DOCSLIB.ORG

Functional Anatomy of the Facial Vasculature in Pathologic Conditions and Its Therapeutic Application

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Functional Anatomy of the Facial Vasculature in Pathologic Conditions and Its Therapeutic Application 149 Functional Anatomy of the Facial Vasculature in Pathologic Conditions and its Therapeutic Application Alex Berenstein 1 The authors describe the functional anatomy of the facial vascular system, using the Pierre Lasjaunias 1.2 anastomoses between the facial, maxillary, transverse facial, lingual, and ophthalmic Irvin I. Kricheff1 systems to selectively identify the blood flow to a specific territory for embolization and posttreatment evaluation of hemangiomas. In three patients the specific vascular patterns are described and the usefulness of understanding the regional functional anatomy is illustrated for successful embolotherapy of these malformations. The normal anatomy of th e facial artery, its variati ons, and its anastomoses have been reported [1]. The facial artery gives rise to arterial branches, whi ch are th e nourishing vessels to a specific territory, such as the upper lip (i. e. , th e superior labi al artery). The number and size of th e various nourishing arteri es are anatomic elements of local territories. Genetic and developmental factors initiall y determine the anatomy and hemodynamic balance, as vascular regressions and recruitments progress differently in each individual, and on each side of th e face in the same individual. Subsequently, th e " normal " pattern for an individual may become modified by stenotic lesions, hypervascul ar conditions, surgical li gations, or embolizations. These factors affect the anatomic arrangements and the he­ modynam ics of territori al blood supply. Understanding local vascular anatomy, anastomoses, and hemodynamics [1] is c riticall y important for the understanding of pathologic conditions and for planning their treatment by either intravascular or surgical techniques. The anatomic and hemodynamic balance that the facial artery has with the ipsil ateral intern al maxillary, transverse facial, ophthalmic, and lingual arteri es through anastomoti c channels is termed th e functional anatomy of the facial artery. Where one of these arteries is hypoplasti c or occluded, the oth ers wi ll be proportionall y larger and supply a larger territory; however, points of coll ateral anastomoses remain constant [1]. The contralateral circul ation normall y does not contribute Received December 8, 1981 ; accepted aft er significantly to the functional anatomy, but may do so when the ipsil ateral supply revision September 30, 1982. is deficient. Presented at the annuat meeting of th e Ameri­ We describe the use of functional anatomy, which takes into considerati on can Society of Neuroradiotogy. Los Angetes, .. Marc h 1980. arterial size, volume, direction of blood fl ow, and anastomosis in th e evaiuati on and treatment of pathologic conditions. Modifications in traditional arteri al pat­ 1 Department of Radiotogy, Bell ev ue Hospitals, and New Yo rk University Medical Center, 550 First terns produced by hi gh-flow lesions, surgical li gation, or incompl ete emboli zation Ave., New Yo rk, NY 10016. Address reprint re­ may th en be anticipated and utilized. quests to A. Berenstein. A given arterial territory will recruit one or several possible coll ateral pathways 2Present address: Service de Radiologie. Hop­ ital du Kremlin Bicetre, Pari s, France. to sustain perfusion despite proximal obstruction whatever th e cause. During selective angiography, the lack of opacification c'f a specific nourishing artery AJNR 4 :149-153, March/ April 1983 0 195- 6 1 08/ 83/ 0402-0149 $00.00 should direct th e investigation to th e other potential feeding coll aterals, rather © Am erican Roentgen Ray Society th an th e mistaken assumption of total arterial occlusion. 150 BERENSTEIN ET AL. AJNR:4, Mar. / Apr. 1983 ( / A c D Fig. 1 .