The Pons Neurological System > Brainstem & Cranial Nerve Anatomy > Brainstem & Cranial Nerve Anatomy
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NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems
NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems 25th January 2017 Peter Ohara Department of Anatomy [email protected] The Subdivisions and Components of the Central Nervous System Axes and Anatomical Planes of Sections of the Human and Rat Brain Development of the neural tube 1 Dorsal and ventral cell groups Dermatomes and myotomes Neural crest derivatives: 1 Neural crest derivatives: 2 Development of the neural tube 2 Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Gestational Crown-rump Structure(s) age (Weeks) length (mm) 3 3 cerebral vesicles 4 4 Optic cup, otic placode (future internal ear) 5 6 cerebral vesicles, cranial nerve nuclei 6 12 Cranial and cervical flexures, rhombic lips (future cerebellum) 7 17 Thalamus, hypothalamus, internal capsule, basal ganglia Hippocampus, fornix, olfactory bulb, longitudinal fissure that 8 30 separates the hemispheres 10 53 First callosal fibers cross the midline, early cerebellum 12 80 Major expansion of the cerebral cortex 16 134 Olfactory connections established 20 185 Gyral and sulcul patterns of the cerebral cortex established Clinical case A 68 year old woman with hypertension and diabetes develops abrupt onset numbness and tingling on the right half of the face and head and the entire right hemitrunk, right arm and right leg. She does not experience any weakness or incoordination. Physical Examination: Vitals: T 37.0° C; BP 168/87; P 86; RR 16 Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and abdominal exam are within normal limits. Neurological Examination: Mental Status: Alert and oriented x 3, 3/3 recall in 3 minutes, language fluent. -
Activation of Raphe Nuclei Triggers Rapid and Distinct Effects on Parallel Olfactory Bulb Output Channels
Activation of raphe nuclei triggers rapid and distinct effects on parallel olfactory bulb output channels The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Kapoor, Vikrant, Allison Provost, Prateek Agarwal, and Venkatesh N. Murthy. 2015. “Activation of raphe nuclei triggers rapid and distinct effects on parallel olfactory bulb output channels.” Nature neuroscience 19 (2): 271-282. doi:10.1038/nn.4219. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4219. Published Version doi:10.1038/nn.4219 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29002684 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Nat Neurosci Manuscript Author . Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2016 August 01. Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2016 February ; 19(2): 271–282. doi:10.1038/nn.4219. Activation of raphe nuclei triggers rapid and distinct effects on parallel olfactory bulb output channels Vikrant Kapoor1,2,†, Allison Provost1,2, Prateek Agarwal1,2, and Venkatesh N. Murthy1,2,† 1Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 2Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Abstract The serotonergic raphe nuclei are involved in regulating brain states over time-scales of minutes and hours. We examined more rapid effects of serotonergic activation on two classes of principal neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb, mitral and tufted cells, which send olfactory information to distinct targets. -
The Superior and Inferior Colliculi of the Mole (Scalopus Aquaticus Machxinus)
THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR COLLICULI OF THE MOLE (SCALOPUS AQUATICUS MACHXINUS) THOMAS N. JOHNSON' Laboratory of Comparative Neurology, Departmmt of Amtomy, Un&versity of hfiehigan, Ann Arbor INTRODUCTION This investigation is a study of the afferent and efferent connections of the tectum of the midbrain in the mole (Scalo- pus aquaticus machrinus). An attempt is made to correlate these findings with the known habits of the animal. A subterranean animal of the middle western portion of the United States, Scalopus aquaticus machrinus is the largest of the genus Scalopus and its habits have been more thor- oughly studied than those of others of this genus according to Jackson ('15) and Hamilton ('43). This animal prefers a well-drained, loose soil. It usually frequents open fields and pastures but also is found in thin woods and meadows. Following a rain, new superficial burrows just below the surface of the ground are pushed in all directions to facili- tate the capture of worms and other soil life. Ten inches or more below the surface the regular permanent highway is constructed; the mole retreats here during long periods of dry weather or when frost is in the ground. The principal food is earthworms although, under some circumstances, larvae and adult insects are the more usual fare. It has been demonstrated conclusively that, under normal conditions, moles will eat vegetable matter. It seems not improbable that they may take considerable quantities of it at times. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Michigan. -
Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum
