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How to Cite Complete Issue More Information About This Article Apunts Educación Física y Deportes ISSN: 1577-4015 ISSN: 2014-0983 [email protected] Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya España Montero Herrera, Bryan; Carazo Vargas, Pedro Beneficios de la práctica mental en la práctica deportiva Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, vol. 35, no. 135, 2019, pp. 82-99 Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya España DOI: https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2019/1).135.06 Available in: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=551657706006 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Journal's webpage in redalyc.org Portugal Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Apunts. Educació Física i Esports 2019, núm. 135, 1r trimestre (gener-març), pàg. 82-99 ISSN-0214-8757 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.cat.(2019/1).135.06 Benefits of Mental Beneficis de la pràctica Practice in Sport mental en la pràctica Practice esportiva SPORTS TRAINING 1 1 Bryan Montero Herrera * Bryan Montero Herrera * | Pedro Carazo Vargas2 Pedro Carazo Vargas2 1 University of Costa Rica (San José, Costa Rica). 1 Universitat de Costa Rica (San José, Costa Rica). 2 School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Costa Rica 2 Escola d’Educació Física i Esports, Universidad de Costa Rica (San José, Costa Rica). (San José, Costa Rica). Abstract Resum Mental practice (MP) is a form of exercise which has been La pràctica mental (PM) és un mitjà que, si bé es va iniciar a in existence since 1890, but has only become widespread in desenvolupar el 1890, no és fins fa aproximadament 22 anys sport in the last 22 years. To carry out this review, the four que el seu ús ha augmentat en la pràctica esportiva. Per dur a ENTRENAMENT ESPORTIU stages identified in the PRISMA statement (identification, terme aquesta revisió es van seguir les quatre etapes identifica­ selection, eligibility, inclusion) were followed. A search des a la declaració PRISMA (identificació, selecció, elegibilitat, was performed on the databases ERIC, SPORTDiscus, Ac- inclusió). Es va realitzar una cerca en les bases de dades ERIC, ademic Search Complete and PubMed using the keywords SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Complete i PubMed, utilitzant “mental practice and sport”, “kinaesthetic practice and les paraules clau en anglès: “mental practice and sport”, “ki­ sport”, “mental training and sport”, “mental preparation nesthetic practice and sport”, “mental trainingand sport”, “men­ and sport”, “motor imagery and sport” and “visual prac­ tal prepara tion and sport”, “motor imagery and sport”, “visual tice and sport”, and same keywords in Spanish language. practice and sport”, i aquestes mateixes paraules clau en castellà. With these searches, a total of 11 390 articles were obtained, Amb aquestes cerques es va obtenir un total d’11 390 articles, which included 59 studies. The exclusion criteria were pop­ dels quals es van incloure 59 estudis. Els criteris d’exclusió van ulations with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, dementia or ser: poblacions amb diagnòstic d’esquizofrènia, demència o al­ some type of cancer; not including MP as an independent gun tipus de càncer, no incloure la PM com a variable indepen­ variable; and combining MP with some kind of incentive. dent i combinar la PM amb algun tipus d’incentiu. L’evidència The results found that MP is a good tool for improving situa la PM com una bona eina per a la millora de l’ansietat pre­competitive anxiety, self­confidence, concentration and precompetitiva, autoconfiança, concentració i motivació, serveix motivation. It can also be used for sports rehabilitation and també per a la rehabilitació esportiva, el desenvolupament de la strength development, and a combination of MP and real força i una combinació de la PM amb el moviment real aconse­ movements to attain more positive results. gueix resultats més positius. Keywords: visual practice, kinaesthetic practice, motiva­ Paraules clau: pràctica visual, pràctica cinestèsica, motiva­ tion, strength, sports rehabilitation ció, força, rehabilitació esportiva Introduction Introducció People who perform exercise, either recreationally Les persones que realitzen exercici, sigui de forma re­ or competitively, are immersed in an environment in creativa o competitiva, es troben immerses en un am bient which changes can be seen day by day; indeed, there on els canvis es poden veure dia a dia. Hi ha diferents are different systems of kinds of training that help in­ sistemes o formes d’entrenament que ajuden a augmentar crease each of their physical capacities, one of them cadascuna de les seves capacitats físiques, un d’aquests being mental practice (MP). tipus d’entrenaments és la pràctica mental (PM). The first mention of MP dates back to 1890, when El primer esment que es fa sobre la PM es remet a William James stated that “each representation of l’any 1890, quan William James va afirmar que “cada movement somehow arouses the actual movement” representació del moviment desperta en certa mesura el * Correspondence: * Correspondència: Bryan Montero Herrera ([email protected]). Bryan Montero Herrera ([email protected]). 