- Case 1. Selective arterial injections. A, Left facial artery is hypoplasti c and supplies submandibular gland , sub- and midmental areas. Superior labial artery not opacified. B, Left intern al maxillary artery is '·dominant" on this side and recruits superi or labial artery supplying capillary hemangioma (arrows) via infraorbital anastomotic point [1] (arrowhead ); lesion extends into nose, nasoph arynx, and palate. C, Left internal maxillary artery after microembolization with 250 I,m PV A. D, Right facial artery. Right superior labial artery is recruited and supplies capillary hemangioma (long, straight arrows). Filling of ipsil ateral internal maxillary artery, both in depth of pterygomaxillary fossa (curved arrow) buccal anastomosis (white arrows) and at infraor­ bital artery (arrowhead) via posterior jugal artery (short, broad solid arrows) and an terior jugal artery (short, narrow, solid arrows ) through infraorbital canal ( flagged arrow), corresponding to infraorbital anas­ tomotic point [1]. E, Right internal maxillary is relatively less important in supply to lesion. Infraorbital canal (arrow). If facial artery were occluded proximally, maxillary system would take over distal to occlu­ sion via these anastomotic channels, as occurred on left side (see B). E AJ NR :4, Mar. l Apr. 1983 FACIAL VASCULATURE 151 A B c D Fi g. 2. - Case 2. Selective art eri al injections. A, Right comm on carotid angiogram. Hypervascul ar high-flow lesion in right submental area suppli ed by facial artery. Right intern al maxillary is not hypertro­ phied . Prominent buccal anastomotic artery (arrows). S, Distal right facial artery early arterial phase. High- fl ow lesion and small-sized arteriovenous shunts seen clearl y. C, Later (1 .5 sec). Main facial artery distal to lesion (solid arrow) and midmental artery (curved arrows ) are norm al. D, After distal part of hemangioma has been em bolized. Fi ll ing of normal midmental arteries (curved arrows). Masseteric artery opa­ cified (straight arrows) from facial artery. E, After complete embolization of facial hemangioma, angiogram of distal extern al carotid artery to study maxillary and transverse facial systems. Note the previous prom­ in ent buccal artery (open arrows), masseteric branches (small, narrow arrows ) are well opacified. No filling of hemangioma, but good fill ing of distal (norm al) facial artery (broad solid arrow) via inferior alveolar to • facial (midmen tal) anastomosis (cf. C). Significant stasis in draining veins ( curved arrows). E A B c D " E F Fig. 3. -Case 3. Selective arteri al injections. A, Right facial artery of nom,al caliber, but displaced downward. Tumor vessel supplies small-channel, slow-flow hemangioma. Filling of transverse facial system (long, straight arrows) and inferior alveolar artery (curved arrows ), anastomosin g facial system to proxim al internal maxillary system. Buccal anastomosis (open arrows) fills internal maxill ary artery at pterygomaxillary fossa. Di stal facial artery (broad arrows ) fills infraorbital canal (flagged arrow) at infraorbital anastomoti c point. An astomosis between inferior masseteric and superior masseteric arteries (small, narrow arrows ) B, Distal external caroti d injecti on to stu dy transverse facial arterial system (straight, solid arrows ) and intern al maxillary to fac ial coll aterals. No direct supply 10 hemangioma. Inferior alveolar artery (curved arrows) and buccal anastomosis (open arrows) C , Right facial artery usin g double-lumen balloon cath eter in proximal facial trunk. Temporary facial artery occlusion produces reversal in fl ow from transverse facial and internal maxillary toward lesion using same coll ateral c irculati on as in A. Inflated balloon at proximal fac ial origin is partly subtracted ( llagged arrows). Balloon is proxim al to origin of ascending palatine artery (curved arrow). Filling of lesion and only partial filling of normal facial artery (broad arrow) (cL A). D, 4 sec later. Further filling of hemangioma and emptying of ascending palatine arlery (curved arrow) toward lesion without additional filling of normal vessels or opacification of coll aterals. Ball oon (flagged arrows ); fac ial artery (broad arrow). E, Ri