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THE IMPACT of the ARMENIAN GENOCIDE on the FORMATION of NATIONAL STATEHOOD and POLITICAL IDENTITY “Today Most Armenians Do
ASHOT ALEKSANYAN THE IMPACT OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ON THE FORMATION OF NATIONAL STATEHOOD AND POLITICAL IDENTITY Key words – Armenian Genocide, pre-genocide, post-genocide, national statehood, Armenian statehood heritage, political identity, civiliarchic elite, civilization, civic culture, Armenian diaspora, Armenian civiliarchy “Today most Armenians do not live in the Republic of Armenia. Indeed, most Armenians have deep ties to the countries where they live. Like a lot of us, many Armenians find themselves balancing their role in their new country with their historical and cultural roots. How far should they assimilate into their new countries? Does Armenian history and culture have something to offer Armenians as they live their lives now? When do historical and cultural memories create self-imposed limits on individuals?”1 Introduction The relevance of this article is determined, on the one hand, the multidimen- sionality of issues related to understanding the role of statehood and the political and legal system in the development of Armenian civilization, civic culture and identity, on the other hand - the negative impact of the long absence of national system of public administration and the devastating impact of the Armenian Genocide of 1915 on the further development of the Armenian statehood and civiliarchy. Armenian Genocide in Ottoman Turkey was the first ever large-scale crime against humanity and human values. Taking advantage of the beginning of World War I, the Turkish authorities have organized mass murder and deportations of Armenians from their historic homeland. Genocide divided the civiliarchy of the Armenian people in three parts: before the genocide (pre-genocide), during the genocide and after the genocide (post-genocide). -
Coat of Arms of Armenia - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Coat of arms of Armenia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia Coat of arms of Armenia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The national coat of arms of Armenia consists of an eagle and a lion supporting a shield. The coat of arms combines new and old symbols. The eagle and lion are ancient Armenian symbols dating from the first Armenian kingdoms that existed prior to Christ. The current coat of arms was adopted on April 19, 1992 by the Armenian Supreme Council decision. On June 15, 2006, the law on the state coat of arms of Armenia was passed by the Armenian Parliament. Contents 1 Symbolism 1.1 Shield 1.2 Eagle and Lion 1.3 Five vital elements 2 History 2.1 Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of Armenia 2.2 Transcaucasian SFSR 2.3 Soviet coat of arms 3 References 4 See also 5 External links Symbolism Shield The shield itself consists of many components. In the center is a depiction of Mount Ararat with Noah's Ark sitting atop it. According to tradition, the ark is said to have finally rested on the mountain after the great flood. Ararat is considered the national symbol of Armenia and thus is of principle importance to the coat of arms. Surrounding Mount Ararat are symbols of old Armenian dynasties. In the lower left portion of the shield, there are two eagles looking at each other, symbolizing the length of the Armenian territory during the reign of the Artaxiad Dynasty that ruled in the 1st century BC. -
JSAS 21-Russell Article-Final.Pdf (448.3Kb)
The Bells: From Poe to Sardarapat The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Russell, James R. 2012. The bells: From Poe to Sardarapat. Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 21:1-42. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10880591 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies 21 (2012), pp. 1- THE BELLS: FROM POE TO SARDARAPAT JAMES R. RUSSELL Was it a dark and stormy night? No, but at least it was on a crisp and sere one, in autumn, and the scene is an old wooden house shaded by huge, gaunt trees. The nervous, overweight boy from the big city was uncomfortable with his four suburban cousins, with their healthy, athletic roughhousing and clean, wholesome, all-American good looks: their parents had not circumcised them and had rejected the antique language, the prophetic faith, and the tribal old- new land. But in the living room the Franklin stove crackled, all was bright and warm, and his aunt and uncle had put on a newly pressed record, “All The News That’s Fit to Sing” (Elektra Records, 1964)— a topical irony, since The New York Times boasted then, and still does, that it offers all the news fit to print. -
![Cilician Armenia in the Thirteenth Century.[3] Marco Polo, for Example, Set out on His Journey to China from Ayas in 1271](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/9192/cilician-armenia-in-the-thirteenth-century-3-marco-polo-for-example-set-out-on-his-journey-to-china-from-ayas-in-1271-1709192.webp)
