................................... 20 Modernization Theory Today................................................................................................. 21 Economic Modernization ........................................................................................................ 22 Social/Cultural Modernization ............................................................................................... 23 Political Modernization ........................................................................................................... 25 Modernization Factors Working Together ........................................................................... 28 Modernization Indicators ....................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3: A BRIEF HISTORY OF SPAIN........................................................... 32 Pre-Civil War and the Second Republic ................................................................................ 32 The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 .......................................................................................... 36 The Beginning of the Franco Dictatorship ............................................................................ 38 The Later Years of the Franco Dictatorship (1959-1975) .................................................... 41 The Transition to Democracy (1975-1978) ............................................................................ 42 Spain After the Transition to Democracy ............................................................................. 43 CHAPTER 4: ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION ...................................................... 45 Economic Change During the Franco Regime ...................................................................... 46 Economic Change in the Post-Franco Era ............................................................................ 52 How Modern is the Spanish Economic System Today? ....................................................... 53 Graph 4.1 ............................................................................................................................... 56 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 56 Graph 4.2 ............................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 5: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL MODERNIZATION ............................. 58 Society and Culture During the Beginning of the Dictatorship ........................................... 58 Society and Culture during the End of the Dictatorship ..................................................... 61 Table 5.1: Church Attendance by Region 1965-74 ............................................................... 62 Society and Culture in Post-Franco Spain ............................................................................ 65 How Modern is Contemporary Spanish Society and Culture? ........................................... 68 Graph 5.1 ............................................................................................................................... 72 Graph 5.2 ............................................................................................................................... 73 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 73 Graph 5.3 ............................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 6: POLITICAL MODERNIZATION ....................................................... 75 iv Politics of the Early Franco Regime ...................................................................................... 75 Political Change at the End of the Franco Regime ............................................................... 76 The Transition to Democracy ................................................................................................. 77 Table 6.1 (Arango 1985, 101-102) ........................................................................................ 82 The Current Political System ................................................................................................. 83 How Modern is the Spanish Political System Today? .......................................................... 84 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 87 Graph 6.1 ..............................................................................................................................
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