82 Data de recepció: 7/7/2017 / Data d’aceptació: 18/5/2018 Beneficis de la pràctica mental en la pràctica esportiva Benefits of Mental Practice in Sport Practice (p. 562). However, it was not until 1994 that MP was moviment actual” (pàg. 562), però, no és fins al 1994 mentioned as a methodology that could benefit exer­ que es parla de la PM com d’una metodologia benefi­ cise (Driskell, Copper, & Moran, 1994). Studies like ciosa en l’exercici (Driskell, Copper, & Moran, 1994). the one by Vodičar, Kovač and Tušak (2012) show Treballs com el de Vodičar, Kovač i Tušak (2012) de­ SPORTS TRAINING | that using MP leads to everything from improving mostren que emprar la PM pot des de millorar una tèc­ performance technique to soothing pre­competitive nica d’execució fins a calmar l’ansietat precompetitiva. anxiety. Abans de continuar avançant és important recalcar els Before continuing, it is important to stress the termes que diferents autories utilitzen per la PM, entre terms that different authors use for MP. They in­ els quals hi ha: entrenament d’habilitats mentals (Larsen, clude: mental skills training (Larsen, 2014; Olu­ 2014; Olusoga, Maynard, Butt, & Hays, 2014), imat­ soga, Maynard, Butt, & Hays, 2014), motor imag­ geria motora (Liu, Song, & Zhang, 2014; MacIntyre, ENTRENAMENT ESPORTIU ery (Liu, Song, & Zhang, 2014; MacIntyre, Moran, Moran, Collet, & Guillot, 2013) i preparació mental Collet, & Guillot, 2013) and mental preparation (Vodičar et al., 2012). Liu et al. (2014) fan una distin­ (Vodičar et al., 2012). Liu et al. (2014) make a dis­ ció entre el terme imatgeria motora proposat per Bock, tinction between the term motor imagery proposed Schott i Papaxanthis (2015) i la PM, perquè la primera by Bock, Schott and Papaxanthis (2015), and MP, fa al·lusió a un procés mental general per perfeccionar because the former refers to a general mental pro­ una funció motora en un moment determinat, mentre la cess to fine­tune a motor function at a given point segona és un mètode d’entrenament que implica l’ús de in time, while the latter is a training method that en­ la imatgeria motora d’una forma sistemàtica i en una ex­ tails the use of motor imagery in a systematic way tensió de temps més llarga per millorar alguna habilitat and over a longer period of time to improve a skill en absència de moviments corporals. in the absence of body movement. Però què és la PM? Aquest concepte és definit per So, what is MP? This concept is defined by Baeck Baeck et al. (2012) com la “execució mental d’una ac­ et al. (2012) as the “mental execution of an action ció sense moviment corporal manifest” (pàg. 27). Per la without any manifest body movement” (p. 27). Like­ seva banda Moran, Guillot, MacIntyre i Collet (2012) la wise, Moran, Guillot, MacIntyre and Collet (2012) defineixen com “la capacitat cognitiva que permet a un define it as “the cognitive capacity which allows an individu realitzar i experimentar accions motores en la individual to perform and experience motor actions in ment, sense executar­les realment a través de l’activació their mind without actually executing those actions by dels músculs” (pàg. 54), en sí aquests autors conclouen activating the muscles” (p. 54). Where these authors que el que es fa és una representació en la ment d’un do concur is that it is a mental representation of a giv­ determinat moviment i la persona estarà immòbil mentre en movement while the person is immobile; that is, s’executa, és a dir no duu a terme cap pràctica de movi­ they perform no real movement practice (RMP). ment de manera real (PMR). Two MPs are the most widely used. The first is Dues són les PM més utilitzades. La primera és la visual practice, which is defined by Rozand, Lebon, pràctica visual, la qual és definida per Rozand, Lebon, Papaxanthis and Lepers (2014) as “the self­visuali­ Papaxanthis i Lepers (2014) com l’autovisualització “del sation of movement from the first­third person per­ moviment des de la perspectiva d’una primera­tercera spective” (p. 1981). One example in the field of sport persona” (pàg. 1981). Un exemple en l’àmbit esportiu could be imagining the movements one would make podria ser el d’imaginar­se els moviments que es puguin when performing a technical gesture on the court. It efectuar a l’hora de fer un gest tècnic dins de la pista. Se is known that this activates the occipital region and sap que això activa la regió occipital i el lòbul parietal upper parietal lobe (Rozand et al., 2014).
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