ght facial artery aft er embolization of tumor vessels with 40-60 I'm partic les of Gelfoam. Balloon (flagged arrow) still inflated . With sa me pressure of injection fl ow is toward transverse facial and maxil lary systems via collateral circulati on. Tumor bed is occluded and norm al territories are preserved . Transverse facial (long arrows ), buccal anastomosis (open arrows ) and distal facial arlery (broad arrows) F, Right facial artery after 250-590 I'm particles were used to occlude feeding vessels more proximally to maximize eff ects of more distal occlusion. Ball oon has been deflated . Fl ow in coll ateral c irculation is toward transverse facial and intern al maxillary systems. Good opacificati on of coll ateral circ ul ations without opacification of hemangioma. Larger particle was used to protect normal distal facial artery (short black arrow) , transverse facial (long black arrows), in ferior alveolar (curved arrows ), buccal anastomosis (open arrows), and inferior to superior masseteric anastomosis (white arrows ). AJNR :4. Mar. / Apr. 1983 FACIAL VASCULATURE 153 Representative Case Reports Case 3 Case 1 A small vessel, hypervascular, slow-flow hemangioma supplied by a normal-sized main facial trunk and masseteri c branches is An 18-year-old woman wi th a congenital reddish discolori zation shown in figu re 3. The pressure of the injection results in antegrade of the upper li p was referred because of dail y nasal bleeds. Physical anastomoti c opacification of the transverse facial and maxill ary exam in ati on revealed hemangioma of the upper li p extending to systems, without filling of the main extern al carotid trunk. A distal both nostril s, left more th an right, and to the hard palate. extern al carotid injecti on also fi ll s th ese vessels but does not opacify Th e functional anatomy of interest in this patient concerns the the hemangioma (fig . 3B). Temporary ball oon occlu sion of th e main upper lip, the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and palate. The upper li p fac ial artery results in a reversal of fl ow from the transverse facial is usually suppli ed by the facial trunk, but in this case (fig. 1 A) the and maxill ary systems toward the facial territory (figs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Course of the Maxillary Artery Through the Loop Of
    Anomalous course of maxillary artery Rev Arg de Anat Clin; 2013, 5 (3): 235-239 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Case Report COURSE OF THE MAXILLARY ARTERY THROUGH THE LOOP OF THE AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE Kavya Bhat, Sampath Madhyastha*, Balakrishnan R Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Bejai Campus, Mangalore, Manipal University, India RESUMEN INTRODUCTION Las variaciones en el curso de la arteria maxilar se describen a menudo, con sus relaciones con el Maxillary artery is one of the larger terminal músculo pterigoideo lateral. En el presente caso branches of the external carotid artery, arises informamos una variación exclusiva en el curso de la behind the neck of the mandible, within the arteria maxilar que no fue publicada antes. En un substance of the parotid gland. It then crosses cadáver masculino de 75 años arteria maxilar derecho the infratemporal fossa to enter the pterygo- estaba pasando por el bucle del nervio auriculo- palatine fossa through pterygo-maxillary fissure. temporal. La arteria meníngea media provenía de la The course of the artery is divided into three arteria maxilar con un bucle del nervio auriculo- temporal. La arteria maxilar pasaba profunda con parts by the lateral pterygoid muscle. The first respecto al nervio dentario inferior pero superficial al (mandibular) part runs horizontally, parallel to nervio lingual. El conocimiento de estas variaciones es and slightly below the auriculo-temporal nerve. importante para el cirujano y también serviría para This part of the artery runs superficial (lateral) to explicar la posible participación de estas variaciones the lower head of lateral pterygoid muscle. The en la etiología del dolor mandibular.