Cilician Armenia in the Thirteenth Century.[3] Marco Polo, for Example, Set out on His Journey to China from Ayas in 1271
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (also known as Little Armenia; not to be confused with the Arme- nian Kingdom of Antiquity) was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. It was located on the Gulf of Alexandretta of the Mediterranean Sea in what is today southern Turkey. The kingdom remained independent from around 1078 to 1375. The Kingdom of Cilicia was founded by the Rubenian dynasty, an offshoot of the larger Bagratid family that at various times held the thrones of Armenia and Georgia. Their capital was Sis. Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focus for Armenian nationalism and culture, since Armenia was under foreign oc- cupation at the time. King Levon I of Armenia helped cultivate Cilicia's economy and commerce as its interaction with European traders grew. Major cities and castles of the kingdom included the port of Korikos, Lam- pron, Partzerpert, Vahka (modern Feke), Hromkla, Tarsus, Anazarbe, Til Hamdoun, Mamistra (modern Misis: the classical Mopsuestia), Adana and the port of Ayas (Aias) which served as a Western terminal to the East. The Pisans, Genoese and Venetians established colonies in Ayas through treaties with Cilician Armenia in the thirteenth century.[3] Marco Polo, for example, set out on his journey to China from Ayas in 1271. For a short time in the 1st century BCE the powerful kingdom of Armenia was able to conquer a vast region in the Levant, including the area of Cilicia. -
The Armenians from Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars
The Armenians From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars RAZMIK PANOSSIAN HURST & COMPANY, LONDON THE ARMENIANS To my parents Stephan and Sona Panossian RAZMIK PANOSSIAN The Armenians From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars HURST & COMPANY,LONDON First published in the United Kingdom by C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd, 41 Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3PL Copyright © by Razmik Panossian, 2006 All rights reserved. Printed in India The right of Razmik Panossian to be identified as the author of this volume has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyight, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. A catalogue record for this volume is available from the British Library. ISBNs 1-85065-644-4 casebound 1-85065-788-2 paperback ‘The life of a nation is a sea, and those who look at it from the shore cannot know its depths.’—Armenian proverb ‘The man who finds his homeland sweet is still a tender beginner; he to whom every soil is as his native one is already strong; but he is perfect to whom the entire world is as a foreign land. The tender soul has fixed his love on one spot in the world; the strong man has extended his love to all places; the perfect man has extinguished his.’—Hugo of St Victor (monk from Saxony,12th century) The proverb is from Mary Matossian, The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia. Hugo of St Victor is cited in Edward Said, ‘Reflections on Exile’, Granta, no. 13. CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements page xi 1. Introduction 1 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DEFINITIONS 5 A brief overview: going beyond dichotomies 6 Questionable assumptions: homogenisation and the role of the state 10 The Armenian view 12 Defining the nation 18 — The importance of subjectivity 20 — The importance of modernity 24 — The characteristics of nations 28 2. -
Between Old and New Rome
Jonas Thungren Lindbärg “A burdensome matter it is today to abandon the delicate and subtle customs of the Latin people, i.e. the Franks, and to return to the Between Old and New Rome dullness of the old Armenians.” Thus wrote the Armenian archbishop Nerses, not without a hint of Armenian and Bulgarian Contacts with the Papacy around 1204 sarcasm, when defending his endeavour to unite the Armenian Church with the Roman in the late twelfth century. What this old dullness was is less clear but it seems that Latin customs had indeed become both Jonas Thungren Lindbärg desirable and powerful, for this ecumenical endeavour met with success and only a handful of years later something similar occured in the Between Old and New Rome Old and New Between Balkans, when a newly founded Bulgarian empire submitted to the Roman Church as well. The rulers of these realms would not only profess their loyalty to the Roman Church but would also carry papal banners into battle and exchange letters with the pope. This study examines how these rulers used their relationships with the Papacy, as well as how the pope used his relationship with them. It is a study of ideas and of symbolic power, of how kingdoms and empires were imagined and expressed. It is a study of the new and the old, of two new power-centres emerging from the old peripheries of the crumbling Byzantine Empire, of leaders weaving together real and imagined histories with new influences in order to establish and profess their legitimate rule. ISBN 978-91-7911-504-3 Department of Culture and Aesthetics Doctoral Thesis in History of Ideas at Stockholm University, Sweden 2021 Between Old and New Rome Armenian and Bulgarian Contacts with the Papacy around 1204 Jonas Thungren Lindbärg Academic dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History of Ideas at Stockholm University to be publicly defended on Monday 14 June 2021 at 13.00 online via Zoom, public link is available at the department website. -