1/2/2019 This power point is made available as an educational resource or study aid for your use only. This presentation may not be duplicated for others and should not be redistributed or posted anywhere on the internet or on any personal websites. Your use of this resource is with the acknowledgment and acceptance of those restrictions. Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum – a quick overview MHD-Neuroanatomy – Neuroscience Block Gregory Gruener, MD, MBA, MHPE Vice Dean for Education, SSOM Professor, Department of Neurology LUHS a member of Trinity Health Outcomes you want to accomplish Basal ganglia review Define and identify the major divisions of the basal ganglia List the major basal ganglia functional loops and roles List the components of the basal ganglia functional “circuitry” and associated neurotransmitters Describe the direct and indirect motor pathways and relevance/role of the substantia nigra compacta 1 1/2/2019 Basal Ganglia Terminology Striatum Caudate nucleus Nucleus accumbens Putamen Globus pallidus (pallidum) internal segment (GPi) external segment (GPe) Subthalamic nucleus Substantia nigra compact part (SNc) reticular part (SNr) Basal ganglia “circuitry” • BG have no major outputs to LMNs – Influence LMNs via the cerebral cortex • Input to striatum from cortex is excitatory – Glutamate is the neurotransmitter • Principal output from BG is via GPi + SNr – Output to thalamus, GABA is the neurotransmitter • Thalamocortical projections are excitatory – Concerned with motor “intention” • Balance of excitatory & inhibitory inputs to striatum, determine whether thalamus is suppressed BG circuits are parallel loops • Motor loop – Concerned with learned movements • Cognitive loop – Concerned with motor “intention” • Limbic loop – Emotional aspects of movements • Oculomotor loop – Concerned with voluntary saccades (fast eye-movements) 2 1/2/2019 Basal ganglia “circuitry” Cortex Striatum Thalamus GPi + SNr Nolte. -
Scaling Our World View: How Monoamines Can Put Context Into Brain Circuitry
HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY published: 20 December 2018 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00506 Scaling Our World View: How Monoamines Can Put Context Into Brain Circuitry Philipp Stratmann 1,2*, Alin Albu-Schäffer 1,2 and Henrik Jörntell 3 1 Sensor Based Robotic Systems and Intelligent Assistance Systems, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany, 2 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, Weßling, Germany, 3 Neural Basis of Sensorimotor Control, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Monoamines are presumed to be diffuse metabotropic neuromodulators of the topographically and temporally precise ionotropic circuitry which dominates CNS functions. Their malfunction is strongly implicated in motor and cognitive disorders, but their function in behavioral and cognitive processing is scarcely understood. In this paper, the principles of such a monoaminergic function are conceptualized for locomotor control. We find that the serotonergic system in the ventral spinal cord scales ionotropic signals and shows topographic order that agrees with differential gain modulation of ionotropic subcircuits. Whereas the subcircuits can collectively signal predictive models of the world based on life-long learning, their differential scaling continuously adjusts these models to changing mechanical contexts based on sensory input on a fast time scale of a few 100 ms. The control theory of biomimetic robots demonstrates that this precision scaling is an effective and resource-efficient -
Bilateral Cerebellar Dysfunctions in a Unilateral Meso-Diencephalic Lesion
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.44.4.361 on 1 April 1981. Downloaded from Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 1981, 44, 361-363 Short report Bilateral cerebellar dysfunctions in a unilateral meso-diencephalic lesion D VON CRAMON From the Max-Planck-Institute for Psychiatry, Munich, Germany SUMMARY The clinical syndrome of a 65-year-old patient with a slit-shaped right-sided meso- diencephalic lesion was analysed. A cerebellar syndrome with limb-kinetic ataxia, intention tremor and hypotonicity in all extremities as well as ataxic dysarthria was found. The disruption of the two cerebello-(rubro)-thalamic pathways probably explained the signs of bilateral cere- bellar dysfunction. The uncrossed ascending limb of the right, and the crossed one of the left brachium conjunctivum may have been damaged by the unilateral lesion extending between caudal midbrain and dorsal thalamus. Protected by copyright. Most of the fibres which constitute the superior general hospital where neurological examination cerebellar peduncle leave the cerebellum and showed bilateral miosis, convergent strabism, vertical originate in cells of the dentate nucleus but also gaze paresis on upward gaze with gaze-paretic nystag- arise from neurons of the globose and emboli- mus, flaccid sensori-motor hemiparesis with increased stretch reflexes and Babinski sign on the left side, forme nuclei. The crossed ascending fibres of the and dysmetric movements of the right upper extremity. brachia conjunctiva constitute the major outflow The CT scan showed an acute haemorrhage in the from the cerebellum, they form the cerebello- right mesodiencephalic area. On 19 February 1979 (rubro)-thalamic and dentato-thalamic tracts.' the patient was admitted to our department. -
Neuronal Organization in the Inferior Colliculus Revisited with Cell-Type- Dependent Monosynaptic Tracing