    [Show full text]
  • Branches of the Maxillary Artery of the Domestic
    Table 4.2: Branches of the Maxillary Artery of the Domestic Pig, Sus scrofa Artery Origin Course Distribution Departs superficial aspect of MA immediately distal to the caudal auricular. Course is typical, with a conserved branching pattern for major distributing tributaries: the Facial and masseteric regions via Superficial masseteric and transverse facial arteries originate low in the the masseteric and transverse facial MA Temporal Artery course of the STA. The remainder of the vessel is straight and arteries; temporalis muscle; largely unbranching-- most of the smaller rami are anterior auricle. concentrated in the proximal portion of the vessel. The STA terminates in the anterior wall of the auricle. Originates from the lateral surface of the proximal STA posterior to the condylar process. Hooks around mandibular Transverse Facial Parotid gland, caudal border of the STA ramus and parotid gland to distribute across the masseter Artery masseter muscle. muscle. Relative to the TFA of Camelids, the suid TFA has a truncated distribution. From ventral surface of MA, numerous pterygoid branches Pterygoid Branches MA Pterygoideus muscles. supply medial and lateral pterygoideus muscles. Caudal Deep MA Arises from superior surface of MA; gives off masseteric a. Deep surface of temporalis muscle. Temporal Artery Short course deep to zygomatic arch. Contacts the deep Caudal Deep Deep surface of the masseteric Masseteric Artery surface of the masseter between the coronoid and condylar Temporal Artery muscle. processes of the mandible. Artery Origin Course Distribution Compensates for distribution of facial artery. It should be noted that One of the larger tributaries of the MA. Originates in the this vessel does not terminate as sphenopalatine fossa as almost a terminal bifurcation of the mandibular and maxillary labial MA; lateral branch continuing as buccal and medial branch arteries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anatomy of Th-E Blood Vascular System of the Fox ,Squirrel
    THE ANATOMY OF TH-E BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE FOX ,SQUIRREL. §CIURUS NlGER. .RUFIVENTEB (OEOEEROY) Thai: for the 009m of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Thomas William Jenkins 1950 THulS' ifliillifllfllilllljllljIi\Ill\ljilllHliLlilHlLHl This is to certifg that the thesis entitled The Anatomy of the Blood Vascular System of the Fox Squirrel. Sciurus niger rufiventer (Geoffroy) presented by Thomas William Jenkins has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for A degree in MEL Major professor Date May 23’ 19500 0-169 q/m Np” THE ANATOMY OF THE BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE FOX SQUIRREL, SCIURUS NIGER RUFIVENTER (GEOFFROY) By THOMAS WILLIAM JENKINS w L-Ooffi A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Zoology 1950 \ THESlSfi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following persons of the Zoology Department: Dr. R. A. Fennell, under whose guidence this study was completed; Mr. P. A. Caraway, for his invaluable assistance in photography; Dr. D. W. Hayne and Mr. Poff, for their assistance in trapping; Dr. K. A. Stiles and Dr. R. H. Manville, for their helpful suggestions on various occasions; Mrs. Bernadette Henderson (Miss Mac), for her pleasant words of encouragement and advice; Dr. H. R. Hunt, head of the Zoology Department, for approval of the research problem; and Mr. N. J. Mizeres, for critically reading the manuscript. Special thanks is given to my wife for her assistance with the drawings and constant encouragement throughout the many months of work.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurovascular Anatomy (1): Anterior Circulation Anatomy
    Neurovascular Anatomy (1): Anterior Circulation Anatomy Natthapon Rattanathamsakul, MD. December 14th, 2017 Contents: Neurovascular Anatomy Arterial supply of the brain . Anterior circulation . Posterior circulation Arterial supply of the spinal cord Venous system of the brain Neurovascular Anatomy (1): Anatomy of the Anterior Circulation Carotid artery system Ophthalmic artery Arterial circle of Willis Arterial territories of the cerebrum Cerebral Vasculature • Anterior circulation: Internal carotid artery • Posterior circulation: Vertebrobasilar system • All originates at the arch of aorta Flemming KD, Jones LK. Mayo Clinic neurology board review: Basic science and psychiatry for initial certification. 2015 Common Carotid Artery • Carotid bifurcation at the level of C3-4 vertebra or superior border of thyroid cartilage External carotid artery Supply the head & neck, except for the brain the eyes Internal carotid artery • Supply the brain the eyes • Enter the skull via the carotid canal Netter FH. Atlas of human anatomy, 6th ed. 2014 Angiographic Correlation Uflacker R. Atlas of vascular anatomy: an angiographic approach, 2007 External Carotid Artery External carotid artery • Superior thyroid artery • Lingual artery • Facial artery • Ascending pharyngeal artery • Posterior auricular artery • Occipital artery • Maxillary artery • Superficial temporal artery • Middle meningeal artery – epidural hemorrhage Netter FH. Atlas of human anatomy, 6th ed. 2014 Middle meningeal artery Epidural hematoma http://www.jrlawfirm.com/library/subdural-epidural-hematoma
    [Show full text]
  • The Facial Artery of the Dog