The Armenians the Peoples of Europe
The Armenians The Peoples of Europe General Editors James Campbell and Barry Cunliffe This series is about the European tribes and peoples from their origins in prehistory to the present day. Drawing upon a wide range of archaeolo gical and historical evidence, each volume presents a fresh and absorbing account of a group’s culture, society and usually turbulent history. Already published The Etruscans The Franks Graeme Barker and Thomas Edward James Rasmussen The Russians The Lombards Robin Milner-Gulland Neil Christie The Mongols The Basques David Morgan Roger Collins The Armenians The English A.E. Redgate Geoffrey Elton The Huns The Gypsies E. A. Thompson Angus Fraser The Early Germans The Bretons Malcolm Todd Patrick Galliou and Michael Jones The Illyrians The Goths John Wilkes Peter Heather In preparation The Sicilians The Spanish David Abulafia Roger Collins The Irish The Romans Francis John Byrne and Michael Timothy Cornell Herity The Celts The Byzantines David Dumville Averil Cameron The Scots The First English Colin Kidd Sonia Chadwick Hawkes The Ancient Greeks The Normans Brian Sparkes Marjorie Chibnall The Piets The Serbs Charles Thomas Sima Cirkovic The Armenians A. E. Redgate Copyright © Anne Elizabeth Redgate 1998,2000 The right of Anne Elizabeth Redgate to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1998 First published in paperback 2000 2468 10975 3 1 Blackwell Publishers Ltd 108 Cowley Road Oxford OX4 1JF Blackwell Publishers Inc. 350 Main Street Malden, Massachusetts 02148 USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. -
American University of Armenia Factbook 2015-2016 Academic Year
American University of Armenia Factbook 2015-2016 Academic Year Published October 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Description of Data ........................................................................................................................... 4 Facts About AUA–A Chronology ....................................................................................................... 6 Table 1. Enrollment by Time Status ............................................................................................... 13 For Fall 2015–Undergraduate .................................................................................................... 13 For Fall 2015–Graduate ............................................................................................................. 14 Table 2. Enrollment by Gender and Citizenship .............................................................................. 15 For Fall 2015–Undergraduate .................................................................................................... 15 For Fall 2015–Graduate ............................................................................................................. 16 Enrollment–Summary of Demographic Data ................................................................................ 17 For Fall 2015 and Spring 2016–Graduate ................................................................................. -
The Key of Truth, a Manual of the Paulician Church Of
? ^C^T^V^ >Alot , L ^ THE KEY OF TRUTH CONYBEARE HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK THE KEY OF TRUTH A MANUAL OF THE PA ULICIAN CHURCH OF ARMENIA £(Se dRnnentan 'Ztjct EDITED AND TRANSLATED WITH ILLUSTRATIVE DOCUMENTS AND INTRODUCTION BY FRED. C. CONYBEARE, M.A. FORMERLY FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1898 ©;efor& PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, M.A. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY ortLF VRL PREFACE In the autumn of the year 1891, 1 went to Armenia for a second time, in the hope of finding an ancient version of the Book of Enoch, and of recovering documents illustrative of the ancient heretics of that land, particularly of the Paulicians. For Gibbon's picture of their puritanism, fresh and vigorous in an age when Greek Christianity had degenerated into the court superstition of Constantinople, had fascinated my imagination; and I could not believe that some fuller records of their inner teaching did not survive in the Armenian tongue. In this quest, though my other failed, I was rewarded. I learned during my stay at Edjmiatzin, that in the library of the Holy Synod there was preserved a manu- script of The Key of Truth, the book of the Thonraketzi or Paulicians of Thbnrak, with whom I was familiar from reading the letters of Gregory Magistros, Duke of Mesopotamia in the eleventh century. I was permitted to see the book, of which a perfunctory exami- nation convinced me that it was a genuine monument, though, as I then thought it, a late one of the Paulicians. -