This Accepted Manuscript has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. Research Articles: Systems/Circuits Neuronal organization in the inferior colliculus revisited with cell-type- dependent monosynaptic tracing Chenggang Chen1, Mingxiu Cheng1,2, Tetsufumi Ito3 and Sen Song1 1Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence (THBI) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip, Center for Brain-Inspired Computing Research, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China 2National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China 3Anatomy II, School of Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2173-17.2018 Received: 31 July 2017 Revised: 2 February 2018 Accepted: 7 February 2018 Published: 24 February 2018 Author contributions: C.C., T.I., and S.S. designed research; C.C. and M.C. performed research; C.C. and T.I. analyzed data; C.C. wrote the first draft of the paper; C.C., T.I., and S.S. edited the paper; C.C., T.I., and S.S. wrote the paper. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests. This work was supported by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31571095, 91332122, for S.S.), Special Fund of Suzhou-Tsinghua Innovation Leading Action (for S.S.), Beijing Program on the Study of Brain-Inspired Computing System and Related Core Technologies (for S.S.), Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip (for S.S.), and Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Psychology Key Laboratory of Mental Health Open Research Grant (KLMH2012K02, for S.S.), grants from Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan (KAKENHI grant, Grant numbers 16K07026 and 16H01501; for T.I.), and Takahashi Industrial and Economic Research Foundation (for T.I.). -
Facial Sensory Symptoms in Medullary Infarcts
Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2005;63(4):946-950 FACIAL SENSORY SYMPTOMS IN MEDULLARY INFARCTS Adriana Bastos Conforto1, Fábio Iuji Yamamoto1, Cláudia da Costa Leite2, Milberto Scaff1, Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie1 ABSTRACT - Objective: To investigate the correlation between facial sensory abnormalities and lesional topography in eight patients with lateral medullary infarcts (LMIs). Method: We reviewed eight sequen- tial cases of LMIs admitted to the Neurology Division of Hospital das Clínicas/ São Paulo University between J u l y, 2001 and August, 2002 except for one patient who had admitted in 1996 and was still followed in 2002. All patients were submitted to conventional brain MRI including axial T1-, T2-weighted and Fluid attenuated inversion-re c o v e ry (FLAIR) sequences. MRIs were evaluated blindly to clinical features to deter- mine extension of the infarct to presumed topographies of the ventral trigeminothalamic (VTT), lateral spinothalamic, spinal trigeminal tracts and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Results:S e n s o ry symptoms or signs w e re ipsilateral to the bulbar infarct in 3 patients, contralateral in 4 and bilateral in 1. In all of our cases with exclusive contralateral facial sensory symptoms, infarcts had medial extensions that included the VTT t o p o g r a p h y. In cases with exclusive ipsilateral facial sensory abnormalities, infarcts affected lateral and posterior bulbar portions, with slight or no medial extension. The only patient who presented bilateral facial symptoms had an infarct that covered both medial and lateral, in addition to the posterior re g i o n of the medulla. Conclusion: Our results show a correlation between medial extension of LMIs and pres- ence of contralateral facial sensory symptoms. -
L4-Physiology of Motor Tracts.Pdf
: chapter 55 page 667 Objectives (1) Describe the upper and lower motor neurons. (2) Understand the pathway of Pyramidal tracts (Corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts). (3) Understand the lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts. (4) Explain functional role of corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts. (5) Describe the Extrapyramidal tracts as Rubrospinal, Vestibulospinal, Reticulospinal and Tectspinal Tracts. The name of the tract indicate its pathway, for example Corticobulbar : Terms: - cortico: cerebral cortex. Decustation: crossing. - Bulbar: brainstem. Ipsilateral : same side. *So it starts at cerebral cortex and Contralateral: opposite side. terminate at the brainstem. CNS influence the activity of skeletal muscle through two set of neurons : 1- Upper motor neurons (UMN) 2- lower motor neuron (LMN) They are neurons of motor cortex & their axons that pass to brain stem and They are Spinal motor neurons in the spinal spinal cord to activate: cord & cranial motor neurons in the brain • cranial motor neurons (in brainstem) stem which innervate muscles directly. • spinal motor neurons (in spinal cord) - These are the only neurons that innervate - Upper motor neurons (UMN) are the skeletal muscle fibers, they function as responsible for conveying impulses for the final common pathway, the final link voluntary motor activity through between the CNS and skeletal muscles. descending motor pathways that make up by the upper motor neurons. Lower motor neurons are classified based on the type of muscle fiber the innervate: There are two UMN Systems through which 1- alpha motor neurons (UMN) control (LMN): 2- gamma motor neurons 1- Pyramidal system (corticospinal tracts ). 2- Extrapyramidal system The activity of the lower motor neuron (LMN, spinal or cranial) is influenced by: 1. -
Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G
Imaging of the Confused Patient: Toxic Metabolic Disorders Dara G. Jamieson, M.D. Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY The patient who presents with either acute or subacute confusion, in the absence of a clearly defined speech disorder and focality on neurological examination that would indicate an underlying mass lesion, needs to be evaluated for a multitude of neurological conditions. Many of the conditions that produce the recent onset of alteration in mental status, that ranges from mild confusion to florid delirium, may be due to infectious or inflammatory conditions that warrant acute intervention such as antimicrobial drugs, steroids or plasma exchange. However, some patients with recent onset of confusion have an underlying toxic-metabolic disorders indicating a specific diagnosis with need for appropriate treatment. The clinical presentations of some patients may indicate the diagnosis (e.g. hypoglycemia, chronic alcoholism) while the imaging patterns must be recognized to make the diagnosis in other patients. Toxic-metabolic disorders constitute a group of diseases and syndromes with diverse causes and clinical presentations. Many toxic-metabolic disorders have no specific neuroimaging correlates, either at early clinical stages or when florid symptoms develop. However, some toxic-metabolic disorders have characteristic abnormalities on neuroimaging, as certain areas of the central nervous system appear particularly vulnerable to specific toxins and metabolic perturbations. Areas of particular vulnerability in the brain include: 1) areas of high-oxygen demand (e.g. basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus), 2) the cerebral white matter and 3) the mid-brain. Brain areas of high-oxygen demand are particularly vulnerable to toxins that interfere with cellular respiratory metabolism. -
Efficacy And/Or Effectiveness of Portable Neuromodulation Stimulator (Pons®) As Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)”
Evidence-Based Practice Group Answers to Clinical Questions “Efficacy and/or Effectiveness of Portable Neuromodulation Stimulator (PoNS®) as Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)” A Rapid Systematic Review By WorkSafeBC Evidence-Based Practice Group Dr. Craig Martin Manager, Clinical Services Chair, Evidence-Based Practice Group October 2019 Clinical Services – Worker and Employer Services Efficacy and/or Effectiveness of Portable Neuromodulation Stimulator (PoNS®) as Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) i About this report Efficacy and/or Effectiveness of Portable Neuromodulation Stimulator (PoNS®) as Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Published: October 2019 About the Evidence-Based Practice Group The Evidence-Based Practice Group was established to address the many medical and policy issues that WorkSafeBC officers deal with on a regular basis. Members apply established techniques of critical appraisal and evidence-based review of topics solicited from both WorkSafeBC staff and other interested parties such as surgeons, medical specialists, and rehabilitation providers. Suggested Citation WorkSafeBC Evidence-Based Practice Group, Martin CW. Efficacy and/or Effectiveness of Portable Neuromodulation Stimulator (PoNS®) as Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Richmond, BC: WorksafeBC Evidence- Based Practice Group; October 2019. Contact Information Evidence-Based Practice Group WorkSafeBC PO Box 5350 Stn Terminal Vancouver BC V6B 5L5 Email [email protected] Phone 604 279-7417 Toll-free 1 888 967-5377 -
DR. Sanaa Alshaarawy
By DR. Sanaa Alshaarawy 1 By the end of the lecture, students will be able to : Distinguish the internal structure of the components of the brain stem in different levels and the specific criteria of each level. 1. Medulla oblongata (closed, mid and open medulla) 2. Pons (caudal, mid “Trigeminal level” and rostral). 3. Mid brain ( superior and inferior colliculi). Describe the Reticular formation (structure, function and pathway) being an important content of the brain stem. 2 1. Traversed by the Central Canal. Motor Decussation*. Spinal Nucleus of Trigeminal (Trigeminal sensory nucleus)* : ➢ It is a larger sensory T.S of Caudal part of M.O. nucleus. ➢ It is the brain stem continuation of the Substantia Gelatinosa of spinal cord 3 The Nucleus Extends : Through the whole length of the brain stem and upper segments of spinal cord. It lies in all levels of M.O, medial to the spinal tract of the trigeminal. It receives pain and temperature from face, forehead. Its tract present in all levels of M.O. is formed of descending fibers that terminate in the trigeminal nucleus. 4 It is Motor Decussation. Formed by pyramidal fibers, (75-90%) cross to the opposite side They descend in the Decuss- = crossing lateral white column of the spinal cord as the lateral corticospinal tract. The uncrossed fibers form the ventral corticospinal tract. 5 Traversed by Central Canal. Larger size Gracile & Cuneate nuclei, concerned with proprioceptive deep sensations of the body. Axons of Gracile & Cuneate nuclei form the internal arcuate fibers; decussating forming Sensory Decussation. Pyramids are prominent ventrally. 6 Formed by the crossed internal arcuate fibers Medial Leminiscus: Composed of the ascending internal arcuate fibers after their crossing.