    Oka jimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 57(1) : 55-78, May 1980 The Facial Artery of the Dog By MOTOTSUNA IRIFUNE Department of Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, Osaka (Director: Prof. Y. Ohta) (with one textfigure and thirty-one figures in five plates) -Received for Publication, November 10, 1979- Key words: Facial artery, Dog, Plastic injection, Floor of the mouth. Summary. The course, branching and distribution territories of the facial artery of the dog were studied by the acryl plastic injection method. In general, the facial artery was found to arise from the external carotid between the points of origin of the lingual and posterior auricular arteries. It ran anteriorly above the digastric muscle and gave rise to the styloglossal, the submandibular glandular and the ptery- goid branches. The artery continued anterolaterally giving off the digastric, the inferior masseteric and the cutaneous branches. It came to the face after sending off the submental artery, which passed anteromedially, giving off the digastric and mylohyoid branches, on the medial surface of the mandible, and gave rise to the sublingual artery. The gingival, the genioglossal and sublingual plical branches arose from the vessel, while the submental artery gave off the geniohyoid branches. Posterior to the mandibular symphysis, various communications termed the sublingual arterial loop, were formed between the submental and the sublingual of both sides. They could be grouped into ten types. In the face, the facial artery gave rise to the mandibular marginal, the anterior masseteric, the inferior labial and the buccal branches, as well as the branch to the superior, and turned to the superior labial artery.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Importance of the Middle Meningeal Artery
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jagiellonian Univeristy Repository FOLIA MEDICA CRACOVIENSIA 41 Vol. LIII, 1, 2013: 41–46 PL ISSN 0015-5616 Przemysław Chmielewski1, Janusz skrzat1, Jerzy waloCha1 CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY Abstract: Middle meningeal artery (MMA)is an important branch which supplies among others cranial dura mater. It directly attaches to the cranial bones (is incorporated into periosteal layer of dura mater), favors common injuries in course of head trauma. This review describes available data on the MMA considering its varability, or treats specific diseases or injuries where the course of MMA may have clinical impact. Key words: Middle meningeal artery (MMA), aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery, epidural he- matoma, anatomical variation of MMA. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY AND ITS BRANCHES Middle meningeal artery (MMA) [1] is most commonly the strongest branch of maxillary artery (from external carotid artery) [2]. It supplies blood to cranial dura mater, and through the numerous perforating branches it nourishes also periosteum of the inner aspect of cranial bones. It enters the middle cranial fossa through the foramen spinosum, and courses between the dura mater and the inner aspect of the vault of the skull. Next it divides into two terminal branches — frontal (anterior) which supplies blood to bones forming anterior cranial fossa and the anterior part of the middle cranial fossa; parietal branch (posterior), which runs more horizontally toward the back and supplies posterior part of the middle cranial fossa and supratentorial part of the posterior cranial fossa.
    [Show full text]
  • Head & Neck Muscle Table
    Robert Frysztak, PhD. Structure of the Human Body Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine HEAD‐NECK MUSCLE TABLE PROXIMAL ATTACHMENT DISTAL ATTACHMENT MUSCLE INNERVATION MAIN ACTIONS BLOOD SUPPLY MUSCLE GROUP (ORIGIN) (INSERTION) Anterior floor of orbit lateral to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Abducts, elevates, and laterally Inferior oblique Lateral sclera deep to lateral rectus Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular nasolacrimal canal division rotates eyeball Inferior aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Depresses, adducts, and laterally Inferior rectus Common tendinous ring Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction division rotates eyeball Lateral aspect of eyeball, posterior to Lateral rectus Common tendinous ring Abducent nerve (CN VI) Abducts eyeball Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction Medial aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Medial rectus Common tendinous ring Adducts eyeball Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction division Passes through trochlea, attaches to Body of sphenoid (above optic foramen), Abducts, depresses, and medially Superior oblique superior sclera between superior and Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular medial to origin of superior rectus rotates eyeball lateral recti Superior aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), superior Elevates, adducts, and medially Superior rectus Common tendinous ring Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular the corneoscleral junction division
    [Show full text]
  • The Mandibular Landmarks About the Facial Artery and Vein With
    Int. J. Morphol., 30(2):504-509, 2012. The Mandibular Landmarks about the Facial Artery and Vein with Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography (MDCTA): an Anatomical and Radiological Morphometric Study Puntos de Referencia de la Mandíbula Relacionados a la Arteria y Vena Facial con Angiografía por Tomografía Computarizada Multidetector (ATCM): un Estudio Morfométrico Anatómico y Radiológico *Aynur Emine Cicekcibasi; *Mehmet Tugrul Yılmaz; **Demet Kıresi & *Muzaffer Seker CICEKCIBASI, A. E.; YILMAZ, M. T.; KIRESI, D. & SEKER, M. The mandibular landmarks about the facial artery and vein with multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA): an anatomical and radiological morphometric study. Int. J. Morphol., 30(2):504-509, 2012. SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to investigate the course of the facial vessels according to several mandibular landmarks in living individuals using multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) to determine these related to sex and side. This study was conducted in the Radiology Department, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University (Konya, Turkey). In total, sixty faces from 30 specimens (15 males and 15 females) with symptoms and signs of vascular disease were evaluated for the facial vessels by MDCTA scan. The facial vessel parameters were measured according to the reference points (mandibular angle, mental protuberance, mental foramen and facial midline). The distance from the point at which the facial artery first appears in the lower margin of the mandible to the mandibular angle for right and left facial artery were observed as 3.53±0.66 cm and 3.31±0.73 cm in males, respectively. These distances were determined as 2.91±0.52 cm and 3.35±0.48 cm in females.