Introduction to the History of Classical Armenian I
Introduction to the History of Classical Armenian I. General Introduction Robin Meyer Comparative Philology Seminar 22 January 2019 1 Geography & Territory In ancient geographical tradition, the region called ‘Armenia’ encompasses the territory which borders on the Caucasus Mountains in the north, the Taurus Mountains in the south, and is further delimited by Media Atropatene, the modern Azerbaijan, in the East and the Upper Euphrates in the West. The historical Kingdom of Armenia encompasses, for the most part, a territory identical to this descrip- tion, but of course borders have shifted considerably over time. At its largest extent, the Armenian Empire of Tigran II (Տիգրան Մեծ, r. 95–55 BCE) encompassed large bits of Asia Minor, modern-day Iraq and Iran, and reached the borders of the Holy Land (cf. Figure 1). While most territory with the designation ‘Armenia’ was more or less constantly under Armenian rule throughout antiquity, one part of the country, Armenia Minor (Փոքր Հայք) was first incorporated into the Roman province of Cappadocia in c. 114 CE under the Rule of Trajan,1 and after some time of renewed Armenian rule, was created a province in its own right under Diocletian; further changes to its administrative structure followed under Byzantine rule. The Kingdom of Armenia remained geographically intact until 428 CE, when King Artašes IVwas overthrown by his nobles and the Kingdom was turned into a Sasanian marzpanate and governor was installed. It remained thus until the Arab conquest of 639 CE, when Armenia was integrated into the Caliphate. Other notable entities bearing the name Armenia are: c. -
Armenian History Timeline
ARMENIAN HISTORY TIMELINE Compiled by: Cesar J. Chekijian – 2013 - www.chekijian.com Key Milestones over 4,000+ years 1. Formative Era and the Kingdom of Ararat 2107 BC Emergence of “Haig Nahabet” from Mesopotamia as leader of people in the Mount Ararat Valley 1300 BC Founding of the first Kingdom of Urartu (Aramaic for “People of Ararat”) in Ararat Valley with Tushpa as its capital. 1000 BC Armenian language becomes a dominant and separate Indo-European language 782 BC Founding of Erebuni (Yerevan), Armenia (older than Rome by 26 years, same age as Babylon, Nineveh & Persepolis). 600 BC First mention of Haya in Akkadian inscriptions found in Babylon (Page #11) 500 BC First mention of Armenia in Sumerian inscriptions 585 BC Yervandian Dynasty established 1 520 BC Armenia translated as Urartu on Behistun Inscription commemorating Darius' Persian Empire 336 BC Alexander the Great, Armenia incorporated into Seleucid Kingdom 200 BC Kingdom of Ararat falls to the Medes (Persians) 2. Artashesian Kingdom 189 BC Artashes I – Consolidated Armenian State, founds Armenian dynasty that reaches its height under Tigran the Great who rules until 31 AD (above right gold coin from his era with Haley’s comet showing on his crown. The comet was seen in the skies in 87 BC). 95 BC Tigran the Great consolidates Armenian state with neighbors against Rome. His son Tigran-II followed while Tigran the Great’s brother Guras was a Governor Nisbis (Qamishli, Syria) and Bagarat was appointed by Tigran the Great, as the ruler of Syria. Bagratuni Dynasty followed. 0 Birth of our Lord, Jesus Christ 33 AD The Crucifixion and Resurrection of our Lord, Jesus Christ 3. -
Henrik Igityan
ZlckliXcdX^Xq`e\ }__ÎÊgÈÌ• _{¾Òo_s}_egÈ ISSN 1829-0272 1/2006 editorial THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF “ARMENIAN ART” MAGAZINE IS SPONSORED BY THE SWISS ARMENIAN UNION Published by The National Gallery of Armenia year 2006 has Founded by been declared 1(15)/2006 The "Momik" Cultural Center “Armenia Year” in France and • Information support by in Russia, 2005 having been e "Seven Arts" Ltd. “Russia Year” in Armenia. To be n i Editor-in-chief www.armenianart.am frank, it was not different from z previous years. If the giant Russia a Karen Matevosyan 3. The Year of Armenia g organized its year in Armenia in Executive director 4. Artsvi Bakhchinyan, The Armenian Month in Bazel a Hasmik Ginoyan 6. Aram Kalantaryan, Archeological Excavation in Armenia in 2005 this way, then it is difficult to say m how we are going to prepare, Editorial Council: 8. Daniel Erajisht, When the Song is Prayer, the Prayer a Song l Paravon Mirzoyan (president) 10. Karen Matevosyan, The Losses of Manuscripts During the although the opening of the year a r Ararat Aghasyan Genocide of Armenians u Varazdat Harutyunyan Hasmik Harutiunian, Museum Discoveries t 11. l Murad Hasratyan 14. Martin Mikaelyan, Perpetuum Mobile u Hasmik Harutyunyan 15. Grigor Gurzadyan, Paravon... c cultural magazine Martin Mickaelyan 17. Hasmik Harutiunian, History of the t Daniel Erazhisht r National Gallery of Armenia Sergey Khachikoghlyan a art Hrachia Hakobyan Samvel Khalatyan 20. TThehe YYearear ooff AARMENIARMENIA Artsvi Bakchinyan 23. Henrik Igityan, Sargis Hamalbashian Seda Ananyan, The Art of Varos Shahmuradyan in the Kremlin this January was as a way of life.