    [Show full text]
  • Notably the Posterior Cerebral Artery, Do Not Develop Fully Until the Embryo
    THE EMBRYOLOGY OF THE ARTERIES OF THE BRAIN Arris and Gale Lecture delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 27th February 1962 by D. B. Moffat, M.D., F.R.C.S. Senior Lecturer in Anatomy, University College, Cardiff A LITTLE OVER 300 years ago, Edward Arris donated to the Company of Barbers and Surgeons a sum of money " upon condicion that a humane Body be once in every yeare hearafter publiquely dissected and six lectures thereupon read in this Hall if it may be had with conveniency, and the Charges to be borne by this Company ". Some years later, Dr. Gale left an annuity to the Company for a similar purpose and it is interesting to note that the first Gale lecturer was a Dr. Havers, whose name is still associated with the Haversian canals in bone. The study of anatomy has changed in many ways since those days and it must be a long time since an Arris and Gale lecturer actually took his text from the cadaver. However, in deference to the wishes of our benefactors, I should like at least to com- mence this lecture by showing you part of a dissection (Fig. 1) which a colleague, Dr. E. D. Morris, and I prepared some years ago for use in an oral examination. We found that in this subject the left internal carotid artery in the neck gave off a. large branch which passed upwards and back- wards to enter the skull through the hypoglossal canal. In the posterior cranial fossa this artery looped caudally and then passed forwards in the midline to form the basilar artery which was joined by a pair of very small vertebral arteries.
    [Show full text]
  • Parts of the Body 1) Head – Caput, Capitus 2) Skull- Cranium Cephalic- Toward the Skull Caudal- Toward the Tail Rostral- Toward the Nose 3) Collum (Pl
    BIO 3330 Advanced Human Cadaver Anatomy Instructor: Dr. Jeff Simpson Department of Biology Metropolitan State College of Denver 1 PARTS OF THE BODY 1) HEAD – CAPUT, CAPITUS 2) SKULL- CRANIUM CEPHALIC- TOWARD THE SKULL CAUDAL- TOWARD THE TAIL ROSTRAL- TOWARD THE NOSE 3) COLLUM (PL. COLLI), CERVIX 4) TRUNK- THORAX, CHEST 5) ABDOMEN- AREA BETWEEN THE DIAPHRAGM AND THE HIP BONES 6) PELVIS- AREA BETWEEN OS COXAS EXTREMITIES -UPPER 1) SHOULDER GIRDLE - SCAPULA, CLAVICLE 2) BRACHIUM - ARM 3) ANTEBRACHIUM -FOREARM 4) CUBITAL FOSSA 6) METACARPALS 7) PHALANGES 2 Lower Extremities Pelvis Os Coxae (2) Inominant Bones Sacrum Coccyx Terms of Position and Direction Anatomical Position Body Erect, head, eyes and toes facing forward. Limbs at side, palms facing forward Anterior-ventral Posterior-dorsal Superficial Deep Internal/external Vertical & horizontal- refer to the body in the standing position Lateral/ medial Superior/inferior Ipsilateral Contralateral Planes of the Body Median-cuts the body into left and right halves Sagittal- parallel to median Frontal (Coronal)- divides the body into front and back halves 3 Horizontal(transverse)- cuts the body into upper and lower portions Positions of the Body Proximal Distal Limbs Radial Ulnar Tibial Fibular Foot Dorsum Plantar Hallicus HAND Dorsum- back of hand Palmar (volar)- palm side Pollicus Index finger Middle finger Ring finger Pinky finger TERMS OF MOVEMENT 1) FLEXION: DECREASE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES OF A JOINT 2) EXTENSION: INCREASE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES OF A JOINT 3) ADDUCTION: TOWARDS MIDLINE
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of the Facial Nerve and Related Structures
    Rhoton Yoshioka Atlas of the Facial Nerve Unique Atlas Opens Window and Related Structures Into Facial Nerve Anatomy… Atlas of the Facial Nerve and Related Structures and Related Nerve Facial of the Atlas “His meticulous methods of anatomical dissection and microsurgical techniques helped transform the primitive specialty of neurosurgery into the magnificent surgical discipline that it is today.”— Nobutaka Yoshioka American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Albert L. Rhoton, Jr. Nobutaka Yoshioka, MD, PhD and Albert L. Rhoton, Jr., MD have created an anatomical atlas of astounding precision. An unparalleled teaching tool, this atlas opens a unique window into the anatomical intricacies of complex facial nerves and related structures. An internationally renowned author, educator, brain anatomist, and neurosurgeon, Dr. Rhoton is regarded by colleagues as one of the fathers of modern microscopic neurosurgery. Dr. Yoshioka, an esteemed craniofacial reconstructive surgeon in Japan, mastered this precise dissection technique while undertaking a fellowship at Dr. Rhoton’s microanatomy lab, writing in the preface that within such precision images lies potential for surgical innovation. Special Features • Exquisite color photographs, prepared from carefully dissected latex injected cadavers, reveal anatomy layer by layer with remarkable detail and clarity • An added highlight, 3-D versions of these extraordinary images, are available online in the Thieme MediaCenter • Major sections include intracranial region and skull, upper facial and midfacial region, and lower facial and posterolateral neck region Organized by region, each layered dissection elucidates specific nerves and structures with pinpoint accuracy, providing the clinician with in-depth anatomical insights. Precise clinical explanations accompany each photograph. In tandem, the images and text provide an excellent foundation for understanding the nerves and structures impacted by neurosurgical-related pathologies as well as other conditions and injuries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muscles of the Jaw Are Some of the Strongest in the Human Body
    MUSCLES OF MASTICATION The muscles of the jaw are some of the strongest in the human body. They aid in chewing and speech by allowing us to open and close our mouths. Ready to unlock the mysteries of mastication? Then read on! OF MASSETERS AND MANDIBLES The deep and superficial masseter muscles enable mastication (chewing by pulling the mandible (jawbone) up towards the maxillae. Factoid! Humans’ jaws are able to bite with DEEP a force of about 150-200 psi (890 MASSETER Newtons). In contrast, a saltwater crocodile can bite with a force of 3,700 SUPERFICIAL psi (16, 400 Newtons)! MASSETER MAXILLA (R) 2 MANDIBLE MORE MASSETER FACTS The deep masseter’s origin is the zygomatic arch and the superficial masseter’s origin is the zygomatic bone. Both masseters insert into the ramus of the mandible, though the deep masseter’s insertion point is closer to the temporomandibular joint. The mandible is the only bone in the skull that we can consciously move (with the help of muscles, of course). 3 TEMPORALIS The temporalis muscles sit on either side of the head. Their job is to elevate and retract the mandible against the maxillae. They originate at the temporal fossa and temporal fascia and insert at the coronoid process and ramus of the mandible. 4 LATERAL SUPERIOR PTERYGOIDS HEAD The lateral pterygoids draw the mandibular condyle and articular disc of the temporomandibular joint forward. Each lateral pterygoid has two heads. The superior head originates at the sphenoid and infratemporal crest and the inferior head originates at the lateral pterygoid plate.
    [Show full text]